数据的表示对于机器学习方法至关重要。内核方法用于丰富特征表示,从而可以更好地概括。量子内核有效地实施了在量子系统的希尔伯特空间中编码经典数据的有效复杂的转换,甚至导致指数加速。但是,我们需要对数据的先验知识来选择可以用作量子嵌入的适当参数量子电路。我们提出了一种算法,该算法通过组合优化过程自动选择最佳的量子嵌入过程,该过程修改了电路的结构,更改门的发生器,其角度(取决于数据点)以及各种门的QUBIT行为。由于组合优化在计算上是昂贵的,因此我们基于均值周围的核基质系数的指数浓度引入了一个标准,以立即丢弃任意大部分的溶液,这些溶液被认为性能较差。与基于梯度的优化(例如可训练的量子内核)相反,我们的方法不受建筑贫瘠的高原影响。我们已经使用人工和现实数据集来证明相对于随机生成的PQC的方法的提高。我们还比较了不同优化算法的效果,包括贪婪的局部搜索,模拟退火和遗传算法,表明算法选择在很大程度上影响了结果。
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我们提出了一种新的混合系统,用于通过使用多目标遗传算法在灰度图像上自动生成和训练量子启发的分类器。我们定义一个动态健身函数,以获得最小的电路和最高的观点数据准确性,以确保所提出的技术是可推广且健壮的。我们通过惩罚其外观来最大程度地减少生成电路的复杂性。我们使用二维降低方法减少图像的大小:主成分分析(PCA),该分析(PCA)是为了优化目的而在个体中编码的,以及一个小的卷积自动编码器(CAE)。将这两种方法相互比较,并采用经典的非线性方法来理解其行为,并确保分类能力是由于量子电路而不是用于降低维度的预处理技术引起的。
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FIG. 1. Schematic diagram of a Variational Quantum Algorithm (VQA). The inputs to a VQA are: a cost function C(θ), with θ a set of parameters that encodes the solution to the problem, an ansatz whose parameters are trained to minimize the cost, and (possibly) a set of training data {ρ k } used during the optimization. Here, the cost can often be expressed in the form in Eq. ( 3), for some set of functions {f k }. Also, the ansatz is shown as a parameterized quantum circuit (on the left), which is analogous to a neural network (also shown schematically on the right). At each iteration of the loop one uses a quantum computer to efficiently estimate the cost (or its gradients). This information is fed into a classical computer that leverages the power of optimizers to navigate the cost landscape C(θ) and solve the optimization problem in Eq. ( 1). Once a termination condition is met, the VQA outputs an estimate of the solution to the problem. The form of the output depends on the precise task at hand. The red box indicates some of the most common types of outputs.
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Building a quantum analog of classical deep neural networks represents a fundamental challenge in quantum computing. A key issue is how to address the inherent non-linearity of classical deep learning, a problem in the quantum domain due to the fact that the composition of an arbitrary number of quantum gates, consisting of a series of sequential unitary transformations, is intrinsically linear. This problem has been variously approached in the literature, principally via the introduction of measurements between layers of unitary transformations. In this paper, we introduce the Quantum Path Kernel, a formulation of quantum machine learning capable of replicating those aspects of deep machine learning typically associated with superior generalization performance in the classical domain, specifically, hierarchical feature learning. Our approach generalizes the notion of Quantum Neural Tangent Kernel, which has been used to study the dynamics of classical and quantum machine learning models. The Quantum Path Kernel exploits the parameter trajectory, i.e. the curve delineated by model parameters as they evolve during training, enabling the representation of differential layer-wise convergence behaviors, or the formation of hierarchical parametric dependencies, in terms of their manifestation in the gradient space of the predictor function. We evaluate our approach with respect to variants of the classification of Gaussian XOR mixtures - an artificial but emblematic problem that intrinsically requires multilevel learning in order to achieve optimal class separation.
