提高对话系统的用户体验通常需要密集的开发人员努力读取对话日志,运行统计分析,并激活系统缺点的相对重要性。本文介绍了一种自动分析对话日志的新方法,了解用户系统交互与总体对话质量之间的关系。与在话语级别质量预测上的事先工作不同,我们的方法了解每个互动的影响,没有话语级注释的整体用户评级,允许基于经验证据和低成本获得所得模型结论。我们的模型识别与Chatbot设置中的与整体对话质量有着强烈相关的交互。实验表明,我们模型的自动分析同意专家判决,使这项工作首先表明这种弱监督的话语级质量预测学习是高度可取的。
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随着近期自然语言生成(NLG)模型的各种应用程序的改进,它变得必须具有识别和评估NLG输出是否仅共享关于外部世界的可验证信息的手段。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个归属于识别的来源(AIS)的新评估框架,用于评估自然语言生成模型的输出,当这种输出涉及外部世界时。我们首先定义AIS,并引入两级注释管道,用于允许注释器根据AIS指南适当地评估模型输出。通过人为评估研究,我们在三个代数据集(会话QA域中的两个中和总结一下,概括地验证了这种方法,表明AIS可以作为测量模型生成的语句是否支持基础来源的常见框架。我们释放人类评估研究指南。
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There has been great recent advancement in human-computer chat. However, proper evaluation currently requires human judgements that produce notoriously high-variance metrics due to their inherent subjectivity. Furthermore, there is little standardization in the methods and labels used for evaluation, with an overall lack of work to compare and assess the validity of various evaluation approaches. As a consequence, existing evaluation results likely leave an incomplete picture of the strengths and weaknesses of open-domain chatbots. We aim towards a dimensional evaluation of human-computer chat that can reliably measure several distinct aspects of chat quality. To this end, we present our novel human evaluation method that quantifies the rate of several quality-related chatbot behaviors. Our results demonstrate our method to be more suitable for dimensional chat evaluation than alternative likert-style or comparative methods. We then use our validated method and existing methods to evaluate four open-domain chat models from the recent literature.
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以任务为导向的对话系统(TODS)继续升高,因为各种行业发现有效地利用其能力,节省时间和金钱。然而,即使是最先进的TOD尚未达到其全部潜力。TOD通常具有主要设计专注于完成手头的任务,因此任务分辨率的度量应优先考虑。可能会忽略可能指向对话的其他可能指向成功或其他方面的会话质量属性。这可能导致人类和对话系统之间的相互作用,让用户不满意或沮丧。本文探讨了对话系统的评价框架的文献,以及对话系统中的会话质量属性的作用,看起来,如何以及在与对话系统的性能相关的情况下,如何相关。
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雅典娜2.0是一家亚历克萨奖的社会奖,这是最后两个Alexa奖奖挑战的决赛。雅典娜成功的一个原因是其新的对话管理战略,它允许它动态构建组件模块的对话和响应,导致每个互动的新型对话。在这里,我们在20/21竞争期间描述了Athena的Alexa奖的系统设计和性能。雅典娜的活跃演示以及视频录音将挑起对话AI的艺术状态的讨论。
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Training dialogue systems often entails dealing with noisy training examples and unexpected user inputs. Despite their prevalence, there currently lacks an accurate survey of dialogue noise, nor is there a clear sense of the impact of each noise type on task performance. This paper addresses this gap by first constructing a taxonomy of noise encountered by dialogue systems. In addition, we run a series of experiments to show how different models behave when subjected to varying levels of noise and types of noise. Our results reveal that models are quite robust to label errors commonly tackled by existing denoising algorithms, but that performance suffers from dialogue-specific noise. Driven by these observations, we design a data cleaning algorithm specialized for conversational settings and apply it as a proof-of-concept for targeted dialogue denoising.
