转移学习使我们能够利用从一项任务中获得的知识来协助解决另一个或相关任务。在现代计算机视觉研究中,问题是哪个架构对给定的数据集更好地表现更好。在本文中,我们将14种预先训练的Imagenet模型的性能进行比较在组织病理学癌症检测数据集上,其中每个模型都被配置为天真的模型,特征提取器模型或微调模型。DENSENET161已被证明具有高精度,而RESET101具有高召回。适用于后续检查成本高的高精度模型,而低精度,但在后续检查成本低时,可以使用高召回/灵敏度模型。结果还表明,转移学习有助于更快地收敛模型。
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As a new classification platform, deep learning has recently received increasing attention from researchers and has been successfully applied to many domains. In some domains, like bioinformatics and robotics, it is very difficult to construct a large-scale well-annotated dataset due to the expense of data acquisition and costly annotation, which limits its development. Transfer learning relaxes the hypothesis that the training data must be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) with the test data, which motivates us to use transfer learning to solve the problem of insufficient training data. This survey focuses on reviewing the current researches of transfer learning by using deep neural network and its applications. We defined deep transfer learning, category and review the recent research works based on the techniques used in deep transfer learning.
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由于肿胀和病态增大,人体组织中组织的异常发育被称为肿瘤。它们主要被归类为良性和恶性。大脑中的肿瘤可能是致命的,因为它可能是癌性的,因此可以以附近的健康细胞为食并不断增加大小。这可能会影响大脑中软组织,神经细胞和小血管。因此,有必要以最高的精度在早期阶段检测和分类。脑肿瘤的大小和位置不同,这使得很难理解其性质。由于附近的健康细胞与肿瘤之间的相似性,即使使用先进的MRI(磁共振成像)技术,脑肿瘤的检测和分类过程也可能是一项繁重的任务。在本文中,我们使用Keras和Tensorflow来实施最先进的卷积神经网络(CNN)架构,例如EdgitionNetB0,Resnet50,Xpection,MobilenetV2和VGG16,使用转移学习来检测和分类三种类型的大脑肿瘤,即神经胶质瘤,脑膜瘤和垂体。我们使用的数据集由3264个2-D磁共振图像和4个类组成。由于数据集的尺寸较小,因此使用各种数据增强技术来增加数据集的大小。我们提出的方法不仅包括数据增强,而且还包括各种图像降级技术,头骨剥离,裁剪和偏置校正。在我们提出的工作效率NETB0体系结构中,最佳准确性为97.61%。本文的目的是区分正常和异常像素,并以更好的准确性对它们进行分类。
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Deep learning has been the answer to many machine learning problems during the past two decades. However, it comes with two major constraints: dependency on extensive labeled data and training costs. Transfer learning in deep learning, known as Deep Transfer Learning (DTL), attempts to reduce such dependency and costs by reusing an obtained knowledge from a source data/task in training on a target data/task. Most applied DTL techniques are network/model-based approaches. These methods reduce the dependency of deep learning models on extensive training data and drastically decrease training costs. As a result, researchers detected Covid-19 infection on chest X-Rays with high accuracy at the beginning of the pandemic with minimal data using DTL techniques. Also, the training cost reduction makes DTL viable on edge devices with limited resources. Like any new advancement, DTL methods have their own limitations, and a successful transfer depends on some adjustments for different scenarios. In this paper, we review the definition and taxonomy of deep transfer learning and well-known methods. Then we investigate the DTL approaches by reviewing recent applied DTL techniques in the past five years. Further, we review some experimental analyses of DTLs to learn the best practice for applying DTL in different scenarios. Moreover, the limitations of DTLs (catastrophic forgetting dilemma and overly biased pre-trained models) are discussed, along with possible solutions and research trends.
