变形金刚在自然语言处理方面取得了巨大的成功。由于变压器中自我发挥机制的强大能力,研究人员为各种计算机视觉任务(例如图像识别,对象检测,图像分割,姿势估计和3D重建)开发了视觉变压器。本文介绍了有关视觉变形金刚的不同建筑设计和培训技巧(包括自我监督的学习)文献的全面概述。我们的目标是为开放研究机会提供系统的审查。
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变压器是一种基于关注的编码器解码器架构,彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。灵感来自这一重大成就,最近在将变形式架构调整到计算机视觉(CV)领域的一些开创性作品,这已经证明了他们对各种简历任务的有效性。依靠竞争力的建模能力,与现代卷积神经网络相比在本文中,我们已经为三百不同的视觉变压器进行了全面的审查,用于三个基本的CV任务(分类,检测和分割),提出了根据其动机,结构和使用情况组织这些方法的分类。 。由于培训设置和面向任务的差异,我们还在不同的配置上进行了评估了这些方法,以便于易于和直观的比较而不是各种基准。此外,我们已经揭示了一系列必不可少的,但可能使变压器能够从众多架构中脱颖而出,例如松弛的高级语义嵌入,以弥合视觉和顺序变压器之间的差距。最后,提出了三个未来的未来研究方向进行进一步投资。
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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尽管图像变形金刚与计算机视觉任务中的卷积神经网络显示出竞争性结果,但缺乏诸如区域的电感偏见仍然在模型效率方面构成问题,尤其是对于嵌入式应用程序而言。在这项工作中,我们通过引入注意力面具以将空间位置纳入自我发挥作用来解决这个问题。局部依赖性有效地捕获了掩盖的注意力头,以及由未掩盖的注意力头部捕获的全球依赖性。随着蒙版注意力图像变压器 - MAIT,与CAIT相比,TOP -1的准确性提高了1.7%,与SWIN相比,吞吐量更少,吞吐量提高了1.5倍。使用注意力面罩编码局部性是模型的不可知论,因此它适用于整体,分层或其他新型变压器体系结构。
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与卷积神经网络(CNN)相比,视觉变压器(VIT)正在变得越来越流行和主导技术。作为计算机视觉中苛刻的技术,VIT已成功解决了各种视觉问题,同时着眼于远程关系。在本文中,我们首先介绍自我注意机制的基本概念和背景。接下来,我们提供了最新表现最好的VIT方法的全面概述,该方法在强度和弱点,计算成本以及培训和测试数据集方面描述。我们彻底比较了流行基准数据集上各种VIT算法和大多数代表性CNN方法的性能。最后,我们通过有见地的观察来探索一些局限性,并提供进一步的研究方向。项目页面以及论文集可通过https://github.com/khawar512/vit-survey获得
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视觉变压器由于能够捕获图像中的长期依赖性的能力而成功地应用于图像识别任务。但是,变压器与现有卷积神经网络(CNN)之间的性能和计算成本仍然存在差距。在本文中,我们旨在解决此问题,并开发一个网络,该网络不仅可以超越规范变压器,而且可以超越高性能卷积模型。我们通过利用变压器来捕获长期依赖性和CNN来建模本地特征,从而提出了一个新的基于变压器的混合网络。此外,我们将其扩展为获得一个称为CMT的模型家族,比以前的基于卷积和基于变压器的模型获得了更好的准确性和效率。特别是,我们的CMT-S在ImageNet上获得了83.5%的TOP-1精度,而在拖鞋上的拖曳率分别比现有的DEIT和EficitiveNet小14倍和2倍。拟议的CMT-S还可以很好地概括CIFAR10(99.2%),CIFAR100(91.7%),花(98.7%)以及其他具有挑战性的视觉数据集,例如可可(44.3%地图),计算成本较小。
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变形金刚占据了自然语言处理领域,最近影响了计算机视觉区域。在医学图像分析领域中,变压器也已成功应用于全栈临床应用,包括图像合成/重建,注册,分割,检测和诊断。我们的论文旨在促进变压器在医学图像分析领域的认识和应用。具体而言,我们首先概述了内置在变压器和其他基本组件中的注意机制的核心概念。其次,我们回顾了针对医疗图像应用程序量身定制的各种变压器体系结构,并讨论其局限性。在这篇综述中,我们调查了围绕在不同学习范式中使用变压器,提高模型效率及其与其他技术的耦合的关键挑战。我们希望这篇评论可以为读者提供医学图像分析领域的读者的全面图片。
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视觉变压器在众多计算机视觉任务上表现出了巨大的成功。然而,由于计算复杂性和记忆足迹是二次的,因此其中心分量(软磁性注意力)禁止视觉变压器扩展到高分辨率图像。尽管在自然语言处理(NLP)任务中引入了线性注意以减轻类似问题,但直接将现有的线性注意力应用于视觉变压器可能不会导致令人满意的结果。我们研究了这个问题,发现与NLP任务相比,计算机视觉任务更多地关注本地信息。基于这一观察结果,我们提出了附近的关注,该关注引入了具有线性复杂性的视觉变压器的局部性偏见。具体而言,对于每个图像补丁,我们根据其相邻贴片测量的2D曼哈顿距离调整了注意力重量。在这种情况下,相邻的补丁比遥远的补丁会受到更大的关注。此外,由于我们的附近注意力要求令牌长度比特征维度大得多,以显示其效率优势,因此我们进一步提出了一个新的附近视觉变压器(VVT)结构,以减少特征维度而不脱离准确性。我们在CIFAR100,ImagEnet1k和ADE20K数据集上进行了广泛的实验,以验证我们方法的有效性。当输入分辨率增加时,与以前的基于变压器和基于卷积的网络相比,GFLOP的增长率较慢。特别是,我们的方法达到了最新的图像分类精度,其参数比以前的方法少50%。
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We present in this paper a new architecture, named Convolutional vision Transformer (CvT), that improves Vision Transformer (ViT) in performance and efficiency by introducing convolutions into ViT to yield the best of both designs. This is accomplished through two primary modifications: a hierarchy of Transformers containing a new convolutional token embedding, and a convolutional Transformer block leveraging a convolutional projection. These changes introduce desirable properties of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to the ViT architecture (i.e. shift, scale, and distortion invariance) while maintaining the merits of Transformers (i.e. dynamic attention, global context, and better generalization). We validate CvT by conducting extensive experiments, showing that this approach achieves state-of-the-art performance over other Vision