Left-ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is an important indicator of heart failure. Existing methods for LVEF estimation from video require large amounts of annotated data to achieve high performance, e.g. using 10,030 labeled echocardiogram videos to achieve mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.10. Labeling these videos is time-consuming however and limits potential downstream applications to other heart diseases. This paper presents the first semi-supervised approach for LVEF prediction. Unlike general video prediction tasks, LVEF prediction is specifically related to changes in the left ventricle (LV) in echocardiogram videos. By incorporating knowledge learned from predicting LV segmentations into LVEF regression, we can provide additional context to the model for better predictions. To this end, we propose a novel Cyclical Self-Supervision (CSS) method for learning video-based LV segmentation, which is motivated by the observation that the heartbeat is a cyclical process with temporal repetition. Prediction masks from our segmentation model can then be used as additional input for LVEF regression to provide spatial context for the LV region. We also introduce teacher-student distillation to distill the information from LV segmentation masks into an end-to-end LVEF regression model that only requires video inputs. Results show our method outperforms alternative semi-supervised methods and can achieve MAE of 4.17, which is competitive with state-of-the-art supervised performance, using half the number of labels. Validation on an external dataset also shows improved generalization ability from using our method. Our code is available at https://github.com/xmed-lab/CSS-SemiVideo.

视频阴影检测旨在在视频帧之间产生一致的阴影预测。但是，当前的方法遇到了整个框架的阴影预测不一致的，尤其是当视频中的照明和背景纹理发生变化时。我们观察到不一致的预测是由阴影特征不一致引起的，即，同一阴影区域的特征在附近的框架之间显示出不同的礼节。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的阴影通信方法（SC-COR）（SC-COR） ），以增强跨帧的特定阴影区域的像素相似性，以进行视频阴影检测。我们提出的SC-COR具有三个主要优势。首先，不需要密集的像素到像素对应标签，SC-COR可以以弱监督的方式学习跨帧的像素对应。其次，SC-COR考虑了阴影内的可分离性，这对视频中的变体纹理和照明是可靠的。最后，SC-COR是一个插件模块，可以轻松地集成到没有额外的计算成本的情况下。我们进一步设计了一个新的评估指标，以评估视频阴影检测结果的时间稳定性。实验结果表明，SC-COR的表现优于先前的最新方法，而IOU的表现为6.51％，而新引入的时间稳定性度量为3.35％。

自我监督的学习在视力和NLP方面取得了巨大进展。最近，它也引起了人们对X射线，CT和MRI等各种医学成像方式的广泛关注。现有方法主要集中于构建新的借口自学任务，例如根据医学图像的属性进行重建，方向和掩盖识别。但是，并未完全利用公开可用的自我实施模型。在本文中，我们提出了一个强大而有效的自学框架，用于外科视频理解。我们的主要见解是将知识从大型通用数据集中培训的公开模型中提取知识，以促进对手术视频的自我监督学习。为此，我们首先引入了一种传承语义的培训计划，以获取我们的教师模型，该模型不仅包含了公开可用模型的语义，而且还可以为手术数据提供准确的知识。除了仅具有对比度学习的培训外，我们还引入了一个蒸馏目标，将丰富的学习信息从教师模型转移到手术数据上的自学学习。对两个手术期识别基准的广泛实验表明，我们的框架可以显着提高现有的自我监督学习方法的性能。值得注意的是，我们的框架在低DATA制度下表现出了令人信服的优势。我们的代码可在https://github.com/xmed-lab/distillingself上找到。

Surgical phase recognition is a fundamental task in computer-assisted surgery systems. Most existing works are under the supervision of expensive and time-consuming full annotations, which require the surgeons to repeat watching videos to find the precise start and end time for a surgical phase. In this paper, we introduce timestamp supervision for surgical phase recognition to train the models with timestamp annotations, where the surgeons are asked to identify only a single timestamp within the temporal boundary of a phase. This annotation can significantly reduce the manual annotation cost compared to the full annotations. To make full use of such timestamp supervisions, we propose a novel method called uncertainty-aware temporal diffusion (UATD) to generate trustworthy pseudo labels for training. Our proposed UATD is motivated by the property of surgical videos, i.e., the phases are long events consisting of consecutive frames. To be specific, UATD diffuses the single labelled timestamp to its corresponding high confident ( i.e., low uncertainty) neighbour frames in an iterative way. Our study uncovers unique insights of surgical phase recognition with timestamp supervisions: 1) timestamp annotation can reduce 74% annotation time compared with the full annotation, and surgeons tend to annotate those timestamps near the middle of phases; 2) extensive experiments demonstrate that our method can achieve competitive results compared with full supervision methods, while reducing manual annotation cost; 3) less is more in surgical phase recognition, i.e., less but discriminative pseudo labels outperform full but containing ambiguous frames; 4) the proposed UATD can be used as a plug and play method to clean ambiguous labels near boundaries between phases, and improve the performance of the current surgical phase recognition methods.