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Transferring the knowledge learned from large scale datasets (e.g., ImageNet) via fine-tuning offers an effective solution for domain-specific fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) tasks (e.g., recognizing bird species or car make & model). In such scenarios, data annotation often calls for specialized domain knowledge and thus is difficult to scale. In this work, we first tackle a problem in large scale FGVC. Our method won first place in iNaturalist 2017 large scale species classification challenge. Central to the success of our approach is a training scheme that uses higher image resolution and deals with the long-tailed distribution of training data. Next, we study transfer learning via fine-tuning from large scale datasets to small scale, domainspecific FGVC datasets. We propose a measure to estimate domain similarity via Earth Mover's Distance and demonstrate that transfer learning benefits from pre-training on a source domain that is similar to the target domain by this measure. Our proposed transfer learning outperforms Im-ageNet pre-training and obtains state-of-the-art results on multiple commonly used FGVC datasets.
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计算机辅助诊断数字病理学正在变得普遍存在,因为它可以提供更有效和客观的医疗保健诊断。最近的进展表明,卷积神经网络(CNN)架构是一种完善的深度学习范式,可用于设计一种用于乳腺癌检测的计算机辅助诊断(CAD)系统。然而,探索了污染变异性因污染变异性和染色常规化的影响,尚未得到很好的挑战。此外,对于高吞吐量筛选可能是重要的网络模型的性能分析,这也不适用于高吞吐量筛查,也不熟悉。要解决这一挑战,我们考虑了一些当代CNN模型,用于涉及(1)的乳房组织病理学图像的二进制分类。使用基于自适应颜色解卷积(ACD)的颜色归一化算法来处理污染归一化图像的数据以处理染色变量; (2)应用基于转移学习的一些可动性更高效的CNN模型的培训,即视觉几何组网络(VGG16),MobileNet和效率网络。我们在公开的Brankhis数据集上验证了培训的CNN网络,适用于200倍和400x放大的组织病理学图像。实验分析表明,大多数情况下预染额网络在数据增强乳房组织病理学图像中产生更好的质量,而不是污染归一化的情况。此外,我们使用污染标准化图像评估了流行轻量级网络的性能和效率,并发现在测试精度和F1分数方面,高效网络优于VGG16和MOBILENET。我们观察到在测试时间方面的效率比其他网络更好; vgg net,mobilenet,在分类准确性下没有太大降低。
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Pneumonia, a respiratory infection brought on by bacteria or viruses, affects a large number of people, especially in developing and impoverished countries where high levels of pollution, unclean living conditions, and overcrowding are frequently observed, along with insufficient medical infrastructure. Pleural effusion, a condition in which fluids fill the lung and complicate breathing, is brought on by pneumonia. Early detection of pneumonia is essential for ensuring curative care and boosting survival rates. The approach most usually used to diagnose pneumonia is chest X-ray imaging. The purpose of this work is to develop a method for the automatic diagnosis of bacterial and viral pneumonia in digital x-ray pictures. This article first presents the authors' technique, and then gives a comprehensive report on recent developments in the field of reliable diagnosis of pneumonia. In this study, here tuned a state-of-the-art deep convolutional neural network to classify plant diseases based on images and tested its performance. Deep learning architecture is compared empirically. VGG19, ResNet with 152v2, Resnext101, Seresnet152, Mobilenettv2, and DenseNet with 201 layers are among the architectures tested. Experiment data consists of two groups, sick and healthy X-ray pictures. To take appropriate action against plant diseases as soon as possible, rapid disease identification models are preferred. DenseNet201 has shown no overfitting or performance degradation in our experiments, and its accuracy tends to increase as the number of epochs increases. Further, DenseNet201 achieves state-of-the-art performance with a significantly a smaller number of parameters and within a reasonable computing time. This architecture outperforms the competition in terms of testing accuracy, scoring 95%. Each architecture was trained using Keras, using Theano as the backend.
