$ \ mathbf {perive} $：使用人工智能（AI）到：（1）从相对较大的人群中利用视神经头（ONH）的生物力学知识； （2）评估ONH的单个光学相干断层扫描（OCT）扫描的稳健性； （3）确定哪些关键的三维（3D）结构特征使给定的ONH稳健。 $ \ Mathbf {Design} $：回顾性横断面研究。 $ \ mathbf {Methods} $：316个受试者通过Ophthalmo-Dynamometry在急性眼内和之后与OCT成像。然后将IOP诱导的椎板胶状变形映射为3D，并用于对ONH进行分类。 LC变形高于4％的人被认为是脆弱的，而变形较低的人则较低4％。从这些数据中学习，我们比较了三种AI算法，以严格地从基线（未呈现的）OCT卷中预测鲁棒性：（1）随机森林分类器； （2）自动编码器； （3）动态图CNN（DGCNN）。后一种算法还使我们能够确定哪些关键的3D结构特征使给定的智能稳定。 $ \ mathbf {结果} $：所有3种方法都能够单独预测3D结构信息的稳健性，而无需执行生物力学测试。 DGCNN（接收器操作曲线下的区域[AUC]：0.76 $ \ pm $ 0.08）的表现优于自动编码器（AUC：0.70 $ \ pm $ 0.07）和随机森林分类器（AUC：0.69 $ \ pm $ 0.05）。有趣的是，为了评估稳健性，DGCNN主要使用了巩膜和LC插入部位的信息。 $ \ mathbf {结论} $：我们提出了一种AI驱动的方法，可以仅从ONH的单个OCT扫描中评估给定ONH的稳健性，而无需进行生物力学测试。纵向研究应确定ONH鲁棒性是否可以帮助我们确定快速的视野损失进展者。

目的：（1）开发深度学习算法，以识别3D光学相干断层扫描（OCT）扫描中的视神经头（ONH）的主要组织结构; （2）利用这些信息在健康，光盘博森（奇数）和乳头膜ONHS之间鲁棒地区分。由于高颅内压（51只眼）和健康对照（100只眼睛），这是一种横截面对比研究，由于高颅内压（51只眼睛），以及健康的对照（100只眼）。使用OCT获得ONH的3D扫描，然后加工以改善深层组织可见性。首先，使用984 B-Scans（从130只眼睛）开发了深度学习算法，以识别：主要的神经/结缔组织和奇数区域。使用骰子系数（DC）评估我们的算法的性能。在第2步骤中，使用1500Ct卷设计了一个分类算法（随机林），以严格从其德鲁森和普拉拉马那肿胀得分（来自细分）来执行3级分类（1：奇数，2：Papilledema，3：健康） ）。为了评估性能，我们报告了每个类的接收器操作特征曲线（AUC）下的区域。我们的分割算法能够在存在时隔离神经和结缔组织和奇数区域。这是在测试集上的平均DC为0.93 $ 0.03的平均直流，相应于良好性能。分类是用高AUC的分类，即检测奇数，0.99美元0.01 0.01美元，用于检测Papilledema的0.99美元，0.98美元$ 0.02用于检测健康的ONH。我们的AI方法可以使用单个OCT扫描来准确地歧视奇数乳头。我们的分类表现非常出色，有需要在更大的人口中验证。我们的方法可能有可能建立10月作为神经眼科诊断成像的主干。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

目的：评估中央视网膜血管躯干及其分支（CRVT＆B）的三维（3D）结构构型是否可用作青光眼的诊断标志物。方法：我们训练了深度学习网络，从光神经头（ONH）的光学相干断层扫描（OCT）体积的B-Scans自动分割CRVT＆B。随后，使用从OCT体积中提取的CRVT＆B的结构构型，两种不同的方法用于青光眼诊断。在第一种方法中，我们旨在仅使用CNN的3D CNN和CRVT＆B的3D结构提供诊断。对于第二种方法，我们将CRVT＆B的3D结构投射到三个平面上以获得2D图像，然后使用2D CNN进行诊断。使用骰子系数评估分割精度，而使用接收器操作特性曲线（AUC）下的区域评估诊断准确度。 CRVT＆B的诊断性能也与视网膜神经纤维层（RNFL）厚度进行了比较。结果：我们的分割网络能够从OCT扫描有效地分段视网膜血管。在测试集上，我们实现了0.81 \ PM0.07的骰子系数。 3D和2D诊断网络能够将青光眼与非青光眼受试者区分别分别区分82.7％和83.3％的精度。 CRVT＆B的相应AUC为0.89和0.90，高于用RNFL厚度获得的0.90℃。结论：我们的工作表明，CRVT＆B的诊断功能优于金标 - 标准的青光眼参数，即RNFL厚度。我们的作品还建议主要视网膜血管形成骨架 - 其配置可以代表主要的ONH结构变化，通常观察到青光眼的开发和进展。

