肾脏是人体的重要器官。它保持体内平衡并通过尿液去除有害物质。肾细胞癌（RCC）是肾癌最常见的形式。大约90％的肾脏癌归因于RCC。最有害的RCC类型是清晰的细胞肾细胞癌（CCRCC），占所有RCC病例的80％。需要早期和准确的CCRCC检测，以防止其他器官进一步扩散该疾病。在本文中，进行了详细的实验，以确定可以在不同阶段诊断CCRCC的重要特征。 CCRCC数据集从癌症基因组图集（TCGA）获得。考虑了从8种流行特征选择方法获得的特征顺序的新型相互信息和集合的特征排名方法。通过使用2个不同的分类器（ANN和SVM）获得的总体分类精度来评估所提出方法的性能。实验结果表明，所提出的特征排名方法能够获得更高的精度（分别使用SVM和NN分别使用SVM和NN），与现有工作相比，使用SVM和NN分别使用SVM和NN进行分类。还要注意的是，在现有TNM系统（由AJCC和UICC提出的）提到的3个区分特征中，我们提出的方法能够选择其中两个（肿瘤的大小，转移状态）作为顶部 - 大多数。这确立了我们提出的方法的功效。

Adversarial imitation learning (AIL) has become a popular alternative to supervised imitation learning that reduces the distribution shift suffered by the latter. However, AIL requires effective exploration during an online reinforcement learning phase. In this work, we show that the standard, naive approach to exploration can manifest as a suboptimal local maximum if a policy learned with AIL sufficiently matches the expert distribution without fully learning the desired task. This can be particularly catastrophic for manipulation tasks, where the difference between an expert and a non-expert state-action pair is often subtle. We present Learning from Guided Play (LfGP), a framework in which we leverage expert demonstrations of multiple exploratory, auxiliary tasks in addition to a main task. The addition of these auxiliary tasks forces the agent to explore states and actions that standard AIL may learn to ignore. Additionally, this particular formulation allows for the reusability of expert data between main tasks. Our experimental results in a challenging multitask robotic manipulation domain indicate that LfGP significantly outperforms both AIL and behaviour cloning, while also being more expert sample efficient than these baselines. To explain this performance gap, we provide further analysis of a toy problem that highlights the coupling between a local maximum and poor exploration, and also visualize the differences between the learned models from AIL and LfGP.

Contrastive learning has been successfully used for retrieval of semantically aligned sentences, but it often requires large batch sizes or careful engineering to work well. In this paper, we instead propose a generative model for learning multilingual text embeddings which can be used to retrieve or score sentence pairs. Our model operates on parallel data in $N$ languages and, through an approximation we introduce, efficiently encourages source separation in this multilingual setting, separating semantic information that is shared between translations from stylistic or language-specific variation. We show careful large-scale comparisons between contrastive and generation-based approaches for learning multilingual text embeddings, a comparison that has not been done to the best of our knowledge despite the popularity of these approaches. We evaluate this method on a suite of tasks including semantic similarity, bitext mining, and cross-lingual question retrieval -- the last of which we introduce in this paper. Overall, our Variational Multilingual Source-Separation Transformer (VMSST) model outperforms both a strong contrastive and generative baseline on these tasks.

Mitotic activity is key for the assessment of malignancy in many tumors. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the proportion of abnormal mitosis to normal mitosis is of prognostic significance. Atypical mitotic figures (MF) can be identified morphologically as having segregation abnormalities of the chromatids. In this work, we perform, for the first time, automatic subtyping of mitotic figures into normal and atypical categories according to characteristic morphological appearances of the different phases of mitosis. Using the publicly available MIDOG21 and TUPAC16 breast cancer mitosis datasets, two experts blindly subtyped mitotic figures into five morphological categories. Further, we set up a state-of-the-art object detection pipeline extending the anchor-free FCOS approach with a gated hierarchical subclassification branch. Our labeling experiment indicated that subtyping of mitotic figures is a challenging task and prone to inter-rater disagreement, which we found in 24.89% of MF. Using the more diverse MIDOG21 dataset for training and TUPAC16 for testing, we reached a mean overall average precision score of 0.552, a ROC AUC score of 0.833 for atypical/normal MF and a mean class-averaged ROC-AUC score of 0.977 for discriminating the different phases of cells undergoing mitosis.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