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乳腺癌是女性可能发生的最严重的癌症之一。通过分析组织学图像(HIS)来自动诊断乳腺癌对患者及其预后很重要。他的分类为临床医生提供了对疾病的准确了解,并使他们可以更有效地治疗患者。深度学习(DL)方法已成功地用于各种领域,尤其是医学成像,因为它们有能力自动提取功能。这项研究旨在使用他的乳腺癌对不同类型的乳腺癌进行分类。在这项研究中,我们提出了一个增强的胶囊网络,该网络使用RES2NET块和四个额外的卷积层提取多尺度特征。此外,由于使用了小的卷积内核和RES2NET块,因此所提出的方法具有较少的参数。结果,新方法的表现优于旧方法,因为它会自动学习最佳功能。测试结果表明该模型的表现优于先前的DL方法。
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Deep domain adaptation has emerged as a new learning technique to address the lack of massive amounts of labeled data. Compared to conventional methods, which learn shared feature subspaces or reuse important source instances with shallow representations, deep domain adaptation methods leverage deep networks to learn more transferable representations by embedding domain adaptation in the pipeline of deep learning. There have been comprehensive surveys for shallow domain adaptation, but few timely reviews the emerging deep learning based methods. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of deep domain adaptation methods for computer vision applications with four major contributions. First, we present a taxonomy of different deep domain adaptation scenarios according to the properties of data that define how two domains are diverged. Second, we summarize deep domain adaptation approaches into several categories based on training loss, and analyze and compare briefly the state-of-the-art methods under these categories. Third, we overview the computer vision applications that go beyond image classification, such as face recognition, semantic segmentation and object detection. Fourth, some potential deficiencies of current methods and several future directions are highlighted.
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癌症是人体内部异常细胞的无法控制的细胞分裂,可以蔓延到其他身体器官。它是非传染性疾病(NCDS)和NCDS之一,占全世界总死亡人数的71%,而肺癌是女性乳腺癌后第二次诊断的癌症。肺癌的癌症生存率仅为19%。有各种方法用于诊断肺癌,如X射线,CT扫描,PET-CT扫描,支气管镜检查和活组织检查。然而,为了了解基于组织型H和E染色的肺癌亚型,广泛使用,其中染色在从活组织检查中吸入的组织上进行。研究报道,组织学类型与肺癌预后和治疗相关。因此,早期和准确地检测肺癌组织学是一种迫切需要,并且由于其治疗取决于疾病的组织学,分子曲线和阶段的类型,最重要的是分析肺癌的组织病理学图像。因此,为了加快肺癌诊断的重要过程,减少病理学家的负担,使用深层学习技术。这些技术表明了在分析癌症组织病变幻灯片的分析中提高了疗效。几项研究报告说,卷积神经网络(CNN)在脑,皮肤,乳腺癌,肺癌等各种癌症类型的组织病理学图片的分类中的重要性。在本研究中,通过使用Reset50,VGG-19,Inception_Resnet_V2和DenSenet进行特征提取和三重态丢失来引导CNN以引导CNN,以引导CNN,以引导CNN使得其增加群集间距离并减少集群内距离。
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Deep learning has produced state-of-the-art results for a variety of tasks. While such approaches for supervised learning have performed well, they assume that training and testing data are drawn from the same distribution, which may not always be the case. As a complement to this challenge, single-source unsupervised domain adaptation can handle situations where a network is trained on labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a related but different target domain with the goal of performing well at test-time on the target domain. Many single-source and typically homogeneous unsupervised deep domain adaptation approaches have thus been developed, combining the powerful, hierarchical representations from deep learning with domain adaptation to reduce reliance on potentially-costly target data labels. This survey will compare these approaches by examining alternative methods, the unique and common elements, results, and theoretical insights. We follow this with a look at application areas and open research directions.
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Transfer learning aims at improving the performance of target learners on target domains by transferring the knowledge contained in different but related source domains. In this way, the dependence on a large number of target domain data can be reduced for constructing target learners. Due to the wide application prospects, transfer learning has become a popular and promising area in machine learning. Although there are already some valuable and impressive surveys on transfer learning, these surveys introduce approaches in a relatively isolated way and lack the recent advances in transfer learning. Due to the rapid expansion of the transfer learning area, it is both necessary and challenging to comprehensively review the relevant studies. This survey attempts to connect and systematize the existing transfer learning researches, as well as to summarize and interpret the mechanisms and the strategies of transfer learning in a comprehensive way, which may help readers have a better understanding of the current research status and ideas. Unlike previous surveys, this survey paper reviews more than forty representative transfer learning approaches, especially homogeneous transfer learning approaches, from the perspectives of data and model. The applications of transfer learning are also briefly introduced. In order to show the performance of different transfer learning models, over twenty representative transfer learning models are used for experiments. The models are performed on three different datasets, i.e., Amazon Reviews, Reuters-21578, and Office-31. And the experimental results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate transfer learning models for different applications in practice.
