学习高质量的对话表示对于解决各种面向对话的任务至关重要，尤其是考虑到对话系统通常会遇到数据稀缺。在本文中，我们介绍了对话句子嵌入（DSE），这是一种自我监督的对比学习方法，它学习有效的对话表示，适合各种对话任务。 DSE通过连续进行与对比度学习的正面对话的连续对话来从对话中学习。尽管它很简单，但DSE的表现能力比其他对话表示和普遍的句子表示模型要好得多。我们评估DSE的五个下游对话任务，这些任务检查了不同语义粒度的对话表示。几次射击和零射击设置的实验表明，DSE的表现要优于基线。例如，它在6个数据集中的1-Shot意图分类中比最强的无监督基线实现了13％的平均绩效提高。我们还提供了有关模型的好处和局限性的分析。

没有发言者标签的培训扬声器 - 识别和强大的发言者验证系统仍然挑战和值得探索。在这项研究中，我们提出了一种有效的自我监督的学习框架和一种新的正规化策略，以促进自我监督的发言者代表学习。不同于基于对比的自我监督的学习方法，所提出的自我监督正则化（SSREG）专注于正数据对潜在的潜在表示之间的相似性。我们还探讨了替代在线数据增强策略对时域和频域的有效性。凭借我们强大的在线数据增强策略，所提出的SSREG显示了自我监督学习的潜力，而不使用负对对，它可以显着提高自我监督扬声器表示学习与简单的暹罗网络架构的表现。 VOXECEB数据集的综合实验表明，我们提出的自我监督方法通过增加有效的自我监督正则化和胜过其他以前的作品来获得23.4％的相对改善。

大型语言模型在各种问题答案（QA）基准测试方面取得了高度的性能，但其产出的解释性仍然难以捉摸。最近建议将结构化的解释称为“综合树”，以解释和检查质量检查系统的答案。为了更好地生成此类树木，我们提出了一种称为迭代检索生成推理​​器（IRGR）的架构。我们的模型能够通过系统地生成文本前提的分步解释来解释给定的假设。 IRGR模型迭代地搜索合适的场所，一次构建单个零件步骤。与以前的方法相反，我们的方法结合了生成步骤和房屋的检索，允许模型利用中间结论，并减轻基线编码器模型的输入大小限制。我们使用IntailmentBank数据集进行实验，在该数据集中，我们在前提检索和索引树上的现有基准优于现有的基准，总体正确性增长了约300％。

经过审计的语言模型（PTLMS）通常是通过大型静态语料库学习的，并针对各种下游任务进行了微调。但是，当部署在现实世界中时，基于PTLM的模型必须处理偏离PTLM最初培训的数据分布。在本文中，我们研究了一个终身语言模型预处理挑战，其中不断更新PTLM以适应新兴数据。在域内收入的研究纸流和按时间顺序排序的推文流上，我们从具有不同持续学习算法的PTLM逐渐预处理PTLM，并跟踪下游任务性能（经过微调之后）。我们评估了PTLM在保留早期语料库中学习知识的同时适应新语料库的能力。我们的实验表明，基于蒸馏的方法最有效地在早期域中保持下游性能。该算法还可以改善知识传递，从而使模型能够比最新数据实现更好的下游性能，并在由于时间而在培训和评估之间存在分配差距时改善时间概括。我们认为，我们的问题制定，方法和分析将激发未来的研究朝着语言模型的持续预处理。

我们为身体和生存期的个体老化轨迹建立了一个计算模型，其中包含物理，功能和生物变量，并在人口统计学，生活方式和医学背景信息上进行调节。我们将现代机器学习技术与可解释的交互网络相结合，其中健康变量通过随机动力系统内的显式配对交互来耦合。我们的动态联合可解释网络（DJIN）模型可扩展到大型纵向数据集，是从基线健康状态的个体高维氏体健康轨迹和生存的预测性，并且在卫生变量之间的可解释网络的可解释网络。该网络识别健康变量之间的合理生理连接以及强烈连接的健康变量的集群。我们使用对老化（ELSA）数据的英语纵向研究培训我们的模型，并表明它比多个专用线性模型更好地进行健康结果和生存。我们将模型与灵活的低维潜空间模型进行比较，探讨准确模拟老化健康结果所需的维度。我们的Djin模型可用于生成易于历史的合成人员，以赋予缺失数据，并模拟未来的老化结果给出任意初始健康状态。

The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.