In the past years, deep learning has seen an increase of usage in the domain of histopathological applications. However, while these approaches have shown great potential, in high-risk environments deep learning models need to be able to judge their own uncertainty and be able to reject inputs when there is a significant chance of misclassification. In this work, we conduct a rigorous evaluation of the most commonly used uncertainty and robustness methods for the classification of Whole-Slide-Images under domain shift using the H\&E stained Camelyon17 breast cancer dataset. Although it is known that histopathological data can be subject to strong domain shift and label noise, to our knowledge this is the first work that compares the most common methods for uncertainty estimation under these aspects. In our experiments, we compare Stochastic Variational Inference, Monte-Carlo Dropout, Deep Ensembles, Test-Time Data Augmentation as well as combinations thereof. We observe that ensembles of methods generally lead to higher accuracies and better calibration and that Test-Time Data Augmentation can be a promising alternative when choosing an appropriate set of augmentations. Across methods, a rejection of the most uncertain tiles leads to a significant increase in classification accuracy on both in-distribution as well as out-of-distribution data. Furthermore, we conduct experiments comparing these methods under varying conditions of label noise. We observe that the border regions of the Camelyon17 dataset are subject to label noise and evaluate the robustness of the included methods against different noise levels. Lastly, we publish our code framework to facilitate further research on uncertainty estimation on histopathological data.

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

As various city agencies and mobility operators navigate toward innovative mobility solutions, there is a need for strategic flexibility in well-timed investment decisions in the design and timing of mobility service regions, i.e. cast as "real options" (RO). This problem becomes increasingly challenging with multiple interacting RO in such investments. We propose a scalable machine learning based RO framework for multi-period sequential service region design & timing problem for mobility-on-demand services, framed as a Markov decision process with non-stationary stochastic variables. A value function approximation policy from literature uses multi-option least squares Monte Carlo simulation to get a policy value for a set of interdependent investment decisions as deferral options (CR policy). The goal is to determine the optimal selection and timing of a set of zones to include in a service region. However, prior work required explicit enumeration of all possible sequences of investments. To address the combinatorial complexity of such enumeration, we propose a new variant "deep" RO policy using an efficient recurrent neural network (RNN) based ML method (CR-RNN policy) to sample sequences to forego the need for enumeration, making network design & timing policy tractable for large scale implementation. Experiments on multiple service region scenarios in New York City (NYC) shows the proposed policy substantially reduces the overall computational cost (time reduction for RO evaluation of > 90% of total investment sequences is achieved), with zero to near-zero gap compared to the benchmark. A case study of sequential service region design for expansion of MoD services in Brooklyn, NYC show that using the CR-RNN policy to determine optimal RO investment strategy yields a similar performance (0.5% within CR policy value) with significantly reduced computation time (about 5.4 times faster).

Remote sensing imagery provides comprehensive views of the Earth, where different sensors collect complementary data at different spatial scales. Large, pretrained models are commonly finetuned with imagery that is heavily augmented to mimic different conditions and scales, with the resulting models used for various tasks with imagery from a range of spatial scales. Such models overlook scale-specific information in the data. In this paper, we present Scale-MAE, a pretraining method that explicitly learns relationships between data at different, known scales throughout the pretraining process. Scale-MAE pretrains a network by masking an input image at a known input scale, where the area of the Earth covered by the image determines the scale of the ViT positional encoding, not the image resolution. Scale-MAE encodes the masked image with a standard ViT backbone, and then decodes the masked image through a bandpass filter to reconstruct low/high frequency images at lower/higher scales. We find that tasking the network with reconstructing both low/high frequency images leads to robust multiscale representations for remote sensing imagery. Scale-MAE achieves an average of a $5.0\%$ non-parametric kNN classification improvement across eight remote sensing datasets compared to current state-of-the-art and obtains a $0.9$ mIoU to $3.8$ mIoU improvement on the SpaceNet building segmentation transfer task for a range of evaluation scales.

Springs can provide force at zero net energy cost by recycling negative mechanical work to benefit motor-driven robots or spring-augmented humans. However, humans have limited force and range of motion, and motors have a limited ability to produce force. These limits constrain how much energy a conventional spring can store and, consequently, how much assistance a spring can provide. In this paper, we introduce an approach to accumulating negative work in assistive springs over several motion cycles. We show that, by utilizing a novel floating spring mechanism, the weight of a human or robot can be used to iteratively increase spring compression, irrespective of the potential energy stored by the spring. Decoupling the force required to compress a spring from the energy stored by a spring advances prior works, and could enable spring-driven robots and humans to perform physically demanding tasks without the use of large actuators.

KL-regularized reinforcement learning from expert demonstrations has proved successful in improving the sample efficiency of deep reinforcement learning algorithms, allowing them to be applied to challenging physical real-world tasks. However, we show that KL-regularized reinforcement learning with behavioral reference policies derived from expert demonstrations can suffer from pathological training dynamics that can lead to slow, unstable, and suboptimal online learning. We show empirically that the pathology occurs for commonly chosen behavioral policy classes and demonstrate its impact on sample efficiency and online policy performance. Finally, we show that the pathology can be remedied by non-parametric behavioral reference policies and that this allows KL-regularized reinforcement learning to significantly outperform state-of-the-art approaches on a variety of challenging locomotion and dexterous hand manipulation tasks.