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由于缺乏注释的病理图像,转移学习是数字病理领域的主要方法。基于Imagenet数据库的Pre培训的神经网络通常用于提取“从架子”特征中,以预测组织类型实现巨大成功,分子特征和临床结果等。我们假设使用组织病理学图像进行微调的模型可以进一步改善特征提取,下游预测性能。我们使用了100,000个注释的他的结肠直肠癌(CRC)的图像斑块到FINetune通过TwoStep方法预先训练的Xcepion模型。通过:(1)来自CRC的图像的图像分类,从CRC的图像进行了比较了从FineTuned Xception(FTX2048)模型和图像预测(IMGNET2048)模型的特征; (2)预测免疫基因表达和(3)肺腺癌(Luad)基因突变.FiveFold交叉验证用于模型性能评估。来自FFTuned FTX2048的提取特征在于与基于Imagenet数据库的Xcepion直接从架子特征预测CRC的螺栓类型的螺栓类型的精度显着更高。特别是,FTX2048显着提高了87%至94%的基质的精度。类似地,来自FTX2048的特征促进了免疫烯丙基蛋白拉德转录组表达的预测。对于具有与图像诱导的脑状有关系的基因,特征FGROM FERUNED模型的预测是对大多数基因的预测。从FTX2048中携带灌注,改善了拉德中9个最常见的突变基因中的5个突变的预测。
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大多数杂草物种都会通过竞争高价值作物所需的营养而产生对农业生产力的不利影响。手动除草对于大型种植区不实用。已经开展了许多研究,为农业作物制定了自动杂草管理系统。在这个过程中,其中一个主要任务是识别图像中的杂草。但是,杂草的认可是一个具有挑战性的任务。它是因为杂草和作物植物的颜色,纹理和形状类似,可以通过成像条件,当记录图像时的成像条件,地理或天气条件进一步加剧。先进的机器学习技术可用于从图像中识别杂草。在本文中,我们调查了五个最先进的深神经网络,即VGG16,Reset-50,Inception-V3,Inception-Resnet-V2和MobileNetv2,并评估其杂草识别的性能。我们使用了多种实验设置和多个数据集合组合。特别是,我们通过组合几个较小的数据集,通过数据增强构成了一个大型DataSet,缓解了类别不平衡,并在基于深度神经网络的基准测试中使用此数据集。我们通过保留预先训练的权重来调查使用转移学习技术来利用作物和杂草数据集的图像提取特征和微调它们。我们发现VGG16比小规模数据集更好地执行,而ResET-50比其他大型数据集上的其他深网络更好地执行。
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2019年12月,一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展,但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外,许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能,以诊断许多疾病,甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此,本调查纸探讨了提议的方法,可以提前援助医生和研究人员,廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试,但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面,对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果,提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后,我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外,我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此,我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后,在研究挑战中,我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题,我们解决了我们的理解,以建立一个明亮健康的环境。
