神经塌陷是指表征类嵌入和分类器重量的几何形状的显着结构特性，当经过零训练误差以外的训练时，深网被发现。但是，这种表征仅适用于平衡数据。因此，我们在这里询问是否可以使阶级失衡不变。为此，我们采用了不受限制的功能模型（UFM），这是一种用于研究神经塌陷的最新理论模型，并引入了单纯形编码标签的插值（SELI）作为神经崩溃现象的不变特征。具体而言，我们证明了UFM的跨凝结损失和消失的正则化，无论阶级失衡如何，嵌入和分类器总是插入单纯形编码的标签矩阵，并且其单个几何形状都由同一标签矩阵矩阵矩阵的SVD因子确定。然后，我们对合成和真实数据集进行了广泛的实验，这些实验确认了与SELI几何形状的收敛。但是，我们警告说，融合会随着不平衡的增加而恶化。从理论上讲，我们通过表明与平衡的情况不同，当存在少数民族时，山脊规范化在调整几何形状中起着至关重要的作用。这定义了新的问题，并激发了对阶级失衡对一阶方法融合其渐近优先解决方案的速率的影响的进一步研究。

深度学习（DL）模型为各种医学成像基准挑战提供了最先进的性能，包括脑肿瘤细分（BRATS）挑战。然而，局灶性病理多隔室分割（例如，肿瘤和病变子区）的任务特别具有挑战性，并且潜在的错误阻碍DL模型转化为临床工作流程。量化不确定形式的DL模型预测的可靠性，可以实现最不确定的地区的临床审查，从而建立信任并铺平临床翻译。最近，已经引入了许多不确定性估计方法，用于DL医学图像分割任务。开发指标评估和比较不确定性措施的表现将有助于最终用户制定更明智的决策。在本研究中，我们探索并评估在Brats 2019-2020任务期间开发的公制，以对不确定量化量化（Qu-Brats），并旨在评估和排列脑肿瘤多隔室分割的不确定性估计。该公制（1）奖励不确定性估计，对正确断言产生高置信度，以及在不正确的断言处分配低置信水平的估计数，（2）惩罚导致更高百分比的无关正确断言百分比的不确定性措施。我们进一步基准测试由14个独立参与的Qu-Brats 2020的分割不确定性，所有这些都参与了主要的Brats细分任务。总体而言，我们的研究结果证实了不确定性估计提供了分割算法的重要性和互补价值，因此突出了医学图像分析中不确定性量化的需求。我们的评估代码在HTTPS://github.com/ragmeh11/qu-brats公开提供。

遥感是目标获取的图像，而无需与该目标进行物理接触。如今，由于其减少了图像采集期，因此遥感数据被广泛优选。地面目标的遥感更具挑战性，因为各种因素通过卫星采集的不同介质影响光的传播。遥感领域正在实现几种基于卷积神经网络的算法。监督学习是一种机器学习技术，在培训之前，数据根据其课程标记。为了更准确地检测和对目标进行分类，Yolov3，采用了基于边界和锚固框的算法。为了处理穿越大气的光的各种效果，引入了基于灰度的Yolov3配置。为了更好地预测和解决瑞利散射效果，提出了基于RGB的灰度算法。用基于灰度的YOLO3算法对获得的图像进行分析和训练，以进行目标检测。结果表明，基于灰度的方法比传统的Yolov3方法更准确，更有效地感知目标。