Transformers and ResNets on ImageNet-1k, with fewer parameters and lower FLOPs. In addition, performance gains are maintained when pretrained on larger datasets (e.g. ImageNet-22k) and fine-tuned to downstream tasks. Pretrained on ImageNet-22k, our CvT-W24 obtains a top-1 accuracy of 87.7% on the ImageNet-1k val set. Finally, our results show that the positional encoding, a crucial component in existing Vision Transformers, can be safely removed in our model, simplifying the design for higher resolution vision tasks. Code will be released at https: //github.com/leoxiaobin/CvT.
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We present the Group Propagation Vision Transformer (GPViT): a novel nonhierarchical (i.e. non-pyramidal) transformer model designed for general visual recognition with high-resolution features. High-resolution features (or tokens) are a natural fit for tasks that involve perceiving fine-grained details such as detection and segmentation, but exchanging global information between these features is expensive in memory and computation because of the way self-attention scales. We provide a highly efficient alternative Group Propagation Block (GP Block) to exchange global information. In each GP Block, features are first grouped together by a fixed number of learnable group tokens; we then perform Group Propagation where global information is exchanged between the grouped features; finally, global information in the updated grouped features is returned back to the image features through a transformer decoder. We evaluate GPViT on a variety of visual recognition tasks including image classification, semantic segmentation, object detection, and instance segmentation. Our method achieves significant performance gains over previous works across all tasks, especially on tasks that require high-resolution outputs, for example, our GPViT-L3 outperforms Swin Transformer-B by 2.0 mIoU on ADE20K semantic segmentation with only half as many parameters. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/ChenhongyiYang/GPViT .
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视觉变压器正在成为解决计算机视觉问题的强大工具。最近的技术还证明了超出图像域之外的变压器来解决许多与视频相关的任务的功效。其中,由于其广泛的应用,人类的行动识别是从研究界受到特别关注。本文提供了对动作识别的视觉变压器技术的首次全面调查。我们朝着这个方向分析并总结了现有文献和新兴文献,同时突出了适应变形金刚以进行动作识别的流行趋势。由于其专业应用,我们将这些方法统称为``动作变压器''。我们的文献综述根据其架构,方式和预期目标为动作变压器提供了适当的分类法。在动作变压器的背景下,我们探讨了编码时空数据,降低维度降低,框架贴片和时空立方体构造以及各种表示方法的技术。我们还研究了变压器层中时空注意的优化,以处理更长的序列,通常通过减少单个注意操作中的令牌数量。此外,我们还研究了不同的网络学习策略,例如自我监督和零局学习,以及它们对基于变压器的行动识别的相关损失。这项调查还总结了在具有动作变压器重要基准的评估度量评分方面取得的进步。最后,它提供了有关该研究方向的挑战,前景和未来途径的讨论。
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Recently, neural networks purely based on attention were shown to address image understanding tasks such as image classification. These highperforming vision transformers are pre-trained with hundreds of millions of images using a large infrastructure, thereby limiting their adoption.In this work, we produce competitive convolutionfree transformers trained on ImageNet only using a single computer in less than 3 days. Our reference vision transformer (86M parameters) achieves top-1 accuracy of 83.1% (single-crop) on ImageNet with no external data.We also introduce a teacher-student strategy specific to transformers. It relies on a distillation token ensuring that the student learns from the teacher through attention, typically from a convnet teacher. The learned transformers are competitive (85.2% top-1 acc.) with the state of the art on ImageNet, and similarly when transferred to other tasks. We will share our code and models.