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量子计算有可能彻底改变和改变我们的生活和理解世界的方式。该审查旨在提供对量子计算的可访问介绍,重点是统计和数据分析中的应用。我们从介绍了了解量子计算所需的基本概念以及量子和经典计算之间的差异。我们描述了用作量子算法的构建块的核心量子子程序。然后,我们审查了一系列预期的量子算法,以便在统计和机器学习中提供计算优势。我们突出了将量子计算应用于统计问题的挑战和机遇,并讨论潜在的未来研究方向。
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量子机学习(QML)是使用量子计算来计算机器学习算法的使用。随着经典数据的普遍性和重要性,需要采用QML的混合量子古典方法。参数化的量子电路(PQC),特别是量子内核PQC,通常用于QML的混合方法中。在本文中,我们讨论了PQC的一些重要方面,其中包括PQC,量子内核,具有量子优势的量子内核以及量子核的训练性。我们得出的结论是,具有混合核方法的量子核,也就是量子核方法,具有明显的优势作为QML的混合方法。它们不仅适用于嘈杂的中间量子量子(NISQ)设备,而且还可以用于解决所有类型的机器学习问题,包括回归,分类,聚类和降低尺寸。此外,除了量子效用之外,如果量子内核(即量子特征编码)在经典上是棘手的,则可以获得量子优势。
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Quantum Machine Learning(QML)提供了一种强大的灵活的范式,可用于编程近期量子计算机,具有化学,计量,材料科学,数据科学和数学的应用。这里,一个以参数化量子电路的形式训练ANSATZ,以实现感兴趣的任务。然而,最近出现了挑战表明,由于随机性或硬件噪声引起的平坦训练景观,因此难以训练深度尖锐钽。这激励了我们的工作,在那里我们提出了一种可变的结构方法来构建QML的Ansatzes。我们的方法称为VANS(可变ANSATZ),将一组规则应用于在优化期间以知识的方式在增长和(至关重要的)中删除量子门。因此,VANS非常适合通过保持ANSATZ浅扫描来缓解训练性和与噪声相关的问题。我们在变分量子Eigensolver中使用Vans进行冷凝物质和量子化学应用,并且还在量子自身化学器中进行数据压缩,显示所有情况的成功结果。
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Hybrid quantum-classical systems make it possible to utilize existing quantum computers to their fullest extent. Within this framework, parameterized quantum circuits can be regarded as machine learning models with remarkable expressive power. This Review presents the components of these models and discusses their application to a variety of data-driven tasks, such as supervised learning and generative modeling. With an increasing number of experimental demonstrations carried out on actual quantum hardware and with software being actively developed, this rapidly growing field is poised to have a broad spectrum of real-world applications.
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量子机学习(QML)中的内核方法最近引起了人们的重大关注,作为在数据分析中获得量子优势的潜在候选者。在其他有吸引力的属性中,当训练基于内核的模型时,可以保证由于训练格局的凸度而找到最佳模型的参数。但是,这是基于以下假设:量子内核可以从量子硬件有效获得。在这项工作中,我们从准确估计内核值所需的资源的角度研究了量子内核的训练性。我们表明,在某些条件下,可以将量子内核在不同输入数据上的值呈指数浓缩(在量子数中)指向一些固定值,从而导致成功训练所需的测量数量的指数缩放。我们确定了可以导致集中度的四个来源,包括:数据嵌入,全球测量,纠缠和噪声的表达性。对于每个来源,分析得出量子内核的相关浓度结合。最后,我们表明,在处理经典数据时,训练用内核比对方法嵌入的参数化数据也容易受到指数浓度的影响。我们的结果通过数值仿真来验证几个QML任务。总体而言,我们提供指南,表明应避免某些功能,以确保量子内核方法的有效评估和训练性。
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Quantum machine learning has become an area of growing interest but has certain theoretical and hardware-specific limitations. Notably, the problem of vanishing gradients, or barren plateaus, renders the training impossible for circuits with high qubit counts, imposing a limit on the number of qubits that data scientists can use for solving problems. Independently, angle-embedded supervised quantum neural networks were shown to produce truncated Fourier series with a degree directly dependent on two factors: the depth of the encoding, and the number of parallel qubits the encoding is applied to. The degree of the Fourier series limits the model expressivity. This work introduces two new architectures whose Fourier degrees grow exponentially: the sequential and parallel exponential quantum machine learning architectures. This is done by efficiently using the available Hilbert space when encoding, increasing the expressivity of the quantum encoding. Therefore, the exponential growth allows staying at the low-qubit limit to create highly expressive circuits avoiding barren plateaus. Practically, parallel exponential architecture was shown to outperform the existing linear architectures by reducing their final mean square error value by up to 44.7% in a one-dimensional test problem. Furthermore, the feasibility of this technique was also shown on a trapped ion quantum processing unit.
