我们考虑在以$ s $状态的地平线$ h $和$ a $ ACTIVE的偶发性，有限的，依赖于阶段的马尔可夫决策过程的环境中进行强化学习。代理商的性能是在与环境互动以$ t $插件互动后的遗憾来衡量的。我们提出了一种乐观的后验抽样算法（OPSRL），这是一种简单的后验抽样变体，仅需要许多后样品对数，$ h $，$ s $，$ a $和$ t $ a $ h $ s $ s $ a $ a $和$ t $一对。对于OPSRL，我们保证最多可容纳订单的高概率遗憾，$ \ wideTilde {\ mathcal {o}}}（\ sqrt {h^3sat}）$忽略$ \ text {poly} \ log（hsat）$项。新型的新型技术成分是线性形式的新型抗浓缩不等式，可能具有独立感兴趣。具体而言，我们将Alfers and Dinges [1984]的Beta分布的基于正常近似的下限扩展到Dirichlet分布。我们的界限匹配订单$ \ omega（\ sqrt {h^3sat}）$的下限，从而回答了Agrawal和Jia [2017b]在情节环境中提出的空旷问题。

我们提出了在表格，依赖阶段的，情节的马尔可夫决策过程中使用贝叶斯-UCBVI算法进行增强学习的：Kaufmann等人的贝叶斯-UCB算法的自然扩展。 （2012年）用于多军匪徒。我们的方法将Q值函数后部的分位数用作最佳Q值函数上的上限。对于贝叶斯-UCBVI，我们证明了一个遗憾的是$ \ wideTilde {o}（\ sqrt {h^3sat}）$，其中$ h $是一集的长度，$ s $是$ s $的数量，$ a $ a $动作数量，$ t $情节数，与$ \ omega（\ sqrt {h^3sat}）$符合poly-$ \ $ \ log $ enter $ h，s，s，a，a，a，a，a ，适用于足够大的$ t $的t $。据我们所知，这是第一种获得对地平线$ h $（和$ s $）的最佳依赖性的算法，而无需涉及伯恩斯坦的奖金或噪音。对于我们的分析而言，至关重要的是一种新的细粒抗浓缩，以具有独立感兴趣的加权dirichlet总和。然后，我们解释了如何轻松地将贝叶斯-UCBVI延伸到表格环境之外，从而在我们的算法和贝叶斯引导之间表现出牢固的联系（Rubin，1981）。

我们考虑$ k $武装的随机土匪，并考虑到$ t $ t $的累积后悔界限。我们对同时获得最佳订单$ \ sqrt {kt} $的策略感兴趣，并与发行依赖的遗憾相关，即与$ \ kappa \ ln t $相匹配，该遗憾是最佳的。和Robbins（1985）以及Burnetas和Katehakis（1996），其中$ \ kappa $是最佳问题依赖性常数。这个常数的$ \ kappa $取决于所考虑的模型$ \ Mathcal {d} $（武器上可能的分布家族）。 M \'Enard and Garivier（2017）提供了在一维指数式家庭给出的模型的参数案例中实现这种双重偏见的策略，而Lattimore（2016，2018）为（Sub）高斯分布的家族而做到了这一点。差异小于$ 1 $。我们将此结果扩展到超过$ [0,1] $的所有分布的非参数案例。我们通过结合Audibert和Bubeck（2009）的MOSS策略来做到这一点，该策略享受了最佳订单$ \ sqrt {kt} $的无分配遗憾，以及Capp \'e等人的KL-UCB策略。 （2013年），我们为此提供了对最佳分布$ \ kappa \ ln t $遗憾的首次分析。我们能够在努力简化证明（以前已知的遗憾界限，因此进行的新分析）时，能够获得这种非参数两次审查结果；因此，本贡献的第二个优点是为基于$ k $武装的随机土匪提供基于索引的策略的经典后悔界限的证明。

Recent advances in deep learning have enabled us to address the curse of dimensionality (COD) by solving problems in higher dimensions. A subset of such approaches of addressing the COD has led us to solving high-dimensional PDEs. This has resulted in opening doors to solving a variety of real-world problems ranging from mathematical finance to stochastic control for industrial applications. Although feasible, these deep learning methods are still constrained by training time and memory. Tackling these shortcomings, Tensor Neural Networks (TNN) demonstrate that they can provide significant parameter savings while attaining the same accuracy as compared to the classical Dense Neural Network (DNN). In addition, we also show how TNN can be trained faster than DNN for the same accuracy. Besides TNN, we also introduce Tensor Network Initializer (TNN Init), a weight initialization scheme that leads to faster convergence with smaller variance for an equivalent parameter count as compared to a DNN. We benchmark TNN and TNN Init by applying them to solve the parabolic PDE associated with the Heston model, which is widely used in financial pricing theory.

