降低降低方法是无监督的方法，它学习了低维空间，在这些方法中，初始空间的某些特性（通常是“邻居”的概念）被保留。这种方法通常需要在大的K-NN图或复杂的优化求解器上传播。另一方面，通常用于从头开始学习表示形式，依靠简单，更可扩展的框架来学习的自我监督学习方法。在本文中，我们提出了TLDR，这是通用输入空间的一种降低方法，该方法正在移植Zbontar等人的最新自我监督学习框架。 （2021）降低维度的特定任务，超越任意表示。我们建议使用最近的邻居从训练组中构建对，并减少冗余损失，以学习在此类对之间产生表示形式的编码器。 TLDR是一种简单，易于训练和广泛适用性的方法。它由一个离线最近的邻居计算步骤组成，该步骤可以高度近似，并且是一个直接的学习过程。为了提高可伸缩性，我们专注于提高线性维度的降低，并在图像和文档检索任务上显示一致的收益，例如在Roxford上获得PCA的 +4％地图，用于GEM-AP，改善了ImageNet上的Dino的性能或以10倍的压缩保留。

Contrastive learning has become a key component of self-supervised learning approaches for computer vision. By learning to embed two augmented versions of the same image close to each other and to push the embeddings of different images apart, one can train highly transferable visual representations. As revealed by recent studies, heavy data augmentation and large sets of negatives are both crucial in learning such representations. At the same time, data mixing strategies, either at the image or the feature level, improve both supervised and semi-supervised learning by synthesizing novel examples, forcing networks to learn more robust features. In this paper, we argue that an important aspect of contrastive learning, i.e. the effect of hard negatives, has so far been neglected. To get more meaningful negative samples, current top contrastive self-supervised learning approaches either substantially increase the batch sizes, or keep very large memory banks; increasing memory requirements, however, leads to diminishing returns in terms of performance. We therefore start by delving deeper into a top-performing framework and show evidence that harder negatives are needed to facilitate better and faster learning. Based on these observations, and motivated by the success of data mixing, we propose hard negative mixing strategies at the feature level, that can be computed on-the-fly with a minimal computational overhead. We exhaustively ablate our approach on linear classification, object detection, and instance segmentation and show that employing our hard negative mixing procedure improves the quality of visual representations learned by a state-of-the-art self-supervised learning method.Project page: https://europe.naverlabs.com/mochi 34th Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS 2020),

在深度学习研究中，自学学习（SSL）引起了极大的关注，引起了计算机视觉和遥感社区的兴趣。尽管计算机视觉取得了很大的成功，但SSL在地球观测领域的大部分潜力仍然锁定。在本文中，我们对在遥感的背景下为计算机视觉的SSL概念和最新发展提供了介绍，并回顾了SSL中的概念和最新发展。此外，我们在流行的遥感数据集上提供了现代SSL算法的初步基准，从而验证了SSL在遥感中的潜力，并提供了有关数据增强的扩展研究。最后，我们确定了SSL未来研究的有希望的方向的地球观察（SSL4EO），以铺平了两个领域的富有成效的相互作用。

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is rapidly closing BARLOW TWINS is competitive with state-of-the-art methods for self-supervised learning while being conceptually simpler, naturally avoiding trivial constant (i.e. collapsed) embeddings, and being robust to the training batch size.

我们考虑在给定的分类任务（例如Imagenet-1k（IN1K））上训练深神网络的问题，以便它在该任务以及其他（未来）转移任务方面擅长。这两个看似矛盾的属性在改善模型的概括的同时保持其在原始任务上的性能之间实现了权衡。接受自我监督学习训练的模型（SSL）倾向于比其受监督的转移学习更好地概括。但是，他们仍然落后于In1k上的监督模型。在本文中，我们提出了一个有监督的学习设置，以利用两全其美的方式。我们使用最近的SSL模型的两个关键组成部分丰富了普通的监督培训框架：多尺度农作物用于数据增强和使用可消耗的投影仪。我们用内存库在即时计算的类原型中代替了班级权重的最后一层。我们表明，这三个改进导致IN1K培训任务和13个转移任务之间的权衡取决于更加有利的权衡。在所有探索的配置中，我们都会挑出两种模型：T-Rex实现了转移学习的新状态，并且超过了In1k上的Dino和Paws等最佳方法，以及与高度优化的RSB--相匹配的T-Rex*在IN1K上的A1模型，同时在转移任务上表现更好。项目页面和预估计的模型：https：//europe.naverlabs.com/t-rex

