最近证明利用稀疏网络连接深神经网络中的连续层，可为大型最新模型提供好处。但是，网络连接性在浅网络的学习曲线中也起着重要作用，例如经典限制的玻尔兹曼机器（RBM）。一个基本问题是有效地找到了改善学习曲线的连接模式。最近的原则方法明确将网络连接作为参数，这些参数必须在模型中进行优化，但通常依靠连续功能来表示连接和明确的惩罚。这项工作提出了一种基于网络梯度的想法来找到RBM的最佳连接模式的方法：计算每个可能连接的梯度，给定特定的连接模式，并使用梯度驱动连续连接强度参数又使用确定连接模式。因此，学习RBM参数和学习网络连接是真正共同执行的，尽管学习率不同，并且没有改变目标函数。该方法应用于MNIST数据集，以显示针对样本生成和输入分类的基准任务找到更好的RBM模型。

ICECUBE是一种用于检测1 GEV和1 PEV之间大气和天体中微子的光学传感器的立方公斤阵列，该阵列已部署1.45 km至2.45 km的南极的冰盖表面以下1.45 km至2.45 km。来自ICE探测器的事件的分类和重建在ICeCube数据分析中起着核心作用。重建和分类事件是一个挑战，这是由于探测器的几何形状，不均匀的散射和冰中光的吸收，并且低于100 GEV的光，每个事件产生的信号光子数量相对较少。为了应对这一挑战，可以将ICECUBE事件表示为点云图形，并将图形神经网络（GNN）作为分类和重建方法。 GNN能够将中微子事件与宇宙射线背景区分开，对不同的中微子事件类型进行分类，并重建沉积的能量，方向和相互作用顶点。基于仿真，我们提供了1-100 GEV能量范围的比较与当前ICECUBE分析中使用的当前最新最大似然技术，包括已知系统不确定性的影响。对于中微子事件分类，与当前的IceCube方法相比，GNN以固定的假阳性速率（FPR）提高了信号效率的18％。另外，GNN在固定信号效率下将FPR的降低超过8（低于半百分比）。对于能源，方向和相互作用顶点的重建，与当前最大似然技术相比，分辨率平均提高了13％-20％。当在GPU上运行时，GNN能够以几乎是2.7 kHz的中位数ICECUBE触发速率的速率处理ICECUBE事件，这打开了在在线搜索瞬态事件中使用低能量中微子的可能性。

我们训练一个神经网络模型，以预测宇宙N体模拟的全相空间演化。它的成功表明，神经网络模型正在准确地近似绿色的功能扩展，该功能将模拟的初始条件与其在深层非线性方向上的后期结合到结果。我们通过评估其在具有已知精确解决方案或充分理解扩展的简单情况下的良好理解的简单案例上的表现来测试这种近似值的准确性。这些场景包括球形构型，隔离平面波和两个相互作用的平面波：与用于训练的高斯随机场有很大不同的初始条件。我们发现我们的模型可以很好地推广到这些良好理解的方案，这表明网络已经推断了一般的物理原理，并从复杂的随机高斯训练数据中学习了非线性模式耦合。这些测试还为查找模型的优势和劣势以及确定改进模型的策略提供了有用的诊断。我们还测试了仅包含横向模式的初始条件，该模式的模式不仅在其相位上有所不同，而且还与训练集中使用的纵向生长模式相比。当网络遇到与训练集正交的这些初始条件时，该模型将完全失败。除了这些简单的配置外，我们还评估了模型对N体模拟的标准初始条件的密度，位移和动量功率谱的预测。我们将这些摘要统计数据与N体结果和称为COLA的近似快速模拟方法进行了比较。我们的模型在$ k \ sim 1 \ \ mathrm {mpc}^{ - 1} \，h $的非线性尺度上达到百分比精度，代表了对COLA的显着改进。

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Artificial intelligence methods including deep neural networks (DNN) can provide rapid molecular classification of tumors from routine histology with accuracy that matches or exceeds human pathologists. Discerning how neural networks make their predictions remains a significant challenge, but explainability tools help provide insights into what models have learned when corresponding histologic features are poorly defined. Here, we present a method for improving explainability of DNN models using synthetic histology generated by a conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN). We show that cGANs generate high-quality synthetic histology images that can be leveraged for explaining DNN models trained to classify molecularly-subtyped tumors, exposing histologic features associated with molecular state. Fine-tuning synthetic histology through class and layer blending illustrates nuanced morphologic differences between tumor subtypes. Finally, we demonstrate the use of synthetic histology for augmenting pathologist-in-training education, showing that these intuitive visualizations can reinforce and improve understanding of histologic manifestations of tumor biology.

Despite being responsible for state-of-the-art results in several computer vision and natural language processing tasks, neural networks have faced harsh criticism due to some of their current shortcomings. One of them is that neural networks are correlation machines prone to model biases within the data instead of focusing on actual useful causal relationships. This problem is particularly serious in application domains affected by aspects such as race, gender, and age. To prevent models from incurring on unfair decision-making, the AI community has concentrated efforts in correcting algorithmic biases, giving rise to the research area now widely known as fairness in AI. In this survey paper, we provide an in-depth overview of the main debiasing methods for fairness-aware neural networks in the context of vision and language research. We propose a novel taxonomy to better organize the literature on debiasing methods for fairness, and we discuss the current challenges, trends, and important future work directions for the interested researcher and practitioner.

