Classification bandits are multi-armed bandit problems whose task is to classify a given set of arms into either positive or negative class depending on whether the rate of the arms with the expected reward of at least h is not less than w for given thresholds h and w. We study a special classification bandit problem in which arms correspond to points x in d-dimensional real space with expected rewards f(x) which are generated according to a Gaussian process prior. We develop a framework algorithm for the problem using various arm selection policies and propose policies called FCB and FTSV. We show a smaller sample complexity upper bound for FCB than that for the existing algorithm of the level set estimation, in which whether f(x) is at least h or not must be decided for every arm's x. Arm selection policies depending on an estimated rate of arms with rewards of at least h are also proposed and shown to improve empirical sample complexity. According to our experimental results, the rate-estimation versions of FCB and FTSV, together with that of the popular active learning policy that selects the point with the maximum variance, outperform other policies for synthetic functions, and the version of FTSV is also the best performer for our real-world dataset.

Diagnostic radiologists need artificial intelligence (AI) for medical imaging, but access to medical images required for training in AI has become increasingly restrictive. To release and use medical images, we need an algorithm that can simultaneously protect privacy and preserve pathologies in medical images. To develop such an algorithm, here, we propose DP-GLOW, a hybrid of a local differential privacy (LDP) algorithm and one of the flow-based deep generative models (GLOW). By applying a GLOW model, we disentangle the pixelwise correlation of images, which makes it difficult to protect privacy with straightforward LDP algorithms for images. Specifically, we map images onto the latent vector of the GLOW model, each element of which follows an independent normal distribution, and we apply the Laplace mechanism to the latent vector. Moreover, we applied DP-GLOW to chest X-ray images to generate LDP images while preserving pathologies.

The long-standing theory that a colour-naming system evolves under the dual pressure of efficient communication and perceptual mechanism is supported by more and more linguistic studies including the analysis of four decades' diachronic data from the Nafaanra language. This inspires us to explore whether artificial intelligence could evolve and discover a similar colour-naming system via optimising the communication efficiency represented by high-level recognition performance. Here, we propose a novel colour quantisation transformer, CQFormer, that quantises colour space while maintaining the accuracy of machine recognition on the quantised images. Given an RGB image, Annotation Branch maps it into an index map before generating the quantised image with a colour palette, meanwhile the Palette Branch utilises a key-point detection way to find proper colours in palette among whole colour space. By interacting with colour annotation, CQFormer is able to balance both the machine vision accuracy and colour perceptual structure such as distinct and stable colour distribution for discovered colour system. Very interestingly, we even observe the consistent evolution pattern between our artificial colour system and basic colour terms across human languages. Besides, our colour quantisation method also offers an efficient quantisation method that effectively compresses the image storage while maintaining a high performance in high-level recognition tasks such as classification and detection. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superior performance of our method with extremely low bit-rate colours. We will release the source code soon.

While natural systems often present collective intelligence that allows them to self-organize and adapt to changes, the equivalent is missing in most artificial systems. We explore the possibility of such a system in the context of cooperative object manipulation using mobile robots. Although conventional works demonstrate potential solutions for the problem in restricted settings, they have computational and learning difficulties. More importantly, these systems do not possess the ability to adapt when facing environmental changes. In this work, we show that by distilling a planner derived from a gradient-based soft-body physics simulator into an attention-based neural network, our multi-robot manipulation system can achieve better performance than baselines. In addition, our system also generalizes to unseen configurations during training and is able to adapt toward task completions when external turbulence and environmental changes are applied.

Continual learning (CL) learns a sequence of tasks incrementally. There are two popular CL settings, class incremental learning (CIL) and task incremental learning (TIL). A major challenge of CL is catastrophic forgetting (CF). While a number of techniques are already available to effectively overcome CF for TIL, CIL remains to be highly challenging. So far, little theoretical study has been done to provide a principled guidance on how to solve the CIL problem. This paper performs such a study. It first shows that probabilistically, the CIL problem can be decomposed into two sub-problems: Within-task Prediction (WP) and Task-id Prediction (TP). It further proves that TP is correlated with out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which connects CIL and OOD detection. The key conclusion of this study is that regardless of whether WP and TP or OOD detection are defined explicitly or implicitly by a CIL algorithm, good WP and good TP or OOD detection are necessary and sufficient for good CIL performances. Additionally, TIL is simply WP. Based on the theoretical result, new CIL methods are also designed, which outperform strong baselines in both CIL and TIL settings by a large margin.