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已知量子计算机可以在某些专业设置中使用经典的最先进的机器学习方法提供加速。例如,已证明量子内核方法可以在离散对数问题的学习版本上提供指数加速。了解量子模型的概括对于实现实际利益问题的类似加速至关重要。最近的结果表明,量子特征空间的指数大小阻碍了概括。尽管这些结果表明,量子模型在量子数数量较大时无法概括,但在本文中,我们表明这些结果依赖于过度限制性的假设。我们通过改变称为量子内核带宽的超参数来考虑更广泛的模型。我们分析了大量限制,并为可以以封闭形式求解的量子模型的概括提供了明确的公式。具体而言,我们表明,更改带宽的值可以使模型从不能概括到任何目标函数到对准目标的良好概括。我们的分析表明,带宽如何控制内核积分操作员的光谱,从而如何控制模型的电感偏置。我们从经验上证明,我们的理论正确地预测带宽如何影响质量模型在具有挑战性的数据集上的概括,包括远远超出我们理论假设的数据集。我们讨论了结果对机器学习中量子优势的含义。
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已经假设量子计算机可以很好地为机器学习中的应用提供很好。在本作工作中,我们分析通过量子内核定义的函数类。量子计算机提供了有效地计算符合难以计算的指数大密度运算符的内部产品。然而,具有指数大的特征空间使得普遍化的问题造成泛化的问题。此外,能够有效地评估高尺寸空间中的内部产品本身不能保证量子优势,因为已经是经典的漫步核可以对应于高或无限的维度再现核Hilbert空间(RKHS)。我们分析量子内核的频谱属性,并发现我们可以期待优势如果其RKHS低维度,并且包含很难经典计算的功能。如果已知目标函数位于该类中,则这意味着量子优势,因为量子计算机可以编码这种电感偏压,而没有同样的方式对功能类进行经典有效的方式。但是,我们表明查找合适的量子内核并不容易,因为内核评估可能需要指数倍数的测量。总之,我们的信息是有点令人发声的:我们猜测量子机器学习模型只有在我们设法将关于传递到量子电路的问题的知识编码的情况下,才能提供加速,同时将相同的偏差置于经典模型。难的。然而,在学习由量子流程生成的数据时,这些情况可能会被典雅地发生,但对于古典数据集来说,它们似乎更难。
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在当前的嘈杂中间尺度量子(NISQ)时代,量子机学习正在成为基于程序门的量子计算机的主要范式。在量子机学习中,对量子电路的门进行了参数化,并且参数是根据数据和电路输出的测量来通过经典优化来调整的。参数化的量子电路(PQC)可以有效地解决组合优化问题,实施概率生成模型并进行推理(分类和回归)。该专着为具有概率和线性代数背景的工程师的观众提供了量子机学习的独立介绍。它首先描述了描述量子操作和测量所必需的必要背景,概念和工具。然后,它涵盖了参数化的量子电路,变异量子本质层以及无监督和监督的量子机学习公式。
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The basic idea of quantum computing is surprisingly similar to that of kernel methods in machine learning, namely to efficiently perform computations in an intractably large Hilbert space. In this paper we explore some theoretical foundations of this link and show how it opens up a new avenue for the design of quantum machine learning algorithms. We interpret the process of encoding inputs in a quantum state as a nonlinear feature map that maps data to quantum Hilbert space. A quantum computer can now analyse the input data in this feature space. Based on this link, we discuss two approaches for building a quantum model for classification. In the first approach, the quantum device estimates inner products of quantum states to compute a classically intractable kernel. This kernel can be fed into any classical kernel method such as a support vector machine. In the second approach, we can use a variational quantum circuit as a linear model that classifies data explicitly in Hilbert space. We illustrate these ideas with a feature map based on squeezing in a continuous-variable system, and visualise the working principle with 2-dimensional mini-benchmark datasets.
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Quantum kernel methods, i.e., kernel methods with quantum kernels, offer distinct advantages as a hybrid quantum-classical approach to quantum machine learning (QML), including applicability to Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices and usage for solving all types of machine learning problems. Kernel methods rely on the notion of similarity between points in a higher (possibly infinite) dimensional feature space. For machine learning, the notion of similarity assumes that points close in the feature space should be close in the machine learning task space. In this paper, we discuss the use of variational quantum kernels with task-specific quantum metric learning to generate optimal quantum embeddings (a.k.a. quantum feature encodings) that are specific to machine learning tasks. Such task-specific optimal quantum embeddings, implicitly supporting feature selection, are valuable not only to quantum kernel methods in improving the latter's performance, but they can also be valuable to non-kernel QML methods based on parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) as pretrained embeddings and for transfer learning. This further demonstrates the quantum utility, and quantum advantage (with classically-intractable quantum embeddings), of quantum kernel methods.
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Quantum computers promise to enhance machine learning for practical applications. Quantum machine learning for real-world data has to handle extensive amounts of high-dimensional data. However, conventional methods for measuring quantum kernels are impractical for large datasets as they scale with the square of the dataset size. Here, we measure quantum kernels using randomized measurements. The quantum computation time scales linearly with dataset size and quadratic for classical post-processing. While our method scales in general exponentially in qubit number, we gain a substantial speed-up when running on intermediate-sized quantum computers. Further, we efficiently encode high-dimensional data into quantum computers with the number of features scaling linearly with the circuit depth. The encoding is characterized by the quantum Fisher information metric and is related to the radial basis function kernel. Our approach is robust to noise via a cost-free error mitigation scheme. We demonstrate the advantages of our methods for noisy quantum computers by classifying images with the IBM quantum computer. To achieve further speedups we distribute the quantum computational tasks between different quantum computers. Our method enables benchmarking of quantum machine learning algorithms with large datasets on currently available quantum computers.
