深信仰网络(DBN)是随机神经网络,可以从感觉数据中提取丰富的环境内部表示。 DBN在触发深度学习革命方面具有催化作用,这是第一次证明在具有许多隐藏神经元层的网络中无监督学习的可行性。由于它们的生物学和认知合理性,这些等级架构也已成功利用,以在各种领域建立人类感知和认知的计算模型。但是,DBN的学习通常是以贪婪的,层次的方式进行的,这不允许模拟皮质回路的整体发展。在这里,我们提出IDBN,这是一种迭代学习算法,用于DBN,允许共同更新层次结构所有层的连接权重。我们在两组不同的视觉刺激上测试算法,我们表明网络开发也可以通过图理论属性来跟踪。使用我们的迭代方法训练的DBN实现了与贪婪对应物相当的最终性能,同时允许准确地分析生成模型中内部表示的逐步发展。我们的工作为使用IDBN进行建模神经认知发展铺平了道路。
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Objective: Accurate visual classification of bladder tissue during Trans-Urethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) procedures is essential to improve early cancer diagnosis and treatment. During TURBT interventions, White Light Imaging (WLI) and Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) techniques are used for lesion detection. Each imaging technique provides diverse visual information that allows clinicians to identify and classify cancerous lesions. Computer vision methods that use both imaging techniques could improve endoscopic diagnosis. We address the challenge of tissue classification when annotations are available only in one domain, in our case WLI, and the endoscopic images correspond to an unpaired dataset, i.e. there is no exact equivalent for every image in both NBI and WLI domains. Method: We propose a semi-surprised Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based method composed of three main components: a teacher network trained on the labeled WLI data; a cycle-consistency GAN to perform unpaired image-to-image translation, and a multi-input student network. To ensure the quality of the synthetic images generated by the proposed GAN we perform a detailed quantitative, and qualitative analysis with the help of specialists. Conclusion: The overall average classification accuracy, precision, and recall obtained with the proposed method for tissue classification are 0.90, 0.88, and 0.89 respectively, while the same metrics obtained in the unlabeled domain (NBI) are 0.92, 0.64, and 0.94 respectively. The quality of the generated images is reliable enough to deceive specialists. Significance: This study shows the potential of using semi-supervised GAN-based classification to improve bladder tissue classification when annotations are limited in multi-domain data.
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病变分割是放射线工作流程的关键步骤。手动分割需要长时间的执行时间,并且容易发生可变性,从而损害了放射线研究及其鲁棒性的实现。在这项研究中,对非小细胞肺癌患者的计算机断层扫描图像进行了深入学习的自动分割方法。还评估了手动与自动分割在生存放射模型的性能中的使用。方法总共包括899名NSCLC患者(2个专有:A和B,1个公共数据集:C)。肺部病变的自动分割是通过训练先前开发的建筑NNU-NET进行的,包括2D,3D和级联方法。用骰子系数评估自动分割的质量,以手动轮廓为参考。通过从数据集A的手动和自动轮廓中提取放射性的手工制作和深度学习特征来探索自动分割对患者生存的放射素模型对患者生存的性能的影响。评估并比较模型的精度。结果通过平均2D和3D模型的预测以及应用后处理技术来提取最大连接的组件,可以实现具有骰子= 0.78 +(0.12)的自动和手动轮廓之间的最佳一致性。当使用手动或自动轮廓,手工制作或深度特征时,在生存模型的表现中未观察到统计差异。最好的分类器显示出0.65至0.78之间的精度。结论NNU-NET在自动分割肺部病变中的有希望的作用已得到证实,从而大大降低了时必的医生的工作量,而不会损害基于放射线学的生存预测模型的准确性。
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腔内器官内部的导航是一项艰巨的任务,需要在操作员的手的运动与从内窥镜视频获得的信息之间进行非直觉的协调。开发自动化某些任务的工具可以减轻干预期间医生的身体和精神负担,从而使他们专注于诊断和决策任务。在本文中,我们提出了一种用于腔内导航的协同解决方案,该解决方案由3D打印的内窥镜软机器人组成,该机器人可以在腔内结构内安全移动。基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的Visual Servoing用于完成自主导航任务。 CNN经过幻象和体内数据训练以分割管腔,并提出了一种无模型的方法来控制受约束环境中的运动。在不同的路径配置中,在解剖幻像中验证了所提出的机器人。我们使用不同的指标分析机器人的运动,例如任务完成时间,平滑度,稳态中的误差以及均值和最大误差。我们表明,我们的方法适合在空心环境和条件下安全导航,这些环境和条件与最初对网络训练的条件不同。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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尽管近期因因果推断领域的进展,迄今为止没有关于从观察数据的收集治疗效应估算的方法。对临床实践的结果是,当缺乏随机试验的结果时,没有指导在真实情景中似乎有效的指导。本文提出了一种务实的方法,以获得从观察性研究的治疗效果的初步但稳健地估算,为前线临床医生提供对其治疗策略的信心程度。我们的研究设计适用于一个公开问题,估算Covid-19密集护理患者的拳击机动的治疗效果。