标签 - 不平衡和组敏感分类中的目标是优化相关的指标，例如平衡错误和相同的机会。经典方法，例如加权交叉熵，在训练深网络到训练（TPT）的终端阶段时，这是超越零训练误差的训练。这种观察发生了最近在促进少数群体更大边值的直观机制之后开发启发式替代品的动力。与之前的启发式相比，我们遵循原则性分析，说明不同的损失调整如何影响边距。首先，我们证明，对于在TPT中训练的所有线性分类器，有必要引入乘法，而不是添加性的Logit调整，以便对杂项边缘进行适当的变化。为了表明这一点，我们发现将乘法CE修改的连接到成本敏感的支持向量机。也许是违反，我们还发现，在培训开始时，相同的乘法权重实际上可以损害少数群体。因此，虽然在TPT中，添加剂调整无效，但我们表明它们可以通过对乘法重量的初始负效应进行抗衡来加速会聚。通过这些发现的动机，我们制定了矢量缩放（VS）丢失，即捕获现有技术作为特殊情况。此外，我们引入了对群体敏感分类的VS损失的自然延伸，从而以统一的方式处理两种常见类型的不平衡（标签/组）。重要的是，我们对最先进的数据集的实验与我们的理论见解完全一致，并确认了我们算法的卓越性能。最后，对于不平衡的高斯 - 混合数据，我们执行泛化分析，揭示平衡/标准错误和相同机会之间的权衡。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We consider infinite horizon Markov decision processes (MDPs) with fast-slow structure, meaning that certain parts of the state space move "fast" (and in a sense, are more influential) while other parts transition more "slowly." Such structure is common in real-world problems where sequential decisions need to be made at high frequencies, yet information that varies at a slower timescale also influences the optimal policy. Examples include: (1) service allocation for a multi-class queue with (slowly varying) stochastic costs, (2) a restless multi-armed bandit with an environmental state, and (3) energy demand response, where both day-ahead and real-time prices play a role in the firm's revenue. Models that fully capture these problems often result in MDPs with large state spaces and large effective time horizons (due to frequent decisions), rendering them computationally intractable. We propose an approximate dynamic programming algorithmic framework based on the idea of "freezing" the slow states, solving a set of simpler finite-horizon MDPs (the lower-level MDPs), and applying value iteration (VI) to an auxiliary MDP that transitions on a slower timescale (the upper-level MDP). We also extend the technique to a function approximation setting, where a feature-based linear architecture is used. On the theoretical side, we analyze the regret incurred by each variant of our frozen-state approach. Finally, we give empirical evidence that the frozen-state approach generates effective policies using just a fraction of the computational cost, while illustrating that simply omitting slow states from the decision modeling is often not a viable heuristic.

While the capabilities of autonomous systems have been steadily improving in recent years, these systems still struggle to rapidly explore previously unknown environments without the aid of GPS-assisted navigation. The DARPA Subterranean (SubT) Challenge aimed to fast track the development of autonomous exploration systems by evaluating their performance in real-world underground search-and-rescue scenarios. Subterranean environments present a plethora of challenges for robotic systems, such as limited communications, complex topology, visually-degraded sensing, and harsh terrain. The presented solution enables long-term autonomy with minimal human supervision by combining a powerful and independent single-agent autonomy stack, with higher level mission management operating over a flexible mesh network. The autonomy suite deployed on quadruped and wheeled robots was fully independent, freeing the human supervision to loosely supervise the mission and make high-impact strategic decisions. We also discuss lessons learned from fielding our system at the SubT Final Event, relating to vehicle versatility, system adaptability, and re-configurable communications.

Machine learning is the dominant approach to artificial intelligence, through which computers learn from data and experience. In the framework of supervised learning, for a computer to learn from data accurately and efficiently, some auxiliary information about the data distribution and target function should be provided to it through the learning model. This notion of auxiliary information relates to the concept of regularization in statistical learning theory. A common feature among real-world datasets is that data domains are multiscale and target functions are well-behaved and smooth. In this paper, we propose a learning model that exploits this multiscale data structure and discuss its statistical and computational benefits. The hierarchical learning model is inspired by the logical and progressive easy-to-hard learning mechanism of human beings and has interpretable levels. The model apportions computational resources according to the complexity of data instances and target functions. This property can have multiple benefits, including higher inference speed and computational savings in training a model for many users or when training is interrupted. We provide a statistical analysis of the learning mechanism using multiscale entropies and show that it can yield significantly stronger guarantees than uniform convergence bounds.

Implicit Neural Representations (INR) have recently shown to be powerful tool for high-quality video compression. However, existing works are limiting as they do not explicitly exploit the temporal redundancy in videos, leading to a long encoding time. Additionally, these methods have fixed architectures which do not scale to longer videos or higher resolutions. To address these issues, we propose NIRVANA, which treats videos as groups of frames and fits separate networks to each group performing patch-wise prediction. This design shares computation within each group, in the spatial and temporal dimensions, resulting in reduced encoding time of the video. The video representation is modeled autoregressively, with networks fit on a current group initialized using weights from the previous group's model. To further enhance efficiency, we perform quantization of the network parameters during training, requiring no post-hoc pruning or quantization. When compared with previous works on the benchmark UVG dataset, NIRVANA improves encoding quality from 37.36 to 37.70 (in terms of PSNR) and the encoding speed by 12X, while maintaining the same compression rate. In contrast to prior video INR works which struggle with larger resolution and longer videos, we show that our algorithm is highly flexible and scales naturally due to its patch-wise and autoregressive designs. Moreover, our method achieves variable bitrate compression by adapting to videos with varying inter-frame motion. NIRVANA achieves 6X decoding speed and scales well with more GPUs, making it practical for various deployment scenarios.