非对比度CT（NCCT）图像中准确的梗塞分割是迈向计算机辅助急性缺血性中风（AIS）评估的关键步骤。在临床实践中，脑半球的双侧对称比较通常用于定位病理异常。最近的研究探索了不对称的协助AIS分割。但是，在评估其对AIS的贡献时，大多数以前基于对称性的工作都混合了不同类型的不对称性。在本文中，我们提出了一个新型的不对称分解网络（ADN），以自动将NCCT中的病理不对称性和内在的解剖不对称分离，以进行更有效和可解释的AIS分割。 ADN首先基于输入NCCT进行不对称分解，该输入nccts产生不同类型的3D不对称图。然后生成合成的，固有的 - 敏化补偿和病理 - 空气 - 对称盐的NCCT体积，后来用作分割网络的输入。 ADN的培训结合了领域知识，并采用了组织型意识到的正则化损失函数，以鼓励临床上敏感的病理不对称提取。加上无监督的3D转换网络，ADN在公共NCCT数据集上实现了最新的AIS分割性能。除了出色的表现外，我们认为学到的临床可解剖的不对称图也可以为更好地理解AIS评估提供见解。我们的代码可从https://github.com/nihaomiao/miccai22_adn获得。

语言模型既展示了定量的改进，又展示了新的定性功能，随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响，但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息，为破坏性的新模型能力做准备，并改善社会有害的效果，至关重要的是，我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战，我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准（Big Bench）。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成，由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的，从语言学，儿童发展，数学，常识性推理，生物学，物理学，社会偏见，软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号，Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为，跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外，一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务，以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括：模型性能和校准都随规模改善，但绝对的术语（以及与评估者的性能相比）；在模型类中的性能非常相似，尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分，而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标；社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加，但这可以通过提示来改善。

在临床医学中，磁共振成像（MRI）是诊断，分类，预后和治疗计划中最重要的工具之一。然而，MRI遭受了固有的慢数据采集过程，因为数据在k空间中顺序收集。近年来，大多数MRI重建方法在文献中侧重于整体图像重建而不是增强边缘信息。这项工作通过详细说明了对边缘信息的提高来阐述了这一趋势。具体地，我们通过结合多视图信息介绍一种用于快速多通道MRI重建的新型并行成像耦合双鉴别器生成的对抗网络（PIDD-GaN）。双判别设计旨在改善MRI重建中的边缘信息。一个鉴别器用于整体图像重建，而另一个鉴别器是负责增强边缘信息的负责。为发电机提出了一种具有本地和全局剩余学习的改进的U-Net。频率通道注意块（FCA块）嵌入在发电机中以结合注意力机制。引入内容损耗以培训发电机以获得更好的重建质量。我们对Calgary-Campinas公共大脑MR DataSet进行了全面的实验，并将我们的方法与最先进的MRI重建方法进行了比较。在MICCAI13数据集上进行了对剩余学习的消融研究，以验证所提出的模块。结果表明，我们的PIDD-GaN提供高质量的重建MR图像，具有良好的边缘信息。单图像重建的时间低于5ms，符合加快处理的需求。

在急诊室（ER）环境中，中风分类或筛查是一个普遍的挑战。由于MRI的慢速吞吐量和高成本，通常会进行快速CT而不是MRI。在此过程中通常提到临床测试，但误诊率仍然很高。我们提出了一个新型的多模式深度学习框架，深沉的中风，以通过识别较小的面部肌肉不协调的模式来实现计算机辅助中风的存在评估，并使怀疑急性环境中的中风的患者无能为力。我们提出的深雷克斯（Deepstroke）在中风分流器中容易获得一分钟的面部视频数据和音频数据，用于局部面部瘫痪检测和全球语音障碍分析。采用了转移学习来减少面部侵蚀偏见并提高普遍性。我们利用多模式的横向融合来结合低水平和高级特征，并为关节训练提供相互正则化。引入了新型的对抗训练以获得无身份和中风的特征。与实际急诊室患者进行的视频ADIO数据集进行的实验表明，与分类团队和ER医生相比，中风的表现要优于最先进的模型，并且取得更好的性能，比传统的敏感性高出10.94％，高7.37％的精度高出7.37％。当特异性对齐时，中风分类。同时，每个评估都可以在不到六分钟的时间内完成，这表明该框架的临床翻译潜力很大。

The application of deep learning algorithms to financial data is difficult due to heavy non-stationarities which can lead to over-fitted models that underperform under regime changes. Using the Numerai tournament data set as a motivating example, we propose a machine learning pipeline for trading market-neutral stock portfolios based on tabular data which is robust under changes in market conditions. We evaluate various machine-learning models, including Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) and Neural Networks with and without simple feature engineering, as the building blocks for the pipeline. We find that GBDT models with dropout display high performance, robustness and generalisability with relatively low complexity and reduced computational cost. We then show that online learning techniques can be used in post-prediction processing to enhance the results. In particular, dynamic feature neutralisation, an efficient procedure that requires no retraining of models and can be applied post-prediction to any machine learning model, improves robustness by reducing drawdown in volatile market conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the creation of model ensembles through dynamic model selection based on recent model performance leads to improved performance over baseline by improving the Sharpe and Calmar ratios. We also evaluate the robustness of our pipeline across different data splits and random seeds with good reproducibility of results.

