对于新参与者 - 执行摘要：（1）任务是为语音数据开发语音匿名系统，该系统隐藏了说话者的语音身份，同时保护语言内容，副语言属性，清晰度和自然性。 （2）除3种不同的基线匿名系统，评估脚本和指标外，还提供了培训，开发和评估数据集。参与者应用其开发的匿名系统，运行评估脚本并向组织者提交客观评估结果和匿名语音数据。 （3）结果将在与Interspeech 2022结合的研讨会上展示，邀请所有参与者介绍其挑战系统并提交其他研讨会论文。对于熟悉语音挑战的读者 - 更改W.R.T. 2020年：（1）以自动扬声器验证（ASV）系统的形式进行了更强的半信息攻击模型，该系统接受了匿名（每位）语音数据的训练。 （2）互补指标包括等于误差率（EER）作为隐私指标，单词错误率（WER）作为主要实用性度量，以及音调相关性和声音独特性作为辅助效用度量标准。 （3）基于一组最小目标隐私要求的新排名策略。

本文介绍了第一个致力于2020挑战的结果和分析，重点是开发语音技术的匿名解决方案。我们提供了对提交的系统和评估结果的分析，提供了挑战设计的系统概述。特别是，我们描述了用于系统开发和评估的语音匿名任务和数据集。此外，我们呈现不同的攻击模型和相关目标和主观评估指标。我们介绍了两个匿名化的基线，并提供了由挑战参与者开发的匿名化系统的摘要描述。我们向基线和提交的系统报告客观和主观评估结果。此外，我们提出了作为评估后分析的一部分开发的替代隐私度量和攻击模型的实验结果。最后，我们总结了我们的见解和观察，这将影响下一个语音普遍挑战版的设计和未来语音匿名化研究的某些方向。

匿名化具有操纵语音信号的目标，以便降解扬声器识别的自动方法的可靠性，同时保留语音的其他方面，例如与可懂度和自然有关的那些。本文报告了一种对匿名化的方法，与其他电流方法不同，不需要培训数据，是基于众所周知的信号处理技术，并且既有效又有效。所提出的解决方案使用MCADAMS系数来转换语音信号的光谱包络。使用常见的ove voiceprivacy的结果2020数据库和协议显示随机，优化的转换可以在匿名方面优于竞争解决方案，同时只导致适度，额外的劣化，即使在半通知隐私对手的情况下也是如此。

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are weaving their way into the fabric of society, where they are playing a crucial role in numerous facets of our lives. As we witness the increased deployment of AI and ML in various types of devices, we benefit from their use into energy-efficient algorithms for low powered devices. In this paper, we investigate a scale and medium that is far smaller than conventional devices as we move towards molecular systems that can be utilized to perform machine learning functions, i.e., Molecular Machine Learning (MML). Fundamental to the operation of MML is the transport, processing, and interpretation of information propagated by molecules through chemical reactions. We begin by reviewing the current approaches that have been developed for MML, before we move towards potential new directions that rely on gene regulatory networks inside biological organisms as well as their population interactions to create neural networks. We then investigate mechanisms for training machine learning structures in biological cells based on calcium signaling and demonstrate their application to build an Analog to Digital Converter (ADC). Lastly, we look at potential future directions as well as challenges that this area could solve.

Building a quantum analog of classical deep neural networks represents a fundamental challenge in quantum computing. A key issue is how to address the inherent non-linearity of classical deep learning, a problem in the quantum domain due to the fact that the composition of an arbitrary number of quantum gates, consisting of a series of sequential unitary transformations, is intrinsically linear. This problem has been variously approached in the literature, principally via the introduction of measurements between layers of unitary transformations. In this paper, we introduce the Quantum Path Kernel, a formulation of quantum machine learning capable of replicating those aspects of deep machine learning typically associated with superior generalization performance in the classical domain, specifically, hierarchical feature learning. Our approach generalizes the notion of Quantum Neural Tangent Kernel, which has been used to study the dynamics of classical and quantum machine learning models. The Quantum Path Kernel exploits the parameter trajectory, i.e. the curve delineated by model parameters as they evolve during training, enabling the representation of differential layer-wise convergence behaviors, or the formation of hierarchical parametric dependencies, in terms of their manifestation in the gradient space of the predictor function. We evaluate our approach with respect to variants of the classification of Gaussian XOR mixtures - an artificial but emblematic problem that intrinsically requires multilevel learning in order to achieve optimal class separation.

