及时的手枪检测是提高公共安全的关键问题;然而，许多监视系统的有效性仍然依赖于有限的人类注意。以前关于手枪检测的大部分研究基于静态图像检测器，撇开可用于改善视频中的对象检测的有价值的时间信息。为了提高监控系统的性能，应建造实时颞尾手枪检测系统。使用时间yolov5，基于准反复性神经网络的架构，从视频中提取时间信息以改善手枪检测的结果。此外，提出了两种宣传数据集，用手，枪支和手机标记。一个包含2199静态图像来训练静态探测器，另一个包含5960帧视频来训练时间模块。此外，我们探索基于马赛克和混合的两个时间数据增强技术。得到的系统是三个时间架构：一个专注于减少使用地图$ _ {50:95} $ 56.1的推论，另一个在使用地图$ _ {50:95} $ 59.4之间具有良好的平衡。 ，最后一个专门从事准确性，用地图$ _ {50:95} $ 60.2。时间YOLOV5在中小型架构中实现实时检测。此外，它利用了视频中包含的时间特征，以便在我们的时间数据集中执行更好的YOLOV5，使TYOLOV5适用于现实世界应用。源代码在https://github.com/marioduran/tyolov5上公开使用。

In the era of digital healthcare, the huge volumes of textual information generated every day in hospitals constitute an essential but underused asset that could be exploited with task-specific, fine-tuned biomedical language representation models, improving patient care and management. For such specialized domains, previous research has shown that fine-tuning models stemming from broad-coverage checkpoints can largely benefit additional training rounds over large-scale in-domain resources. However, these resources are often unreachable for less-resourced languages like Italian, preventing local medical institutions to employ in-domain adaptation. In order to reduce this gap, our work investigates two accessible approaches to derive biomedical language models in languages other than English, taking Italian as a concrete use-case: one based on neural machine translation of English resources, favoring quantity over quality; the other based on a high-grade, narrow-scoped corpus natively written in Italian, thus preferring quality over quantity. Our study shows that data quantity is a harder constraint than data quality for biomedical adaptation, but the concatenation of high-quality data can improve model performance even when dealing with relatively size-limited corpora. The models published from our investigations have the potential to unlock important research opportunities for Italian hospitals and academia. Finally, the set of lessons learned from the study constitutes valuable insights towards a solution to build biomedical language models that are generalizable to other less-resourced languages and different domain settings.

嗜睡是驾驶员和交通事故主要原因之一的主要关注点。认知神经科学和计算机科学的进步已通过使用脑部计算机界面（BCIS）和机器学习（ML）来检测驾驶员的嗜睡。然而，几个挑战仍然开放，应该面对。首先，文献中缺少使用一组ML算法的多种ML算法对嗜睡检测性能的全面评估。最后，需要研究适合受试者组的可扩展ML模型的检测性能，并将其与文献中提出的单个模型进行比较。为了改善这些局限性，这项工作提出了一个智能框架，该框架采用了BCIS和基于脑电图（EEG）的功能，以检测驾驶场景中的嗜睡。 SEED-VIG数据集用于喂食不同的ML回归器和三类分类器，然后评估，分析和比较单个受试者和组的表现最佳模型。有关单个模型的更多详细信息，随机森林（RF）获得了78％的F1分数，改善了通过文献中使用的模型（例如支持向量机（SVM））获得的58％。关于可扩展模型，RF达到了79％的F1得分，证明了这些方法的有效性。所学的经验教训可以总结如下：i）不仅SVM，而且文献中未充分探索的其他模型与嗜睡检测有关，ii）ii）适用于受试者组的可伸缩方法也有效地检测嗜睡，即使新受试者也是如此评估模型培训中未包括的。

交通事故是年轻人死亡的主要原因，这一问题今天占了大量受害者。已经提出了几种技术来预防事故，是脑部计算机界面（BCIS）最有前途的技术之一。在这种情况下，BCI被用来检测情绪状态，集中问题或压力很大的情况，这可能在道路上起着基本作用，因为它们与驾驶员的决定直接相关。但是，在驾驶场景中，没有广泛的文献应用BCI来检测受试者的情绪。在这种情况下，需要解决一些挑战，例如（i）执行驾驶任务对情绪检测的影响以及（ii）在驾驶场景中哪些情绪更可检测到的情绪。为了改善这些挑战，这项工作提出了一个框架，该框架着重于使用机器学习和深度学习算法的脑电图检测情绪。此外，已经设计了两个场景的用例。第一种情况是聆听声音作为要执行的主要任务，而在第二种情况下，聆听声音成为次要任务，这是使用驱动模拟器的主要任务。这样，它旨在证明BCI在这种驾驶方案中是否有用。结果改善了文献中现有的结果，可在发现两种情绪（非刺激性和愤怒）中达到99％的准确性，三种情绪（非刺激性，愤怒和中立）的93％，四种情绪（非刺激）（非 - 刺激，愤怒，中立和喜悦）。

模型预测控制（MPC）方法被广泛用于机器人技术，因为它们允许在机器人移动时计算更新的轨迹。他们通常需要启发式参考，以进行跟踪术语和成本功能参数的正确调整，以便获得良好的性能。例如，当腿部机器人必须对环境的干扰（例如，推动后恢复）或以静态不稳定步态跟踪某个目标时，算法的有效性会降解。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个新型基于优化的参考生成器，名为州长，该发电机利用线性倒置的摆模型来计算质量中心的参考轨迹，同时考虑了步态的可能不足（例如，在小跑中）。获得的轨迹用作我们先前工作中提出的非线性MPC成本函数的参考[1]。我们还提出了一个公式，可以保证一定的响应时间达到目​​标，而无需调整成本条款的权重。此外，校正了立足点以将机器人朝目标推动。我们证明了在与Aliengo机器人不同情况下的模拟和实验中，我们的方法的有效性。