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我们介绍了Sparrow,这是一个寻求信息的对话代理,与提示的语言模型基线相比,训练有素,更有帮助,正确和无害。我们使用从人类反馈中的强化学习来培训我们的模型,以帮助人类评估者判断代理人的行为。首先,为了使我们的代理人更有帮助和无害,我们将良好对话的要求分解为代理人应遵循的自然语言规则,并分别向评估者询问每个规则。我们证明,这种崩溃使我们能够收集对代理行为的更多针对性的人类判断,并允许更有效的规则条件奖励模型。其次,我们的代理商在收集对模型声明的偏好判决时提供了支持事实主张的来源的证据。对于事实问题,麻雀提供的证据支持了78%的时间。比基线比基线更享受麻雀,同时对人类的对抗性探测更具弹性,在探测时只有8%的时间违反了我们的规则。最后,我们进行了广泛的分析,表明尽管我们的模型学会遵守我们的规则,但它可以表现出分布偏见。
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In open-domain dialogue intelligent agents should exhibit the use of knowledge, however there are few convincing demonstrations of this to date. The most popular sequence to sequence models typically "generate and hope" generic utterances that can be memorized in the weights of the model when mapping from input utterance(s) to output, rather than employing recalled knowledge as context. Use of knowledge has so far proved difficult, in part because of the lack of a supervised learning benchmark task which exhibits knowledgeable open dialogue with clear grounding. To that end we collect and release a large dataset with conversations directly grounded with knowledge retrieved from Wikipedia. We then design architectures capable of retrieving knowledge, reading and conditioning on it, and finally generating natural responses. Our best performing dialogue models are able to conduct knowledgeable discussions on open-domain topics as evaluated by automatic metrics and human evaluations, while our new benchmark allows for measuring further improvements in this important research direction.
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Disagreements are frequently studied from the perspective of either detecting toxicity or analysing argument structure. We propose a framework of dispute tactics that unifies these two perspectives, as well as other dialogue acts which play a role in resolving disputes, such as asking questions and providing clarification. This framework includes a preferential ordering among rebuttal-type tactics, ranging from ad hominem attacks to refuting the central argument. Using this framework, we annotate 213 disagreements (3,865 utterances) from Wikipedia Talk pages. This allows us to investigate research questions around the tactics used in disagreements; for instance, we provide empirical validation of the approach to disagreement recommended by Wikipedia. We develop models for multilabel prediction of dispute tactics in an utterance, achieving the best performance with a transformer-based label powerset model. Adding an auxiliary task to incorporate the ordering of rebuttal tactics further yields a statistically significant increase. Finally, we show that these annotations can be used to provide useful additional signals to improve performance on the task of predicting escalation.
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我们提出了一个开放域的社交聊天机器人Chirpy Cardinal。为了既有信息又有信息,我们的机器人以一种真实的,情感上的方式与用户聊天。通过将受控的神经产生与脚手架,手写的对话整合在一起,我们让用户和机器人都轮流推动对话,从而产生引人入胜且流利的体验。Chirpy Cardinal部署在Alexa奖Socialbot Grand Challenge的第四次迭代中,每天处理数千次对话,在9个机器人中排名第二,平均用户评级为3.58/5。
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本文介绍了一个新颖的自我监督的细粒度对话评估框架(自我评估)。核心思想是建模转弯质量与整个对话质量之间的相关性。我们首先提出了一种新型的自动数据构建方法,该方法可以自动为任意对话数据分配细粒度的分数。然后,我们使用多层对比度学习模式训练\ textbf {self eval},有助于区分不同的分数水平。多个基准测试的实验结果表明,自我与人类评估高度一致,并且比最先进的模型更好。我们对本文的实验进行了详细的分析。我们的代码和数据将在GitHub上发布。
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近年来,对话系统引起了学术界和工业的重要兴趣。特别是开放式对话系统的纪律,又名聊天,已经获得了很大的势头。然而,困扰研究人员的长期挑战是缺乏有效的自动评估指标,这导致目前研究中的障碍。评估开放式对话模型表现的常见做法涉及对最终部署模型的广泛人类评估,这是时间和成本密集的。此外,最近建立开放式聊天聊天的趋势涉及具有大量社交媒体对话数据的预训练对话模型。但是,社交媒体对话中包含的信息可能是令人反感的和不合适的。不分青红皂白种的使用可能导致不敏感和有毒的生成模型。本文介绍了对话系统技术挑战10(DSTC10)的轨道5获得的数据,基线和结果。
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The goal of building dialogue agents that can converse with humans naturally has been a long-standing dream of researchers since the early days of artificial intelligence. The well-known Turing Test proposed to judge the ultimate validity of an artificial intelligence agent on the indistinguishability of its dialogues from humans'. It should come as no surprise that human-level dialogue systems are very challenging to build. But, while early effort on rule-based systems found limited success, the emergence of deep learning enabled great advance on this topic. In this thesis, we focus on methods that address the numerous issues that have been imposing the gap between artificial conversational agents and human-level interlocutors. These methods were proposed and experimented with in ways that were inspired by general state-of-the-art AI methodologies. But they also targeted the characteristics that dialogue systems possess.