这项工作旨在改善具有自我监督的实例检索。我们发现使用最近开发的自我监督（SSL）学习方法（如SIMCLR和MOCO）的微调未能提高实例检索的性能。在这项工作中，我们确定了例如检索的学习表示应该是不变的视点和背景等的大变化，而当前SSL方法应用的自增强阳性不能为学习强大的实例级别表示提供强大的信号。为了克服这个问题，我们提出了一种在\ texit {实例级别}对比度上建立的新SSL方法，以通过动态挖掘迷你批次和存储库来学习类内不变性训练。广泛的实验表明，insclr在实例检索上实现了比最先进的SSL方法更类似或更好的性能。代码可在https://github.com/zeludeng/insclr获得。

对比度学习最近在无监督的视觉表示学习中显示出巨大的潜力。在此轨道中的现有研究主要集中于图像内不变性学习。学习通常使用丰富的图像内变换来构建正对，然后使用对比度损失最大化一致性。相反，相互影响不变性的优点仍然少得多。利用图像间不变性的一个主要障碍是，尚不清楚如何可靠地构建图像间的正对，并进一步从它们中获得有效的监督，因为没有配对注释可用。在这项工作中，我们提出了一项全面的实证研究，以更好地了解从三个主要组成部分的形象间不变性学习的作用：伪标签维护，采样策略和决策边界设计。为了促进这项研究，我们引入了一个统一的通用框架，该框架支持无监督的内部和间形内不变性学习的整合。通过精心设计的比较和分析，揭示了多个有价值的观察结果：1）在线标签收敛速度比离线标签更快； 2）半硬性样品比硬否定样品更可靠和公正； 3）一个不太严格的决策边界更有利于形象间的不变性学习。借助所有获得的食谱，我们的最终模型（即InterCLR）对多个标准基准测试的最先进的内图内不变性学习方法表现出一致的改进。我们希望这项工作将为设计有效的无监督间歇性不变性学习提供有用的经验。代码：https：//github.com/open-mmlab/mmselfsup。

This paper presents SimCLR: a simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations. We simplify recently proposed contrastive selfsupervised learning algorithms without requiring specialized architectures or a memory bank. In order to understand what enables the contrastive prediction tasks to learn useful representations, we systematically study the major components of our framework. We show that (1) composition of data augmentations plays a critical role in defining effective predictive tasks, (2) introducing a learnable nonlinear transformation between the representation and the contrastive loss substantially improves the quality of the learned representations, and (3) contrastive learning benefits from larger batch sizes and more training steps compared to supervised learning. By combining these findings, we are able to considerably outperform previous methods for self-supervised and semi-supervised learning on ImageNet. A linear classifier trained on self-supervised representations learned by Sim-CLR achieves 76.5% top-1 accuracy, which is a 7% relative improvement over previous state-ofthe-art, matching the performance of a supervised ResNet-50. When fine-tuned on only 1% of the labels, we achieve 85.8% top-5 accuracy, outperforming AlexNet with 100× fewer labels. 1

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

The success of machine learning algorithms generally depends on data representation, and we hypothesize that this is because different representations can entangle and hide more or less the different explanatory factors of variation behind the data. Although specific domain knowledge can be used to help design representations, learning with generic priors can also be used, and the quest for AI is motivating the design of more powerful representation-learning algorithms implementing such priors. This paper reviews recent work in the area of unsupervised feature learning and deep learning, covering advances in probabilistic models, auto-encoders, manifold learning, and deep networks. This motivates longer-term unanswered questions about the appropriate objectives for learning good representations, for computing representations (i.e., inference), and the geometrical connections between representation learning, density estimation and manifold learning.

标准的对比学习方法通常需要大量的否定否定有效的无监督学习，并且往往表现出缓慢的收敛性。我们怀疑这种行为是由于用于提供与积极鲜明对比的否定的廉价选择。我们通过从支持向量机（SVM）的灵感来呈现最大值保证金对比学习（MMCL）来抵消这种困难。我们的方法选择否定作为通过二次优化问题获得的稀疏支持向量，通过最大化决策余量来强制执行对比度。由于SVM优化可以计算要求，特别是在端到端设置中，我们提出了缓解计算负担的简化。我们验证了我们对标准视觉基准数据集的方法，展示了在无监督的代表上学习最先进的表现，同时具有更好的经验收敛性。

我们对自我监督，监督或半监督设置的代表学习感兴趣。在应用自我监督学习的平均移位思想的事先工作，通过拉动查询图像来概括拜尔的想法，不仅更接近其其他增强，而且还可以到其他增强的最近邻居（NNS）。我们认为，学习可以从选择远处与查询相关的邻居选择遥远的邻居。因此，我们建议通过约束最近邻居的搜索空间来概括MSF算法。我们显示我们的方法在SSL设置中优于MSF，当约束使用不同的图像时，并且当约束确保NNS具有与查询相同的伪标签时，在半监控设置中优于培训资源的半监控设置中的爪子。