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随着变压器作为语言处理的标准及其在计算机视觉方面的进步,参数大小和培训数据的数量相应地增长。许多人开始相信,因此,变形金刚不适合少量数据。这种趋势引起了人们的关注,例如:某些科学领域中数据的可用性有限,并且排除了该领域研究资源有限的人。在本文中,我们旨在通过引入紧凑型变压器来提出一种小规模学习的方法。我们首次表明,具有正确的尺寸,卷积令牌化,变压器可以避免在小数据集上过度拟合和优于最先进的CNN。我们的模型在模型大小方面具有灵活性,并且在获得竞争成果的同时,参数可能仅为0.28亿。当在CIFAR-10上训练Cifar-10,只有370万参数训练时,我们的最佳模型可以达到98%的准确性,这是与以前的基于变形金刚的模型相比,数据效率的显着提高,比其他变压器小于10倍,并且是15%的大小。在实现类似性能的同时,重新NET50。 CCT还表现优于许多基于CNN的现代方法,甚至超过一些基于NAS的方法。此外,我们在Flowers-102上获得了新的SOTA,具有99.76%的TOP-1准确性,并改善了Imagenet上现有基线(82.71%精度,具有29%的VIT参数)以及NLP任务。我们针对变压器的简单而紧凑的设计使它们更可行,可以为那些计算资源和/或处理小型数据集的人学习,同时扩展了在数据高效变压器中的现有研究工作。我们的代码和预培训模型可在https://github.com/shi-labs/compact-transformers上公开获得。
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如今,视觉变压器在几个计算机视觉任务中的最新性能,例如图像分类和动作识别,因此非常受欢迎。尽管通过采用卷积神经网络,层次结构和紧凑的形式,视觉变压器的性能得到了极大的改善,但对利用其他数据表示形式的方法的研究有限,以完善从变形金刚网络的多头关注的注意力图。这项工作提出了一种新型的注意机制,称为Multi-manifold注意,可以替代基于变压器网络中的任何标准注意机制。提出的注意力模拟了三个不同的流形的输入空间,即欧几里得,对称的正定和格拉曼,具有不同的统计和几何特性,指导网络来考虑一组丰富的信息,描述了一组描述外观,颜色和质感的信息,图像,用于计算高度描述性的注意图。通过这种方式,指导具有拟议注意力的视觉变压器更加专注于判别特征,从而改善了分类结果,如几个知名图像分类数据集的实验结果所示。
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vision变压器(VIT)最近在图像分类上实现了对卷积神经网络(CNNS)的可比结果的强大能力。然而,Vanilla Vit只是直接从自然语言处理继承相同的架构,这通常不会针对视觉应用进行优化。在这篇文章的推动中,我们提出了一种采用金字塔结构的新架构,并在视觉变压器中采用新的区域到局部关注,而不是全球自我关注。更具体地,我们的模型首先从具有不同补丁大小的图像生成区域令牌和本地标记,其中每个区域令牌与基于空间位置的一组本地代币相关联。区域到当地的注意力包括两个步骤:第一,区域自我关注提取所有区域代币之间的全球信息,然后通过自我关注将局部自我关注与相关的本地代币之间的信息交换。因此,尽管局部自我关注限制了当地区域的范围,但它仍然可以接收全球信息。在四个视觉任务中进行广泛的实验,包括图像分类,对象和关键点检测,语义分割和动作识别,表明我们的方法优于或与最先进的Vit变体(包括许多并发作品)的差异。我们的源代码和模型可在https://github.com/ibm/regionvit上使用。
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There still remains an extreme performance gap between Vision Transformers (ViTs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) when training from scratch on small datasets, which is concluded to the lack of inductive bias. In this paper, we further consider this problem and point out two weaknesses of ViTs in inductive biases, that is, the spatial relevance and diverse channel representation. First, on spatial aspect, objects are locally compact and relevant, thus fine-grained feature needs to be extracted from a token and its neighbors. While the lack of data hinders ViTs to attend the spatial relevance. Second, on channel aspect, representation exhibits diversity on different channels. But the scarce data can not enable ViTs to learn strong enough representation for accurate recognition. To this end, we propose Dynamic Hybrid Vision Transformer (DHVT) as the solution to enhance the two inductive biases. On spatial aspect, we adopt a hybrid structure, in which convolution is integrated into patch embedding and multi-layer perceptron module, forcing the model to capture the token features as well as their neighboring features. On channel aspect, we introduce a dynamic feature aggregation module in MLP and a brand new "head token" design in multi-head self-attention module to help re-calibrate channel representation and make different channel group representation interacts with each other. The fusion of weak channel representation forms a strong enough representation for classification. With this design, we successfully eliminate the performance gap between CNNs and ViTs, and our DHVT achieves a series of state-of-the-art performance with a lightweight model, 85.68% on CIFAR-100 with 22.8M parameters, 82.3% on ImageNet-1K with 24.0M parameters. Code is available at https://github.com/ArieSeirack/DHVT.