Training a very deep neural network is a challenging task, as the deeper a neural network is, the more non-linear it is. We compare the performances of various preconditioned Langevin algorithms with their non-Langevin counterparts for the training of neural networks of increasing depth. For shallow neural networks, Langevin algorithms do not lead to any improvement, however the deeper the network is and the greater are the gains provided by Langevin algorithms. Adding noise to the gradient descent allows to escape from local traps, which are more frequent for very deep neural networks. Following this heuristic we introduce a new Langevin algorithm called Layer Langevin, which consists in adding Langevin noise only to the weights associated to the deepest layers. We then prove the benefits of Langevin and Layer Langevin algorithms for the training of popular deep residual architectures for image classification.

Machine learning (ML) models can leak information about users, and differential privacy (DP) provides a rigorous way to bound that leakage under a given budget. This DP budget can be regarded as a new type of compute resource in workloads of multiple ML models training on user data. Once it is used, the DP budget is forever consumed. Therefore, it is crucial to allocate it most efficiently to train as many models as possible. This paper presents the scheduler for privacy that optimizes for efficiency. We formulate privacy scheduling as a new type of multidimensional knapsack problem, called privacy knapsack, which maximizes DP budget efficiency. We show that privacy knapsack is NP-hard, hence practical algorithms are necessarily approximate. We develop an approximation algorithm for privacy knapsack, DPK, and evaluate it on microbenchmarks and on a new, synthetic private-ML workload we developed from the Alibaba ML cluster trace. We show that DPK: (1) often approaches the efficiency-optimal schedule, (2) consistently schedules more tasks compared to a state-of-the-art privacy scheduling algorithm that focused on fairness (1.3-1.7x in Alibaba, 1.0-2.6x in microbenchmarks), but (3) sacrifices some level of fairness for efficiency. Therefore, using DPK, DP ML operators should be able to train more models on the same amount of user data while offering the same privacy guarantee to their users.

Imperfect information games (IIG) are games in which each player only partially observes the current game state. We study how to learn $\epsilon$-optimal strategies in a zero-sum IIG through self-play with trajectory feedback. We give a problem-independent lower bound $\mathcal{O}(H(A_{\mathcal{X}}+B_{\mathcal{Y}})/\epsilon^2)$ on the required number of realizations to learn these strategies with high probability, where $H$ is the length of the game, $A_{\mathcal{X}}$ and $B_{\mathcal{Y}}$ are the total number of actions for the two players. We also propose two Follow the Regularize leader (FTRL) algorithms for this setting: Balanced-FTRL which matches this lower bound, but requires the knowledge of the information set structure beforehand to define the regularization; and Adaptive-FTRL which needs $\mathcal{O}(H^2(A_{\mathcal{X}}+B_{\mathcal{Y}})/\epsilon^2)$ plays without this requirement by progressively adapting the regularization to the observations.

Stochastic Gradient Descent Langevin Dynamics (SGLD) algorithms, which add noise to the classic gradient descent, are known to improve the training of neural networks in some cases where the neural network is very deep. In this paper we study the possibilities of training acceleration for the numerical resolution of stochastic control problems through gradient descent, where the control is parametrized by a neural network. If the control is applied at many discretization times then solving the stochastic control problem reduces to minimizing the loss of a very deep neural network. We numerically show that Langevin algorithms improve the training on various stochastic control problems like hedging and resource management, and for different choices of gradient descent methods.

Neural machine translation (NMT) has become the de-facto standard in real-world machine translation applications. However, NMT models can unpredictably produce severely pathological translations, known as hallucinations, that seriously undermine user trust. It becomes thus crucial to implement effective preventive strategies to guarantee their proper functioning. In this paper, we address the problem of hallucination detection in NMT by following a simple intuition: as hallucinations are detached from the source content, they exhibit encoder-decoder attention patterns that are statistically different from those of good quality translations. We frame this problem with an optimal transport formulation and propose a fully unsupervised, plug-in detector that can be used with any attention-based NMT model. Experimental results show that our detector not only outperforms all previous model-based detectors, but is also competitive with detectors that employ large models trained on millions of samples.

As more and more conversational and translation systems are deployed in production, it is essential to implement and to develop effective control mechanisms guaranteeing their proper functioning and security. An essential component to ensure safe system behavior is out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, which aims at detecting whether an input sample is statistically far from the training distribution. Although OOD detection is a widely covered topic in classification tasks, it has received much less attention in text generation. This paper addresses the problem of OOD detection for machine translation and dialog generation from an operational perspective. Our contributions include: (i) RAINPROOF a Relative informAItioN Projection ODD detection framework; and (ii) a more operational evaluation setting for OOD detection. Surprisingly, we find that OOD detection is not necessarily aligned with task-specific measures. The OOD detector may filter out samples that are well processed by the model and keep samples that are not, leading to weaker performance. Our results show that RAINPROOF breaks this curse and achieve good results in OOD detection while increasing performance.