Deep learning-based pose estimation algorithms can successfully estimate the pose of objects in an image, especially in the field of color images. 6D Object pose estimation based on deep learning models for X-ray images often use custom architectures that employ extensive CAD models and simulated data for training purposes. Recent RGB-based methods opt to solve pose estimation problems using small datasets, making them more attractive for the X-ray domain where medical data is scarcely available. We refine an existing RGB-based model (SingleShotPose) to estimate the 6D pose of a marked cube from grayscale X-ray images by creating a generic solution trained on only real X-ray data and adjusted for X-ray acquisition geometry. The model regresses 2D control points and calculates the pose through 2D/3D correspondences using Perspective-n-Point(PnP), allowing a single trained model to be used across all supporting cone-beam-based X-ray geometries. Since modern X-ray systems continuously adjust acquisition parameters during a procedure, it is essential for such a pose estimation network to consider these parameters in order to be deployed successfully and find a real use case. With a 5-cm/5-degree accuracy of 93% and an average 3D rotation error of 2.2 degrees, the results of the proposed approach are comparable with state-of-the-art alternatives, while requiring significantly less real training examples and being applicable in real-time applications.

Chronic pain is a multi-dimensional experience, and pain intensity plays an important part, impacting the patients emotional balance, psychology, and behaviour. Standard self-reporting tools, such as the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, fail to capture this burden. Moreover, this type of tools is susceptible to a degree of subjectivity, dependent on the patients clear understanding of how to use it, social biases, and their ability to translate a complex experience to a scale. To overcome these and other self-reporting challenges, pain intensity estimation has been previously studied based on facial expressions, electroencephalograms, brain imaging, and autonomic features. However, to the best of our knowledge, it has never been attempted to base this estimation on the patient narratives of the personal experience of chronic pain, which is what we propose in this work. Indeed, in the clinical assessment and management of chronic pain, verbal communication is essential to convey information to physicians that would otherwise not be easily accessible through standard reporting tools, since language, sociocultural, and psychosocial variables are intertwined. We show that language features from patient narratives indeed convey information relevant for pain intensity estimation, and that our computational models can take advantage of that. Specifically, our results show that patients with mild pain focus more on the use of verbs, whilst moderate and severe pain patients focus on adverbs, and nouns and adjectives, respectively, and that these differences allow for the distinction between these three pain classes.

癌症护理中的治疗决策受到随机对照试验（RCT）的治疗效应估计的指导。 RCT估计在某个人群中，一种治疗与另一种治疗的平均效应。但是，治疗可能对人群中的每个患者都不同样有效。了解针对特定患者和肿瘤特征量身定制的治疗的有效性将实现个性化的治疗决策。通过平均RCT中不同患者亚组的结果来获得量身定制的治疗效果，需要大量的患者在所有相关亚组中具有足够的统计能力，以实现所有可能的治疗。美国癌症联合委员会（AJCC）建议研究人员开发结果预测模型（OPMS），以实现个性化治疗决策。 OPM有时称为风险模型或预后模型，使用患者和肿瘤特征来预测患者的结局，例如总体生存。假设这些预测对于使用“只有在OPM预测患者具有高复发风险的情况下开出化学疗法的规则”之类的规则，对治疗决策有用。 AJCC认识到可靠预测的重要性，发布了OPM的清单，以确保设计OPM设计的患者群体的可靠OPM预测准确性。但是，准确的结果预测并不意味着这些预测会产生良好的治疗决策。从这个角度来看，我们表明OPM依靠固定的治疗政策，这意味着被发现可以准确预测验证研究结果的OPM在用于治疗决策的情况下仍会导致患者伤害。然后，我们提供有关如何开发对个性化治疗决策有用的模型以及如何评估模型是否具有决策价值的指导。

纳米四轮驱动器是小的，敏捷且廉价的平台，非常适合在狭窄，混乱的环境中部署。由于其有效载荷有限，这些车辆在处理能力方面受到了高度限制，从而使基于常规视觉的方法具有安全性和自主导航不兼容。最近的机器学习发展有望在低潜伏期处高性能感知，而专用的边缘计算硬件有可能增强这些有限设备的处理能力。在这项工作中，我们提出了Nanoflownet，这是一个轻巧的卷积神经网络，用于实时密集的光流估计，对边缘计算硬件。我们从最新的语义细分方面汲取灵感来设计该网络。此外，我们使用运动边界地面真实数据指导学习光流的学习，从而改善了性能而不会影响延迟。 MPI-SINTEL数据集的验证结果显示，鉴于其受限的体系结构，该网络的高性能。此外，我们通过将其部署在超低功率GAP8微处理器上，并将其应用于BitCraze Crazyflie，这是34 G纳米四轮摩托车的BitCraze Crazyflie，并将其应用于34 G Nano Quadcopter的BitCraze Crazyflie，从而成功地证明了纳米滚子的功能。