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乳腺癌是全球女性死亡的主要原因之一。如果在高级阶段检测到很难治疗,但是,早期发现可以显着增加生存机会,并改善数百万妇女的生活。鉴于乳腺癌的普遍流行,研究界提出早期检测,分类和诊断的框架至关重要。与医生协调的人工智能研究社区正在开发此类框架以自动化检测任务。随着研究活动的激增,加上大型数据集的可用性和增强的计算能力,预计AI框架结果将有助于更多的临床医生做出正确的预测。在本文中,提出了使用乳房X线照片对乳腺癌进行分类的新框架。所提出的框架结合了从新颖的卷积神经网络(CNN)功能中提取的强大特征,以及手工制作的功能,包括猪(定向梯度的直方图)和LBP(本地二进制图案)。在CBIS-DDSM数据集上获得的结果超过了技术状态。
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最近的智能故障诊断(IFD)的进展大大依赖于深度代表学习和大量标记数据。然而,机器通常以各种工作条件操作,或者目标任务具有不同的分布,其中包含用于训练的收集数据(域移位问题)。此外,目标域中的新收集的测试数据通常是未标记的,导致基于无监督的深度转移学习(基于UDTL为基础的)IFD问题。虽然它已经实现了巨大的发展,但标准和开放的源代码框架以及基于UDTL的IFD的比较研究尚未建立。在本文中,我们根据不同的任务,构建新的分类系统并对基于UDTL的IFD进行全面审查。对一些典型方法和数据集的比较分析显示了基于UDTL的IFD中的一些开放和基本问题,这很少研究,包括特征,骨干,负转移,物理前导等的可转移性,强调UDTL的重要性和再现性 - 基于IFD,整个测试框架将发布给研究界以促进未来的研究。总之,发布的框架和比较研究可以作为扩展界面和基本结果,以便对基于UDTL的IFD进行新的研究。代码框架可用于\ url {https:/github.com/zhaozhibin/udtl}。
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整合不同域的知识是人类学习的重要特征。学习范式如转移学习,元学习和多任务学习,通过利用新任务的先验知识,鼓励更快的学习和新任务的良好普遍来反映人类学习过程。本文提供了这些学习范例的详细视图以及比较分析。学习算法的弱点是另一个的力量,从而合并它们是文献中的一种普遍的特征。这项工作提供了对文章的文献综述,这些文章融合了两种算法来完成多个任务。这里还介绍了全球通用学习网络,在此介绍了元学习,转移学习和多任务学习的集合,以及一些开放的研究问题和未来研究的方向。
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在全球范围内,有实质性的未满足需要有效地诊断各种疾病。不同疾病机制的复杂性和患者人群的潜在症状具有巨大挑战,以发展早期诊断工具和有效治疗。机器学习(ML),人工智能(AI)区域,使研究人员,医师和患者能够解决这些问题的一些问题。基于相关研究,本综述解释了如何使用机器学习(ML)和深度学习(DL)来帮助早期识别许多疾病。首先,使用来自Scopus和Science(WOS)数据库的数据来给予所述出版物的生物计量研究。对1216个出版物的生物计量研究进行了确定,以确定最多产的作者,国家,组织和最引用的文章。此次审查总结了基于机器学习的疾病诊断(MLBDD)的最新趋势和方法,考虑到以下因素:算法,疾病类型,数据类型,应用和评估指标。最后,该文件突出了关键结果,并向未来的未来趋势和机遇提供了解。
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乳腺癌是全球女性中最常见的癌症。乳腺癌的早期诊断可以显着提高治疗效率。由于其可靠性,准确性和负担能力,计算机辅助诊断(CAD)系统被广泛采用。乳腺癌诊断有不同的成像技术。本文使用的最准确的是组织病理学。深度传输学习被用作提议的CAD系统功能提取器的主要思想。尽管在这项研究中已经测试了16个不同的预训练网络,但我们的主要重点是分类阶段。在所有测试的CNN中,具有剩余网络既有剩余网络既有剩余和启动网络的启发能力,均显示出最佳的特征提取能力。在分类阶段,Catboost,XGBOOST和LIGHTGBM的合奏提供了最佳的平均精度。 Breakhis数据集用于评估所提出的方法。 Breakhis在四个放大因素中包含7909个组织病理学图像(2,480个良性和5,429个恶性)。提出的方法的准确性(IRV2-CXL)使用70%的Breakhis数据集作为40倍,100X,200X和400X放大倍率的训练数据分别为96.82%,95.84%,97.01%和96.15%。大多数关于自动乳腺癌检测的研究都集中在特征提取上,这使我们参加了分类阶段。 IRV2-CXL由于使用软投票集合方法而显示出更好或可比较的结果,该合奏方法可以将Catboost,XGBoost和LightGBM的优势结合在一起。
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