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以对象表示的学习背后的想法是,自然场景可以更好地建模为对象的组成及其关系,而不是分布式表示形式。可以将这种归纳偏置注入神经网络中,以可能改善具有多个对象的场景中下游任务的系统概括和性能。在本文中,我们在五个常见的多对象数据集上训练最先进的无监督模型,并评估细分指标和下游对象属性预测。此外,我们通过调查单个对象不超出分布的设置(例如,具有看不见的颜色,质地或形状或场景的全局属性)来研究概括和鲁棒性,例如,通过闭塞来改变,裁剪或增加对象的数量。从我们的实验研究中,我们发现以对象为中心的表示对下游任务很有用,并且通常对影响对象的大多数分布转移有用。但是,当分布转移以较低结构化的方式影响输入时,在模型和分布转移的情况下,分割和下游任务性能的鲁棒性可能会有很大差异。
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在2015年和2019年之间,地平线的成员2020年资助的创新培训网络名为“Amva4newphysics”,研究了高能量物理问题的先进多变量分析方法和统计学习工具的定制和应用,并开发了完全新的。其中许多方法已成功地用于提高Cern大型Hadron撞机的地图集和CMS实验所执行的数据分析的敏感性;其他几个人,仍然在测试阶段,承诺进一步提高基本物理参数测量的精确度以及新现象的搜索范围。在本文中,在研究和开发的那些中,最相关的新工具以及对其性能的评估。
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Advances in computer vision and machine learning techniques have led to significant development in 2D and 3D human pose estimation from RGB cameras, LiDAR, and radars. However, human pose estimation from images is adversely affected by occlusion and lighting, which are common in many scenarios of interest. Radar and LiDAR technologies, on the other hand, need specialized hardware that is expensive and power-intensive. Furthermore, placing these sensors in non-public areas raises significant privacy concerns. To address these limitations, recent research has explored the use of WiFi antennas (1D sensors) for body segmentation and key-point body detection. This paper further expands on the use of the WiFi signal in combination with deep learning architectures, commonly used in computer vision, to estimate dense human pose correspondence. We developed a deep neural network that maps the phase and amplitude of WiFi signals to UV coordinates within 24 human regions. The results of the study reveal that our model can estimate the dense pose of multiple subjects, with comparable performance to image-based approaches, by utilizing WiFi signals as the only input. This paves the way for low-cost, broadly accessible, and privacy-preserving algorithms for human sensing.
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Due to the environmental impacts caused by the construction industry, repurposing existing buildings and making them more energy-efficient has become a high-priority issue. However, a legitimate concern of land developers is associated with the buildings' state of conservation. For that reason, infrared thermography has been used as a powerful tool to characterize these buildings' state of conservation by detecting pathologies, such as cracks and humidity. Thermal cameras detect the radiation emitted by any material and translate it into temperature-color-coded images. Abnormal temperature changes may indicate the presence of pathologies, however, reading thermal images might not be quite simple. This research project aims to combine infrared thermography and machine learning (ML) to help stakeholders determine the viability of reusing existing buildings by identifying their pathologies and defects more efficiently and accurately. In this particular phase of this research project, we've used an image classification machine learning model of Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) to differentiate three levels of cracks in one particular building. The model's accuracy was compared between the MSX and thermal images acquired from two distinct thermal cameras and fused images (formed through multisource information) to test the influence of the input data and network on the detection results.
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