自动外科阶段识别在机器人辅助手术中起着重要作用。现有方法忽略了一个关键问题，即外科阶段应该通过学习段级语义来分类，而不是仅仅依赖于框架明智的信息。在本文中，我们提出了一种段 - 细分分层一致性网络（SAHC），用于来自视频的外科阶段识别。关键的想法是提取分层高级语义 - 一致的段，并使用它们来优化由暧昧帧引起的错误预测。为实现它，我们设计一个时间分层网络以生成分层高级段。然后，我们引入分层段帧注意力（SFA）模块，以捕获低级帧和高级段之间的关系。通过通过一致性损耗来规则地规范帧及其对应段的预测，网络可以生成语义 - 一致的段，然后纠正由模糊的低级帧引起的错误分类预测。我们在两个公共外科视频数据集上验证SAHC，即M2CAI16挑战数据集和CholeC80数据集。实验结果表明，我们的方法优于以前的最先进的余量，显着达到M2Cai16的4.1％。代码将在验收时在Github发布。

Different people speak with diverse personalized speaking styles. Although existing one-shot talking head methods have made significant progress in lip sync, natural facial expressions, and stable head motions, they still cannot generate diverse speaking styles in the final talking head videos. To tackle this problem, we propose a one-shot style-controllable talking face generation framework. In a nutshell, we aim to attain a speaking style from an arbitrary reference speaking video and then drive the one-shot portrait to speak with the reference speaking style and another piece of audio. Specifically, we first develop a style encoder to extract dynamic facial motion patterns of a style reference video and then encode them into a style code. Afterward, we introduce a style-controllable decoder to synthesize stylized facial animations from the speech content and style code. In order to integrate the reference speaking style into generated videos, we design a style-aware adaptive transformer, which enables the encoded style code to adjust the weights of the feed-forward layers accordingly. Thanks to the style-aware adaptation mechanism, the reference speaking style can be better embedded into synthesized videos during decoding. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our method is capable of generating talking head videos with diverse speaking styles from only one portrait image and an audio clip while achieving authentic visual effects. Project Page: https://github.com/FuxiVirtualHuman/styletalk.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms are considered as a promising technique for next-generation communication networks due to their flexibility, mobility, low cost, and the ability to collaboratively and autonomously provide services. Distributed learning (DL) enables UAV swarms to intelligently provide communication services, multi-directional remote surveillance, and target tracking. In this survey, we first introduce several popular DL algorithms such as federated learning (FL), multi-agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), distributed inference, and split learning, and present a comprehensive overview of their applications for UAV swarms, such as trajectory design, power control, wireless resource allocation, user assignment, perception, and satellite communications. Then, we present several state-of-the-art applications of UAV swarms in wireless communication systems, such us reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), virtual reality (VR), semantic communications, and discuss the problems and challenges that DL-enabled UAV swarms can solve in these applications. Finally, we describe open problems of using DL in UAV swarms and future research directions of DL enabled UAV swarms. In summary, this survey provides a comprehensive survey of various DL applications for UAV swarms in extensive scenarios.

In this work, we focus on instance-level open vocabulary segmentation, intending to expand a segmenter for instance-wise novel categories without mask annotations. We investigate a simple yet effective framework with the help of image captions, focusing on exploiting thousands of object nouns in captions to discover instances of novel classes. Rather than adopting pretrained caption models or using massive caption datasets with complex pipelines, we propose an end-to-end solution from two aspects: caption grounding and caption generation. In particular, we devise a joint Caption Grounding and Generation (CGG) framework based on a Mask Transformer baseline. The framework has a novel grounding loss that performs explicit and implicit multi-modal feature alignments. We further design a lightweight caption generation head to allow for additional caption supervision. We find that grounding and generation complement each other, significantly enhancing the segmentation performance for novel categories. We conduct extensive experiments on the COCO dataset with two settings: Open Vocabulary Instance Segmentation (OVIS) and Open Set Panoptic Segmentation (OSPS). The results demonstrate the superiority of our CGG framework over previous OVIS methods, achieving a large improvement of 6.8% mAP on novel classes without extra caption data. Our method also achieves over 15% PQ improvements for novel classes on the OSPS benchmark under various settings.

Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging aims to reconstruct the three-dimensional hidden scenes from the data measured in the line-of-sight, which uses photon time-of-flight information encoded in light after multiple diffuse reflections. The under-sampled scanning data can facilitate fast imaging. However, the resulting reconstruction problem becomes a serious ill-posed inverse problem, the solution of which is of high possibility to be degraded due to noises and distortions. In this paper, we propose two novel NLOS reconstruction models based on curvature regularization, i.e., the object-domain curvature regularization model and the dual (i.e., signal and object)-domain curvature regularization model. Fast numerical optimization algorithms are developed relying on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with the backtracking stepsize rule, which are further accelerated by GPU implementation. We evaluate the proposed algorithms on both synthetic and real datasets, which achieve state-of-the-art performance, especially in the compressed sensing setting. All our codes and data are available at https://github.com/Duanlab123/CurvNLOS.

Stance detection refers to the task of extracting the standpoint (Favor, Against or Neither) towards a target in given texts. Such research gains increasing attention with the proliferation of social media contents. The conventional framework of handling stance detection is converting it into text classification tasks. Deep learning models have already replaced rule-based models and traditional machine learning models in solving such problems. Current deep neural networks are facing two main challenges which are insufficient labeled data and information in social media posts and the unexplainable nature of deep learning models. A new pre-trained language model chatGPT was launched on Nov 30, 2022. For the stance detection tasks, our experiments show that ChatGPT can achieve SOTA or similar performance for commonly used datasets including SemEval-2016 and P-Stance. At the same time, ChatGPT can provide explanation for its own prediction, which is beyond the capability of any existing model. The explanations for the cases it cannot provide classification results are especially useful. ChatGPT has the potential to be the best AI model for stance detection tasks in NLP, or at least change the research paradigm of this field. ChatGPT also opens up the possibility of building explanatory AI for stance detection.