Few-shot learning (FSL) is a central problem in meta-learning, where learners must efficiently learn from few labeled examples. Within FSL, feature pre-training has recently become an increasingly popular strategy to significantly improve generalization performance. However, the contribution of pre-training is often overlooked and understudied, with limited theoretical understanding of its impact on meta-learning performance. Further, pre-training requires a consistent set of global labels shared across training tasks, which may be unavailable in practice. In this work, we address the above issues by first showing the connection between pre-training and meta-learning. We discuss why pre-training yields more robust meta-representation and connect the theoretical analysis to existing works and empirical results. Secondly, we introduce Meta Label Learning (MeLa), a novel meta-learning algorithm that learns task relations by inferring global labels across tasks. This allows us to exploit pre-training for FSL even when global labels are unavailable or ill-defined. Lastly, we introduce an augmented pre-training procedure that further improves the learned meta-representation. Empirically, MeLa outperforms existing methods across a diverse range of benchmarks, in particular under a more challenging setting where the number of training tasks is limited and labels are task-specific. We also provide extensive ablation study to highlight its key properties.

Tree-based machine learning algorithms provide the most precise assessment of the feasibility for a country to export a target product given its export basket. However, the high number of parameters involved prevents a straightforward interpretation of the results and, in turn, the explainability of policy indications. In this paper, we propose a procedure to statistically validate the importance of the products used in the feasibility assessment. In this way, we are able to identify which products, called explainers, significantly increase the probability to export a target product in the near future. The explainers naturally identify a low dimensional representation, the Feature Importance Product Space, that enhances the interpretability of the recommendations and provides out-of-sample forecasts of the export baskets of countries. Interestingly, we detect a positive correlation between the complexity of a product and the complexity of its explainers.

We develop Bayesian neural networks (BNNs) that permit to model generic nonlinearities and time variation for (possibly large sets of) macroeconomic and financial variables. From a methodological point of view, we allow for a general specification of networks that can be applied to either dense or sparse datasets, and combines various activation functions, a possibly very large number of neurons, and stochastic volatility (SV) for the error term. From a computational point of view, we develop fast and efficient estimation algorithms for the general BNNs we introduce. From an empirical point of view, we show both with simulated data and with a set of common macro and financial applications that our BNNs can be of practical use, particularly so for observations in the tails of the cross-sectional or time series distributions of the target variables.

数据的表示对于机器学习方法至关重要。内核方法用于丰富特征表示，从而可以更好地概括。量子内核有效地实施了在量子系统的希尔伯特空间中编码经典数据的有效复杂的转换，甚至导致指数加速。但是，我们需要对数据的先验知识来选择可以用作量子嵌入的适当参数量子电路。我们提出了一种算法，该算法通过组合优化过程自动选择最佳的量子嵌入过程，该过程修改了电路的结构，更改门的发生器，其角度（取决于数据点）以及各种门的QUBIT行为。由于组合优化在计算上是昂贵的，因此我们基于均值周围的核基质系数的指数浓度引入了一个标准，以立即丢弃任意大部分的溶液，这些溶液被认为性能较差。与基于梯度的优化（例如可训练的量子内核）相反，我们的方法不受建筑贫瘠的高原影响。我们已经使用人工和现实数据集来证明相对于随机生成的PQC的方法的提高。我们还比较了不同优化算法的效果，包括贪婪的局部搜索，模拟退火和遗传算法，表明算法选择在很大程度上影响了结果。

时间序列预测是一个重要的问题，具有许多现实世界的应用。深度神经网络的合奏最近实现了令人印象深刻的预测准确性，但是在许多现实世界中，如此大的合奏是不切实际的。变压器模型已成功应用于各种具有挑战性的问题。我们建议对原始变压器体系结构进行新颖的改编，重点是时间序列预测的任务，称为持久性初始化。该模型通过使用与残留跳过连接的乘法门控机制初始化为幼稚的持久性模型。我们使用具有REZERO标准化和旋转位置编码的解码器变压器，但适应适用于任何自动回归神经网络模型。我们评估了有关挑战性M4数据集的拟议体系结构，与基于合奏的方法相比，取得了竞争性能。我们还将最近提议的变压器模型进行比较，以预测时间序列，显示了M4数据集中的卓越性能。广泛的消融研究表明，持久性初始化会导致更好的性能和更快的收敛性。随着模型的大小的增加，只有我们提出的适应性增长的模型。我们还进行了一项额外的消融研究，以确定正常化和位置编码的选择的重要性，并发现旋转编码的使用和REZERO归一化对于良好的预测性能至关重要。