在评估临床机器学习模型的性能时，必须考虑部署人群。当观察到的标签患者的人群只是部署人群的一部分（选择标签）时，对观察到的人群的标准模型绩效估计可能会产生误导。在这项研究中，我们描述了三类的标签选择，并模拟了五个有因果关系的场景，以评估特定选择机制如何偏向一套常见的二进制机器学习模型性能指标。 Simulations reveal that when selection is affected by observed features, naive estimates of model discrimination may be misleading. When selection is affected by labels, naive estimates of calibration fail to reflect reality.我们从因果推理文献中借用传统的加权估计器，发现当正确指定选择概率时，它们会恢复全部人口估计。然后，我们解决了监视部署的机器学习模型的性能的现实任务，该模型的相互作用与临床医生相互作用并影响标签的选择机制。我们训练三个机器学习模型来标记低收益实验室的诊断，并模拟它们减少浪费实验室利用的预期结果。我们发现，对观察到的人群的幼稚估计值降低了20％。这样的差异可能足够大，可以导致成功终止成功的临床决策支持工具。我们提出了一个更改的部署程序，该程序将注入随机化的注入随机化与传统加权估计相结合，并发现其恢复了真正的模型性能。

这项研究受到人类行为的启发，提议使用探测策略，并将其整合到遍布性分析框架中，以解决未知的粗糙地形上的安全导航。我们的框架将可折叠信息整合到我们现有的遍历性分析中，因为仅视力和几何信息可能会被不可预测的非刚性地形（例如柔软的土壤，灌木丛或水坑）误导。通过新的遍历性分析框架，我们的机器人对不可预测的地形进行了更全面的评估，这对于其在室外环境中的安全至关重要。该管道首先使用RGB-D摄像头确定地形的几何和语义性能，并在可疑地形上探测位置。使用力传感器对这些区域进行探测，以确定机器人在其上面时崩溃的风险。该风险被称为可折叠度度量，该指标估计了不可预测的区域的地面可折叠性。此后，将可折叠性度量以及几何和语义空间数据结合在一起，并分析以产生全局和局部穿术网格图。这些遍历性网格地图告诉机器人是否可以安全地跨越地图的不同区域。然后使用网格图来生成机器人的最佳路径，以安全地导航其目标。在模拟和现实世界实验中，我们的方法已在四足动物的机器人上成功验证。

关于语言模型（LMS）的先前工作表明，对大量不同任务进行培训可以改善新任务的少数学习（FSL）表现。我们将其带到极端，从Internet表中自动提取413,299个任务 - 比下一大公共数据集的数量级多。在生成的数据集上进行填充可改善自然语言处理（NLP）任务的FSL性能，但与数据集量表不成比例。实际上，我们发现数据集的狭窄子集有时比数据集更优于多样化的数据集。例如，从support.google.com上对软件文档进行填充，在52个下游任务上提高了FSL性能，平均 +7.5％，该任务击败了40个人类策划的NLP数据集（ +6.7％）的培训。在各种狭窄数据集上进行填充会导致在测试任务之间进行类似的广泛改进，这表明收益不是来自域的适应性，而是适应FSL。我们没有观察到导致FSL收益的数据集之间的清晰模式，而是关于某些数据为何有助于FSL的开放问题。

随机梯度算法在大规模学习和推理问题中广泛用于优化和采样。但是，实际上，调整这些算法通常是使用启发式和反复试验而不是严格的，可概括的理论来完成的。为了解决理论和实践之间的这一差距，我们通过表征具有固定步长的非常通用的预处理随机梯度算法的迭代术的大样本行为来对调整参数的效果进行新的见解。在优化设置中，我们的结果表明，具有较大固定步长的迭代平均值可能会导致（局部）M-静态器的统计效率近似。在抽样环境中，我们的结果表明，通过适当的调整参数选择，限制固定协方差可以与Bernstein匹配 - 后验的von Mises限制，对模型错误指定后验的调整或MLE的渐近分布；而幼稚的调整极限与这些都不相对应。此外，我们认为可以在数据集对固定数量的通行证后获得基本独立的样本。我们使用模拟和真实数据通过多个实验来验证渐近样结果。总体而言，我们证明具有恒定步长的正确调整的随机梯度算法为获得点估计或后部样品提供了计算上有效且统计上健壮的方法。

Majorana示威者是一项领先的实验，寻找具有高纯净锗探测器（HPGE）的中性s中性双β衰变。机器学习提供了一种最大化这些检测器提供的信息量的新方法，但是与传统分析相比，数据驱动的性质使其不可解释。一项可解释性研究揭示了机器的决策逻辑，使我们能够从机器中学习以反馈传统分析。在这项工作中，我们介绍了Majorana演示者数据的第一个机器学习分析。这也是对任何锗探测器实验的第一个可解释的机器学习分析。训练了两个梯度增强的决策树模型，以从数据中学习，并进行了基于游戏理论的模型可解释性研究，以了解分类功率的起源。通过从数据中学习，该分析识别重建参数之间的相关性，以进一步增强背景拒绝性能。通过从机器中学习，该分析揭示了新的背景类别对相互利用的标准Majorana分析的重要性。该模型与下一代锗探测器实验（如传说）高度兼容，因为它可以同时在大量探测器上进行训练。