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量子计算机是下一代设备,有望执行超出古典计算机范围的计算。实现这一目标的主要方法是通过量子机学习,尤其是量子生成学习。由于量子力学的固有概率性质,因此可以合理地假设量子生成学习模型(QGLM)可能会超过其经典对应物。因此,QGLM正在从量子物理和计算机科学社区中受到越来越多的关注,在这些QGLM中,可以在近期量子机上有效实施各种QGLM,并提出了潜在的计算优势。在本文中,我们从机器学习的角度回顾了QGLM的当前进度。特别是,我们解释了这些QGLM,涵盖了量子电路出生的机器,量子生成的对抗网络,量子玻尔兹曼机器和量子自动编码器,作为经典生成学习模型的量子扩展。在这种情况下,我们探讨了它们的内在关系及其根本差异。我们进一步总结了QGLM在常规机器学习任务和量子物理学中的潜在应用。最后,我们讨论了QGLM的挑战和进一步研究指示。
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量子噪声是嘈杂中间级量子(NISQ)计算机中的关键挑战。以前的缓解噪声的工作主要集中在门级或脉冲级噪声自适应编译。然而,有限的研究工作通过使量子电路本身对噪声具有更高的优化级别。我们提出了Quoutumnas,是变分电路和量子位映射的噪声自适应共同搜索的全面框架。变形量子电路是构建QML和量子仿真的有希望的方法。然而,由于大型设计空间和参数训练成本,找到最佳变分电路及其最佳参数是具有挑战性的。我们建议通过引入新的超级速度来解耦电路搜索和参数培训。超电路由多层预定的参数化栅极构成,并通过迭代采样和更新其的参数子集(Subcircuit)训练。它提供了从头开始培训的子通差形性能的准确估计。然后我们执行Subcircuit的演进共同搜索和其量子位映射。使用从超级电路继承的参数和使用真实设备噪声模型进行估计,估计子电路性能。最后,我们执行迭代栅极修剪和FineTuning以去除冗余栅极。在10个量子计算上广泛评估了12个QML和VQE基准,Quoutumnas显着优于基线。对于QML,Quoutumnas是第一个展示超过95%的2级,85%的4级和真实QC的32%的10级分类准确性。与UCCSD相比,它还实现了H2,H2O,LIH,CH4,BEH2上的VQE任务的最低特征值。我们还开源Quantumengine(https://github.com/mit-han-lab/pytorch-quantum),用于快速训练参数化量子电路,以促进未来的研究。
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基于内核的量子分类器是用于复杂数据的超线化分类的最有趣,最强大的量子机学习技术,可以在浅深度量子电路(例如交换测试分类器)中轻松实现。出乎意料的是,通过引入差异方案,可以将支持向量机固有而明确地实现,以将SVM理论的二次优化问题映射到量子古典的变分优化问题。该方案使用参数化的量子电路(PQC)实现,以创建一个不均匀的权重向量,以索引量子位,可以在线性时间内评估训练损失和分类得分。我们训练该变量量子近似支持向量机(VQASVM)的经典参数,该参数可以转移到其他VQASVM决策推理电路的许多副本中,以分类新查询数据。我们的VQASVM算法对基于云的量子计算机的玩具示例数据集进行了实验,以进行可行性评估,并进行了数值研究以评估其在标准的IRIS花朵数据集上的性能。虹膜数据分类的准确性达到98.8%。
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量子计算的最新进展已显示出许多问题领域的有希望的计算优势。作为越来越关注的领域之一,混合量子古典机器学习系统已经证明了解决各种数据驱动的学习任务的能力。最近的作品表明,参数化的量子电路(PQC)可用于以可证明的学习优势来解决具有挑战性的强化学习(RL)任务。尽管现有的作品产生了基于PQC的方法的潜力,但PQC体系结构的设计选择及其对学习任务的影响通常没有得到充实。在这项工作中,我们介绍了基于PQC的模型EQAS-PQC,这是一种进化的量子体系结构搜索框架,该模型使用基于人群的遗传算法来通过探索量子操作的搜索空间来发展PQC体系结构。实验结果表明,我们的方法可以显着改善混合量子古典模型在解决基准增强问题方面的性能。我们还对量子操作的概率分布进行建模,以表现出色的体系结构,以识别对性能至关重要的基本设计选择。
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