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以任务为导向的对话系统(TDSS)主要在离线设置或人类评估中评估。评估通常仅限于单转或非常耗时。作为替代方案,模拟用户行为的用户模拟器使我们能够考虑一组广泛的用户目标,以生成类似人类的对话以进行模拟评估。使用现有的用户模拟器来评估TDSS是具有挑战性的,因为用户模拟器主要旨在优化TDSS的对话策略,并且评估功能有限。此外,对用户模拟器的评估是一个开放的挑战。在这项工作中,我们提出了一个用于端到端TDS评估的隐喻用户模拟器,如果它在与系统的交互中模拟用户的类似思维,则定义模拟器是隐喻的。我们还提出了一个基于测试人员的评估框架,以生成变体,即具有不同功能的对话系统。我们的用户模拟器构建了一个隐喻的用户模型,该模型通过参考遇到新项目时的先验知识来帮助模拟器进行推理。我们通过检查模拟器与变体之间的模拟相互作用来估计模拟器的质量。我们的实验是使用三个TDS数据集进行的。与基于议程的模拟器和三个数据集上的SEQ2SEQ模型相比,隐喻用户模拟器与手动评估的一致性更好。我们的测试人员框架展示了效率,并且可以更好地概括和可扩展性,因为它可以适用于多个域中的对话和多个任务,例如对话建议和电子商务对话。
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在多方对话中有效地发现发言者的情绪状态是设计人类类似的会话代理商的重要性。在谈话期间,扬声器的认知状态通常由于某些过去的话语而改变,这可能导致他们的情绪状态的翻转。因此,在对话期间发现扬声器情感翻转背后的原因(触发)对于解释个人话语的情感标签至关重要。在本文中,除了解决对话中的情感认可的任务(ERC),我们介绍了一种新的任务 - 情感 - 翻转推理(EFR),旨在识别过去的话语,这引发了一个人的情绪状态以在一定时间翻转。我们提出了一个掩蔽的存储器网络来解决前者和基于变换器的网络的后一种任务。为此,我们考虑融合的基准情感识别数据集,用于ERC任务的多方对话,并使用EFR的新地基标签增强它。与五个最先进的模型进行了广泛的比较,表明我们对两个任务的模型的表现。我们进一步提出了轶事证据和定性和定量误差分析,以支持与基线相比模型的优势。
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我们提出了Blenderbot 3,这是一个175B参数对话模型,能够通过访问Internet和长期内存进行开放域对话,并接受了大量用户定义的任务的培训。我们同时发布了模型权重和代码,还将模型部署在公共网页上,以与有机用户进行交互。该技术报告描述了该模型的构建方式(建筑,模型和培训计划)以及其部署的细节,包括安全机制。人类评估表明,它优于现有的开放域对话代理,包括其前身(Roller等,2021; Komeili等,2022)。最后,我们使用部署收集的数据详细介绍了持续学习的计划,该数据也将公开发布。因此,该研究计划的目标是使社区能够研究通过互动学习的不断改进的负责任的代理商。
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Millions of people participate in online peer-to-peer support sessions, yet there has been little prior research on systematic psychology-based evaluations of fine-grained peer-counselor behavior in relation to client satisfaction. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by mapping peer-counselor chat-messages to motivational interviewing (MI) techniques. We annotate 14,797 utterances from 734 chat conversations using 17 MI techniques and introduce four new interviewing codes such as chit-chat and inappropriate to account for the unique conversational patterns observed on online platforms. We automate the process of labeling peer-counselor responses to MI techniques by fine-tuning large domain-specific