在腿的运动中重新规划对于追踪所需的用户速度，在适应地形并拒绝外部干扰的同时至关重要。在这项工作中，我们提出并测试了实验中的实时非线性模型预测控制（NMPC），用于腿部机器人，以实现各种地形上的动态运动。我们引入了一种基于移动性的标准来定义NMPC成本，增强了二次机器人的运动，同时最大化腿部移动性并提高对地形特征的适应。我们的NMPC基于实时迭代方案，使我们能够以25美元的价格重新计划在线，\ Mathrm {Hz} $ 2 $ 2 $ 2美元的预测地平线。我们使用在质量框架中心中定义的单个刚体动态模型，以提高计算效率。在仿真中，测试NMPC以横穿一组不同尺寸的托盘，走进V形烟囱，并在崎岖的地形上招揽。在真实实验中，我们展示了我们的NMPC与移动功能的有效性，使IIT为87美元\，\ Mathrm {kg} $四分之一的机器人HIQ，以实现平坦地形上的全方位步行，横穿静态托盘，并适应在散步期间重新定位托盘。

Modelling and forecasting real-life human behaviour using online social media is an active endeavour of interest in politics, government, academia, and industry. Since its creation in 2006, Twitter has been proposed as a potential laboratory that could be used to gauge and predict social behaviour. During the last decade, the user base of Twitter has been growing and becoming more representative of the general population. Here we analyse this user base in the context of the 2021 Mexican Legislative Election. To do so, we use a dataset of 15 million election-related tweets in the six months preceding election day. We explore different election models that assign political preference to either the ruling parties or the opposition. We find that models using data with geographical attributes determine the results of the election with better precision and accuracy than conventional polling methods. These results demonstrate that analysis of public online data can outperform conventional polling methods, and that political analysis and general forecasting would likely benefit from incorporating such data in the immediate future. Moreover, the same Twitter dataset with geographical attributes is positively correlated with results from official census data on population and internet usage in Mexico. These findings suggest that we have reached a period in time when online activity, appropriately curated, can provide an accurate representation of offline behaviour.

In the last years, the number of IoT devices deployed has suffered an undoubted explosion, reaching the scale of billions. However, some new cybersecurity issues have appeared together with this development. Some of these issues are the deployment of unauthorized devices, malicious code modification, malware deployment, or vulnerability exploitation. This fact has motivated the requirement for new device identification mechanisms based on behavior monitoring. Besides, these solutions have recently leveraged Machine and Deep Learning techniques due to the advances in this field and the increase in processing capabilities. In contrast, attackers do not stay stalled and have developed adversarial attacks focused on context modification and ML/DL evaluation evasion applied to IoT device identification solutions. This work explores the performance of hardware behavior-based individual device identification, how it is affected by possible context- and ML/DL-focused attacks, and how its resilience can be improved using defense techniques. In this sense, it proposes an LSTM-CNN architecture based on hardware performance behavior for individual device identification. Then, previous techniques have been compared with the proposed architecture using a hardware performance dataset collected from 45 Raspberry Pi devices running identical software. The LSTM-CNN improves previous solutions achieving a +0.96 average F1-Score and 0.8 minimum TPR for all devices. Afterward, context- and ML/DL-focused adversarial attacks were applied against the previous model to test its robustness. A temperature-based context attack was not able to disrupt the identification. However, some ML/DL state-of-the-art evasion attacks were successful. Finally, adversarial training and model distillation defense techniques are selected to improve the model resilience to evasion attacks, without degrading its performance.

Cybercriminals are moving towards zero-day attacks affecting resource-constrained devices such as single-board computers (SBC). Assuming that perfect security is unrealistic, Moving Target Defense (MTD) is a promising approach to mitigate attacks by dynamically altering target attack surfaces. Still, selecting suitable MTD techniques for zero-day attacks is an open challenge. Reinforcement Learning (RL) could be an effective approach to optimize the MTD selection through trial and error, but the literature fails when i) evaluating the performance of RL and MTD solutions in real-world scenarios, ii) studying whether behavioral fingerprinting is suitable for representing SBC's states, and iii) calculating the consumption of resources in SBC. To improve these limitations, the work at hand proposes an online RL-based framework to learn the correct MTD mechanisms mitigating heterogeneous zero-day attacks in SBC. The framework considers behavioral fingerprinting to represent SBCs' states and RL to learn MTD techniques that mitigate each malicious state. It has been deployed on a real IoT crowdsensing scenario with a Raspberry Pi acting as a spectrum sensor. More in detail, the Raspberry Pi has been infected with different samples of command and control malware, rootkits, and ransomware to later select between four existing MTD techniques. A set of experiments demonstrated the suitability of the framework to learn proper MTD techniques mitigating all attacks (except a harmfulness rootkit) while consuming <1 MB of storage and utilizing <55% CPU and <80% RAM.

We present a Machine Learning (ML) study case to illustrate the challenges of clinical translation for a real-time AI-empowered echocardiography system with data of ICU patients in LMICs. Such ML case study includes data preparation, curation and labelling from 2D Ultrasound videos of 31 ICU patients in LMICs and model selection, validation and deployment of three thinner neural networks to classify apical four-chamber view. Results of the ML heuristics showed the promising implementation, validation and application of thinner networks to classify 4CV with limited datasets. We conclude this work mentioning the need for (a) datasets to improve diversity of demographics, diseases, and (b) the need of further investigations of thinner models to be run and implemented in low-cost hardware to be clinically translated in the ICU in LMICs. The code and other resources to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/vital-ultrasound/ai-assisted-echocardiography-for-low-resource-countries.