A Digital Twin (DT) is a simulation of a physical system that provides information to make decisions that add economic, social or commercial value. The behaviour of a physical system changes over time, a DT must therefore be continually updated with data from the physical systems to reflect its changing behaviour. For resource-constrained systems, updating a DT is non-trivial because of challenges such as on-board learning and the off-board data transfer. This paper presents a framework for updating data-driven DTs of resource-constrained systems geared towards system health monitoring. The proposed solution consists of: (1) an on-board system running a light-weight DT allowing the prioritisation and parsimonious transfer of data generated by the physical system; and (2) off-board robust updating of the DT and detection of anomalous behaviours. Two case studies are considered using a production gas turbine engine system to demonstrate the digital representation accuracy for real-world, time-varying physical systems.

We introduce Argoverse 2 (AV2) - a collection of three datasets for perception and forecasting research in the self-driving domain. The annotated Sensor Dataset contains 1,000 sequences of multimodal data, encompassing high-resolution imagery from seven ring cameras, and two stereo cameras in addition to lidar point clouds, and 6-DOF map-aligned pose. Sequences contain 3D cuboid annotations for 26 object categories, all of which are sufficiently-sampled to support training and evaluation of 3D perception models. The Lidar Dataset contains 20,000 sequences of unlabeled lidar point clouds and map-aligned pose. This dataset is the largest ever collection of lidar sensor data and supports self-supervised learning and the emerging task of point cloud forecasting. Finally, the Motion Forecasting Dataset contains 250,000 scenarios mined for interesting and challenging interactions between the autonomous vehicle and other actors in each local scene. Models are tasked with the prediction of future motion for "scored actors" in each scenario and are provided with track histories that capture object location, heading, velocity, and category. In all three datasets, each scenario contains its own HD Map with 3D lane and crosswalk geometry - sourced from data captured in six distinct cities. We believe these datasets will support new and existing machine learning research problems in ways that existing datasets do not. All datasets are released under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license.

We derive a set of causal deep neural networks whose architectures are a consequence of tensor (multilinear) factor analysis. Forward causal questions are addressed with a neural network architecture composed of causal capsules and a tensor transformer. The former estimate a set of latent variables that represent the causal factors, and the latter governs their interaction. Causal capsules and tensor transformers may be implemented using shallow autoencoders, but for a scalable architecture we employ block algebra and derive a deep neural network composed of a hierarchy of autoencoders. An interleaved kernel hierarchy preprocesses the data resulting in a hierarchy of kernel tensor factor models. Inverse causal questions are addressed with a neural network that implements multilinear projection and estimates the causes of effects. As an alternative to aggressive bottleneck dimension reduction or regularized regression that may camouflage an inherently underdetermined inverse problem, we prescribe modeling different aspects of the mechanism of data formation with piecewise tensor models whose multilinear projections are well-defined and produce multiple candidate solutions. Our forward and inverse neural network architectures are suitable for asynchronous parallel computation.

We present a Machine Learning (ML) study case to illustrate the challenges of clinical translation for a real-time AI-empowered echocardiography system with data of ICU patients in LMICs. Such ML case study includes data preparation, curation and labelling from 2D Ultrasound videos of 31 ICU patients in LMICs and model selection, validation and deployment of three thinner neural networks to classify apical four-chamber view. Results of the ML heuristics showed the promising implementation, validation and application of thinner networks to classify 4CV with limited datasets. We conclude this work mentioning the need for (a) datasets to improve diversity of demographics, diseases, and (b) the need of further investigations of thinner models to be run and implemented in low-cost hardware to be clinically translated in the ICU in LMICs. The code and other resources to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/vital-ultrasound/ai-assisted-echocardiography-for-low-resource-countries.