language models and then use these automated measures to investigate the behavior of the peer counselors via correlational studies. Specifically, we study the impact of MI techniques on the conversation ratings to investigate the techniques that predict clients' satisfaction with their counseling sessions. When counselors use techniques such as reflection and affirmation, clients are more satisfied. Examining volunteer counselors' change in usage of techniques suggest that counselors learn to use more introduction and open questions as they gain experience. This work provides a deeper understanding of the use of motivational interviewing techniques on peer-to-peer counselor platforms and sheds light on how to build better training programs for volunteer counselors on online platforms.
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在寻求信息的对话中,用户与代理商进行对话,以提出一系列通常可以不足或过度指定的问题。理想的代理商首先将通过搜索其基本知识来源,然后与用户进行适当互动以解决它,从而确定他们处于这种情况。但是,大多数现有研究都无法或人为地纳入此类代理端计划。在这项工作中,我们介绍了Inscit(发音为Insight),这是一种用于与混合互动相互作用的信息寻求对话的数据集。它包含从805个人类对话中进行的4.7k用户代理转弯,代理商对Wikipedia进行搜索,并要求澄清或提供相关信息以解决用户查询。我们定义了两个子任务,即证据通过识别和响应产生,以及一种新的人类评估协议来评估模型绩效。我们根据对话知识识别和开放域问题的最新模型报告了两个强大的基线的结果。这两种模型都显着不足,并且没有产生连贯和信息丰富的反应,这表明未来的研究有足够的改进空间。
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在语言处理的神经方法上的最新进展引发了人们对建立智能开放域聊天机器人的兴趣的复兴。但是,即使是最先进的神经聊天机器人也无法在对话框中每个回合产生令人满意的响应。一个实用的解决方案是为相同上下文生成多个响应候选者,然后执行响应排名/选择以确定哪个候选者是最好的。先前的响应选择中的工作通常使用从现有对话框形成的合成数据来训练响应排名者,通过使用地面真理响应作为单个适当的响应并通过随机选择或使用对抗方法来构建不适当的响应。在这项工作中,我们策划了一个数据集,其中为适当的(正)和不适当(负)手动注释了为相同对话框上下文产生的多个响应发生器的响应。我们认为,这样的培训数据可以更好地匹配实际的用例示例,从而使模型能够有效地对响应进行排名。有了这个新数据集,我们对最先进的响应选择方法进行了系统的评估,并证明,使用多个积极候选者和使用手动验证的硬性负面候选者的两种策略都可以与使用相比,可以带来重大的绩效提高对抗性训练数据,例如,召回@1分别增加了3%和13%。
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我们提出了Tacobot,这是为首届Alexa Prive Taskbot Challenge构建的面向任务的对话系统,该系统可帮助用户完成多步骤烹饪和家庭装修任务。Tacobot的设计采用以用户为中心的原则,并渴望提供协作且易于访问的对话体验。为此,它具有准确的语言理解,灵活的对话管理和引人入胜的响应生成。此外,Tacobot还以强大的搜索引擎和自动化的端到端测试套件为支持。在引导Tacobot的开发中,我们探索了一系列数据增强策略,以训练先进的神经语言处理模型,并通过收集的真实对话不断改善对话经验。在半决赛结束时,Tacobot的平均评分为3.55/5.0。
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