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本文研究了两种技术,用于开发有效的自我监督视觉变压器(ESVIT)进行视觉表示学习。首先,我们通过一项全面的实证研究表明,具有稀疏自我生产的多阶段体系结构可以显着降低建模的复杂性,但具有失去捕获图像区域之间细粒度对应关系的能力的成本。其次,我们提出了一项新的区域匹配训练任务,该任务使模型可以捕获细粒的区域依赖性,因此显着提高了学习视觉表示的质量。我们的结果表明,ESVIT在ImageNet线性探针评估上结合两种技术,在ImageNet线性探针评估中获得了81.3%的TOP-1,优于先前的艺术,其较高吞吐量的顺序幅度约为较高。当转移到下游线性分类任务时,ESVIT在18个数据集中的17个中优于其受监督的对方。代码和模型可公开可用:https://github.com/microsoft/esvit
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变形金刚正在改变计算机视觉的景观,特别是对于识别任务。检测变压器是对象检测的第一个完全结束的学习系统,而视觉变压器是用于图像分类的第一个完全变压器的架构。在本文中,我们集成了视觉和检测变压器(Vidt)以构建有效和高效的物体探测器。 VIDT引入了重新配置的注意模块,将最近的Swin变压器扩展为独立对象检测器,然后是计算高效的变压器解码器,该解码器利用多尺度特征和辅助技术来提高检测性能,而无需多大增加计算负载。 Microsoft Coco基准数据集上的广泛评估结果表明,VIDT在现有的基于变压器的对象检测器中获得了最佳的AP和延迟折衷,并且由于大型型号的高可扩展性而实现了49.2AP。我们将在https://github.com/naver-ai/vidt发布代码和培训的型号
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While the Transformer architecture has become the de-facto standard for natural language processing tasks, its applications to computer vision remain limited. In vision, attention is either applied in conjunction with convolutional networks, or used to replace certain components of convolutional networks while keeping their overall structure in place. We show that this reliance on CNNs is not necessary and a pure transformer applied directly to sequences of image patches can perform very well on image classification tasks. When pre-trained on large amounts of data and transferred to multiple mid-sized or small image recognition benchmarks (ImageNet, CIFAR-100, VTAB, etc.), Vision Transformer (ViT) attains excellent results compared to state-of-the-art convolutional networks while requiring substantially fewer computational resources to train. 1
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多层erceptron(MLP),作为出现的第一个神经网络结构,是一个大的击中。但是由硬件计算能力和数据集的大小限制,它一旦沉没了数十年。在此期间,我们目睹了从手动特征提取到带有局部接收领域的CNN的范式转变,以及基于自我关注机制的全球接收领域的变换。今年(2021年),随着MLP混合器的推出,MLP已重新进入敏捷,并吸引了计算机视觉界的广泛研究。与传统的MLP进行比较,它变得更深,但改变了完全扁平化以补丁平整的输入。鉴于其高性能和较少的需求对视觉特定的感应偏见,但社区无法帮助奇迹,将MLP,最简单的结构与全球接受领域,但没有关注,成为一个新的电脑视觉范式吗?为了回答这个问题,本调查旨在全面概述视觉深层MLP模型的最新发展。具体而言,我们从微妙的子模块设计到全局网络结构,我们审查了这些视觉深度MLP。我们比较了不同网络设计的接收领域,计算复杂性和其他特性,以便清楚地了解MLP的开发路径。调查表明,MLPS的分辨率灵敏度和计算密度仍未得到解决,纯MLP逐渐发展朝向CNN样。我们建议,目前的数据量和计算能力尚未准备好接受纯的MLP,并且人工视觉指导仍然很重要。最后,我们提供了开放的研究方向和可能的未来作品的分析。我们希望这项努力能够点燃社区的进一步兴趣,并鼓励目前为神经网络进行更好的视觉量身定制设计。
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