软件体系结构定义了大型计算系统的蓝图，因此是设计和开发工作的关键部分。在移动机器人的背景下，对此任务进行了广泛的探索，从而导致了大量参考设计和实现。由于软件体系结构定义了实现所有组件的框架，因此自然是移动机器人系统的一个非常重要的方面。在本章中，我们概述了特定问题域（移动机器人系统）对软件框架强加的要求。我们讨论了一些当前的设计解决方案，提供了有关共同框架的历史观点，并概述了未来发展的方向。

传感器是将物理参数或环境特征（例如温度，距离，速度等）转换为可以通过数字测量和处理以执行特定任务的信号的设备。移动机器人需要传感器来测量其环境的属性，从而允许安全导航，复杂的感知和相应的动作以及与填充环境的其他代理的有效相互作用。移动机器人使用的传感器范围从简单的触觉传感器（例如保险杠）到复杂的基于视觉的传感器，例如结构化灯相机。所有这些都提供了可以由机器人计算机处理的数字输出（例如，字符串，一组值，矩阵等）。通常通过使用传感器中包含的数字转换器（ADC）的类似物来离散一个或多个模拟电信号来获得此类输出。在本章中，我们介绍了移动机器人技术中最常见的传感器，并提供了其分类法，基本特征和规格的介绍。对功能和应用程序类型的描述遵循一种自下而上的方法：在描述现实世界传感器之前，介绍了传感器所基于的基本原理和组件，这些传感器通常基于多种技术和基本设备。

自动驾驶的车辆和自动地面机器人需要一种可靠，准确的方法来分析周围环境的遍历以进行安全导航。本文提出并评估了一种基于机器学习的遍历性分析方法，该方法将基于SVM分类器的混合方法中的几何特征与基于外观的特征相结合。特别是，我们表明，整合一组新的几何和视觉特征并专注于重要的实施细节，可以显着提高性能和可靠性。已提出的方法已与最先进的深度学习方法进行了比较。在不同的复杂性方面，它的准确性为89.2％，表明其有效性和鲁棒性。该方法在CPU上完全运行，并在其他方法方面达到可比的结果，运行速度更快，并且需要更少的硬件资源。

本文介绍了基于仅使用合成数据训练的深卷积神经网络的人体部位分割的新框架。该方法实现了尖端的结果，而无需培训具有人体部位的真实注释数据的模型。我们的贡献包括数据生成管道，该管道利用游戏引擎来创建用于训练网络的合成数据，以及一种结合边缘响应映射和自适应直方图均衡的新型预处理模块，以指导网络来学习网络人体部位的形状确保对照明条件的变化的稳健性。为了选择最佳候选架构，我们对真正的人体四肢的手动注释图像进行详尽的测试。我们进一步将我们的方法与若干高端商业分割工具进行了对体零分割任务的几个。结果表明，我们的方法通过显着的余量优于其他模型。最后，我们展示了一个消融研究来验证我们的预处理模块。通过本文，我们释放了所提出的方法以及所获取的数据集的实现。

由于它可能对粮食安全，可持续性，资源利用效率，化学处理的降低以及人类努力和产量的优化，因此，自主机器人在农业中的应用正在越来越受欢迎。有了这一愿景，蓬勃发展的研究项目旨在开发一种适应性的机器人解决方案，用于精确耕作，该解决方案结合了小型自动无人驾驶飞机（UAV）（UAV）的空中调查能力以及由多功能无人驾驶的无人接地车（UGV）执行的针对性干预措施。本文概述了该项目中获得的科学和技术进步和结果。我们引入了多光谱感知算法以及空中和地面系统，用于监测农作物密度，杂草压力，作物氮营养状况，并准确地对杂草进行分类和定位。然后，我们介绍了针对我们在农业环境中机器人身份量身定制的导航和映射系统，以及用于协作映射的模块。我们最终介绍了我们在不同的现场条件和不同农作物中实施和测试的地面干预硬件，软件解决方案以及接口。我们描述了一个真正的用例，在该案例中，无人机与UGV合作以监视该领域并进行选择性喷涂而无需人工干预。

Modelling and forecasting real-life human behaviour using online social media is an active endeavour of interest in politics, government, academia, and industry. Since its creation in 2006, Twitter has been proposed as a potential laboratory that could be used to gauge and predict social behaviour. During the last decade, the user base of Twitter has been growing and becoming more representative of the general population. Here we analyse this user base in the context of the 2021 Mexican Legislative Election. To do so, we use a dataset of 15 million election-related tweets in the six months preceding election day. We explore different election models that assign political preference to either the ruling parties or the opposition. We find that models using data with geographical attributes determine the results of the election with better precision and accuracy than conventional polling methods. These results demonstrate that analysis of public online data can outperform conventional polling methods, and that political analysis and general forecasting would likely benefit from incorporating such data in the immediate future. Moreover, the same Twitter dataset with geographical attributes is positively correlated with results from official census data on population and internet usage in Mexico. These findings suggest that we have reached a period in time when online activity, appropriately curated, can provide an accurate representation of offline behaviour.