With growing sophistication and volume of cyber attacks combined with complex network structures, it is becoming extremely difficult for security analysts to corroborate evidences to identify multistage campaigns on their network. This work develops HeAT (Heated Alert Triage): given a critical indicator of compromise (IoC), e.g., a severe IDS alert, HeAT produces a HeATed Attack Campaign (HAC) depicting the multistage activities that led up to the critical event. We define the concept of "Alert Episode Heat" to represent the analysts opinion of how much an event contributes to the attack campaign of the critical IoC given their knowledge of the network and security expertise. Leveraging a network-agnostic feature set, HeAT learns the essence of analyst's assessment of "HeAT" for a small set of IoC's, and applies the learned model to extract insightful attack campaigns for IoC's not seen before, even across networks by transferring what have been learned. We demonstrate the capabilities of HeAT with data collected in Collegiate Penetration Testing Competition (CPTC) and through collaboration with a real-world SOC. We developed HeAT-Gain metrics to demonstrate how analysts may assess and benefit from the extracted attack campaigns in comparison to common practices where IP addresses are used to corroborate evidences. Our results demonstrates the practical uses of HeAT by finding campaigns that span across diverse attack stages, remove a significant volume of irrelevant alerts, and achieve coherency to the analyst's original assessments.

Anomaly detection on time series data is increasingly common across various industrial domains that monitor metrics in order to prevent potential accidents and economic losses. However, a scarcity of labeled data and ambiguous definitions of anomalies can complicate these efforts. Recent unsupervised machine learning methods have made remarkable progress in tackling this problem using either single-timestamp predictions or time series reconstructions. While traditionally considered separately, these methods are not mutually exclusive and can offer complementary perspectives on anomaly detection. This paper first highlights the successes and limitations of prediction-based and reconstruction-based methods with visualized time series signals and anomaly scores. We then propose AER (Auto-encoder with Regression), a joint model that combines a vanilla auto-encoder and an LSTM regressor to incorporate the successes and address the limitations of each method. Our model can produce bi-directional predictions while simultaneously reconstructing the original time series by optimizing a joint objective function. Furthermore, we propose several ways of combining the prediction and reconstruction errors through a series of ablation studies. Finally, we compare the performance of the AER architecture against two prediction-based methods and three reconstruction-based methods on 12 well-known univariate time series datasets from NASA, Yahoo, Numenta, and UCR. The results show that AER has the highest averaged F1 score across all datasets (a 23.5% improvement compared to ARIMA) while retaining a runtime similar to its vanilla auto-encoder and regressor components. Our model is available in Orion, an open-source benchmarking tool for time series anomaly detection.

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in natural language understanding and generation, but the quality bar for medical and clinical applications is high. Today, attempts to assess models' clinical knowledge typically rely on automated evaluations on limited benchmarks. There is no standard to evaluate model predictions and reasoning across a breadth of tasks. To address this, we present MultiMedQA, a benchmark combining six existing open question answering datasets spanning professional medical exams, research, and consumer queries; and HealthSearchQA, a new free-response dataset of medical questions searched online. We propose a framework for human evaluation of model answers along multiple axes including factuality, precision, possible harm, and bias. In addition, we evaluate PaLM (a 540-billion parameter LLM) and its instruction-tuned variant, Flan-PaLM, on MultiMedQA. Using a combination of prompting strategies, Flan-PaLM achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on every MultiMedQA multiple-choice dataset (MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA, MMLU clinical topics), including 67.6% accuracy on MedQA (US Medical License Exam questions), surpassing prior state-of-the-art by over 17%. However, human evaluation reveals key gaps in Flan-PaLM responses. To resolve this we introduce instruction prompt tuning, a parameter-efficient approach for aligning LLMs to new domains using a few exemplars. The resulting model, Med-PaLM, performs encouragingly, but remains inferior to clinicians. We show that comprehension, recall of knowledge, and medical reasoning improve with model scale and instruction prompt tuning, suggesting the potential utility of LLMs in medicine. Our human evaluations reveal important limitations of today's models, reinforcing the importance of both evaluation frameworks and method development in creating safe, helpful LLM models for clinical applications.

Deep neural networks are incredibly vulnerable to crafted, human-imperceptible adversarial perturbations. Although adversarial training (AT) has proven to be an effective defense approach, we find that the AT-trained models heavily rely on the input low-frequency content for judgment, accounting for the low standard accuracy. To close the large gap between the standard and robust accuracies during AT, we investigate the frequency difference between clean and adversarial inputs, and propose a frequency regularization (FR) to align the output difference in the spectral domain. Besides, we find Stochastic Weight Averaging (SWA), by smoothing the kernels over epochs, further improves the robustness. Among various defense schemes, our method achieves the strongest robustness against attacks by PGD-20, C\&W and Autoattack, on a WideResNet trained on CIFAR-10 without any extra data.

Prognostication for lung cancer, a leading cause of mortality, remains a complex task, as it needs to quantify the associations of risk factors and health events spanning a patient's entire life. One challenge is that an individual's disease course involves non-terminal (e.g., disease progression) and terminal (e.g., death) events, which form semi-competing relationships. Our motivation comes from the Boston Lung Cancer Study, a large lung cancer survival cohort, which investigates how risk factors influence a patient's disease trajectory. Following developments in the prediction of time-to-event outcomes with neural networks, deep learning has become a focal area for the development of risk prediction methods in survival analysis. However, limited work has been done to predict multi-state or semi-competing risk outcomes, where a patient may experience adverse events such as disease progression prior to death. We propose a novel neural expectation-maximization algorithm to bridge the gap between classical statistical approaches and machine learning. Our algorithm enables estimation of the non-parametric baseline hazards of each state transition, risk functions of predictors, and the degree of dependence among different transitions, via a multi-task deep neural network with transition-specific sub-architectures. We apply our method to the Boston Lung Cancer Study and investigate the impact of clinical and genetic predictors on disease progression and mortality.