我们为WordPiece提供了子字正规化方法，该方法使用了令牌化的最大匹配算法。提出的方法MaxMatch-Dropout使用最大匹配算法随机将单词随机删除。它通过对流行预审预测的语言模型（例如Bert-Base）的子词正则化实现了Finetuntization。实验结果表明，MaxMatch-DropOut改善了文本分类和机器翻译任务的性能以及其他子单词正则化方法。此外，我们提供了子词正则化方法的比较分析：使用句子（Unigram），BPE-Dropout和MaxMatch-Dropout的子字正则化。

连接派时间分类（CTC）的模型在自动语音识别（ASR）方面具有吸引力，因为它们的非自动性性质。为了利用仅文本数据，语言模型（LM）集成方法（例如重新纠正和浅融合）已被广泛用于CTC。但是，由于需要降低推理速度，因此他们失去了CTC的非自动性性本质。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种使用电话条件的蒙版LM（PC-MLM）的误差校正方法。在提出的方法中，掩盖了来自CTC的贪婪解码输出中的较不自信的单词令牌。然后，PC-MLM预测这些蒙版的单词令牌给定的单词和手机补充了CTC。我们进一步将其扩展到可删除的PC-MLM，以解决插入错误。由于CTC和PC-MLM均为非自动回旋模型，因此该方法可以快速LM集成。在域适应设置中对自发日本（CSJ）和TED-LIUM2语料库进行的实验评估表明，我们所提出的方法在推理速度方面优于重新逆转和浅融合，并且在CSJ上的识别准确性方面。

Connectionist时间分类（CTC）的模型很有吸引力，因为它们在自动语音识别（ASR）中的快速推断。语言模型（LM）集成方法（例如浅融合和重新恢复）可以通过利用文本语料库的知识来提高基于CTC的ASR的识别准确性。但是，它们大大减慢了CTC的推论。在这项研究中，我们建议提炼基于CTC的ASR的BERT知识，从而扩展了我们先前针对基于注意的ASR的研究。基于CTC的ASR在训练过程中学习了BERT的知识，并且在测试过程中不使用BERT，从而维持CTC的快速推断。与基于注意力的模型不同，基于CTC的模型做出了框架级预测，因此它们需要与BERT的令牌级预测进行蒸馏。我们建议通过计算最合理的CTC路径来获得比对。对自发日语（CSJ）和TED-LIUM2语料库的实验评估表明，我们的方法改善了基于CTC的ASR的性能，而无需推理速度成本。

从出生到死亡，由于老化，我们都经历了令人惊讶的无处不在的变化。如果我们可以预测数字领域的衰老，即人体的数字双胞胎，我们将能够在很早的阶段检测病变，从而提高生活质量并延长寿命。我们观察到，没有一个先前开发的成年人体数字双胞胎在具有深层生成模型的体积医学图像之间明确训练的纵向转换规则，可能导致例如心室体积的预测性能不佳。在这里，我们建立了一个新的成人人体的数字双胞胎，该数字双胞胎采用纵向获得的头部计算机断层扫描（CT）图像进行训练，从而从一个当前的体积头CT图像中预测了未来的体积头CT图像。我们首次采用了三维基于流动的深层生成模型之一，以实现这种顺序的三维数字双胞胎。我们表明，我们的数字双胞胎在相对较短的程度上优于预测心室体积的最新方法。

现有的视频域改编（DA）方法需要存储视频帧的所有时间组合或配对源和目标视频，这些视频和目标视频成本昂贵，无法扩展到长时间的视频。为了解决这些局限性，我们建议采用以下记忆高效的基于图形的视频DA方法。首先，我们的方法模型每个源或目标视频通过图：节点表示视频帧和边缘表示帧之间的时间或视觉相似性关系。我们使用图形注意力网络来了解单个帧的重量，并同时将源和目标视频对齐到域不变的图形特征空间中。我们的方法没有存储大量的子视频，而是仅构建一个图形，其中一个视频的图形注意机制，从而大大降低了内存成本。广泛的实验表明，与最先进的方法相比，我们在降低内存成本的同时取得了卓越的性能。