In the last years, the number of IoT devices deployed has suffered an undoubted explosion, reaching the scale of billions. However, some new cybersecurity issues have appeared together with this development. Some of these issues are the deployment of unauthorized devices, malicious code modification, malware deployment, or vulnerability exploitation. This fact has motivated the requirement for new device identification mechanisms based on behavior monitoring. Besides, these solutions have recently leveraged Machine and Deep Learning techniques due to the advances in this field and the increase in processing capabilities. In contrast, attackers do not stay stalled and have developed adversarial attacks focused on context modification and ML/DL evaluation evasion applied to IoT device identification solutions. This work explores the performance of hardware behavior-based individual device identification, how it is affected by possible context- and ML/DL-focused attacks, and how its resilience can be improved using defense techniques. In this sense, it proposes an LSTM-CNN architecture based on hardware performance behavior for individual device identification. Then, previous techniques have been compared with the proposed architecture using a hardware performance dataset collected from 45 Raspberry Pi devices running identical software. The LSTM-CNN improves previous solutions achieving a +0.96 average F1-Score and 0.8 minimum TPR for all devices. Afterward, context- and ML/DL-focused adversarial attacks were applied against the previous model to test its robustness. A temperature-based context attack was not able to disrupt the identification. However, some ML/DL state-of-the-art evasion attacks were successful. Finally, adversarial training and model distillation defense techniques are selected to improve the model resilience to evasion attacks, without degrading its performance.

Cybercriminals are moving towards zero-day attacks affecting resource-constrained devices such as single-board computers (SBC). Assuming that perfect security is unrealistic, Moving Target Defense (MTD) is a promising approach to mitigate attacks by dynamically altering target attack surfaces. Still, selecting suitable MTD techniques for zero-day attacks is an open challenge. Reinforcement Learning (RL) could be an effective approach to optimize the MTD selection through trial and error, but the literature fails when i) evaluating the performance of RL and MTD solutions in real-world scenarios, ii) studying whether behavioral fingerprinting is suitable for representing SBC's states, and iii) calculating the consumption of resources in SBC. To improve these limitations, the work at hand proposes an online RL-based framework to learn the correct MTD mechanisms mitigating heterogeneous zero-day attacks in SBC. The framework considers behavioral fingerprinting to represent SBCs' states and RL to learn MTD techniques that mitigate each malicious state. It has been deployed on a real IoT crowdsensing scenario with a Raspberry Pi acting as a spectrum sensor. More in detail, the Raspberry Pi has been infected with different samples of command and control malware, rootkits, and ransomware to later select between four existing MTD techniques. A set of experiments demonstrated the suitability of the framework to learn proper MTD techniques mitigating all attacks (except a harmfulness rootkit) while consuming <1 MB of storage and utilizing <55% CPU and <80% RAM.

We present a Machine Learning (ML) study case to illustrate the challenges of clinical translation for a real-time AI-empowered echocardiography system with data of ICU patients in LMICs. Such ML case study includes data preparation, curation and labelling from 2D Ultrasound videos of 31 ICU patients in LMICs and model selection, validation and deployment of three thinner neural networks to classify apical four-chamber view. Results of the ML heuristics showed the promising implementation, validation and application of thinner networks to classify 4CV with limited datasets. We conclude this work mentioning the need for (a) datasets to improve diversity of demographics, diseases, and (b) the need of further investigations of thinner models to be run and implemented in low-cost hardware to be clinically translated in the ICU in LMICs. The code and other resources to reproduce this work are available at https://github.com/vital-ultrasound/ai-assisted-echocardiography-for-low-resource-countries.

Explainability is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the topic, yet explainability still lacks shared terminology and a framework capable of providing structural soundness to explanations. In our work, we address these issues by proposing a novel definition of explanation that is a synthesis of what can be found in the literature. We recognize that explanations are not atomic but the product of evidence stemming from the model and its input-output and the human interpretation of this evidence. Furthermore, we fit explanations into the properties of faithfulness (i.e., the explanation being a true description of the model's decision-making) and plausibility (i.e., how much the explanation looks convincing to the user). Using our proposed theoretical framework simplifies how these properties are ope rationalized and provide new insight into common explanation methods that we analyze as case studies.