我们研究了用于半监控学习（SSL）的无监督数据选择，其中可以提供大规模的未标记数据集，并且为标签采集预算小额数据子集。现有的SSL方法专注于学习一个有效地集成了来自给定小标记数据和大型未标记数据的信息的模型，而我们专注于选择正确的数据以用于SSL的注释，而无需任何标签或任务信息。直观地，要标记的实例应统称为下游任务的最大多样性和覆盖范围，并且单独具有用于SSL的最大信息传播实用程序。我们以三步数据为中心的SSL方法形式化这些概念，使稳定性和精度的纤维液改善8％的CiFar-10（标记为0.08％）和14％的Imagenet -1k（标记为0.2％）。它也是一种具有各种SSL方法的通用框架，提供一致的性能增益。我们的工作表明，在仔细选择注释数据上花费的小计算带来了大注释效率和模型性能增益，而无需改变学习管道。我们完全无监督的数据选择可以轻松扩展到其他弱监督的学习设置。

We introduce Bootstrap Your Own Latent (BYOL), a new approach to self-supervised image representation learning. BYOL relies on two neural networks, referred to as online and target networks, that interact and learn from each other. From an augmented view of an image, we train the online network to predict the target network representation of the same image under a different augmented view. At the same time, we update the target network with a slow-moving average of the online network. While state-of-the art methods rely on negative pairs, BYOL achieves a new state of the art without them. BYOL reaches 74.3% top-1 classification accuracy on ImageNet using a linear evaluation with a ResNet-50 architecture and 79.6% with a larger ResNet. We show that BYOL performs on par or better than the current state of the art on both transfer and semi-supervised benchmarks. Our implementation and pretrained models are given on GitHub. 3 * Equal contribution; the order of first authors was randomly selected.

Unsupervised image representations have significantly reduced the gap with supervised pretraining, notably with the recent achievements of contrastive learning methods. These contrastive methods typically work online and rely on a large number of explicit pairwise feature comparisons, which is computationally challenging. In this paper, we propose an online algorithm, SwAV, that takes advantage of contrastive methods without requiring to compute pairwise comparisons. Specifically, our method simultaneously clusters the data while enforcing consistency between cluster assignments produced for different augmentations (or "views") of the same image, instead of comparing features directly as in contrastive learning. Simply put, we use a "swapped" prediction mechanism where we predict the code of a view from the representation of another view. Our method can be trained with large and small batches and can scale to unlimited amounts of data. Compared to previous contrastive methods, our method is more memory efficient since it does not require a large memory bank or a special momentum network. In addition, we also propose a new data augmentation strategy, multi-crop, that uses a mix of views with different resolutions in place of two full-resolution views, without increasing the memory or compute requirements. We validate our findings by achieving 75.3% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet with ResNet-50, as well as surpassing supervised pretraining on all the considered transfer tasks.

最近在自我监督学习中的最先进的框架最近表明，与传统的CNN型号相比，基于变压器的模型可以导致性能提升。繁荣以最大化图像的两个视图的相互信息，现有的作品对最终陈述具有对比损失。在我们的工作中，我们通过通过对比损失允许中间表示从最终层学习来进一步利用这一点，这可以最大化原始目标的上限和两层之间的相互信息。我们的方法，自蒸馏自我监督学习（SDSSL），胜过竞争基础（SIMCLR，BYOL和MOCO V3）使用各种任务和数据集。在线性评估和K-NN协议中，SDSSL不仅导致最终层的性能优异，而且在大多数下层中也是如此。此外，正负对准用于解释如何更有效地形成表示。代码将可用。

尽管深度强化学习（RL）最近取得了许多成功，但其方法仍然效率低下，这使得在数据方面解决了昂贵的许多问题。我们的目标是通过利用未标记的数据中的丰富监督信号来进行学习状态表示，以解决这一问题。本文介绍了三种不同的表示算法，可以访问传统RL算法使用的数据源的不同子集使用：（i）GRICA受到独立组件分析（ICA）的启发，并训练深层神经网络以输出统计独立的独立特征。输入。 Grica通过最大程度地减少每个功能与其他功能之间的相互信息来做到这一点。此外，格里卡仅需要未分类的环境状态。 （ii）潜在表示预测（LARP）还需要更多的上下文：除了要求状态作为输入外，它还需要先前的状态和连接它们的动作。该方法通过预测当前状态和行动的环境的下一个状态来学习状态表示。预测器与图形搜索算法一起使用。 （iii）重新培训通过训练深层神经网络来学习国家表示，以学习奖励功能的平滑版本。该表示形式用于预处理输入到深度RL，而奖励预测指标用于奖励成型。此方法仅需要环境中的状态奖励对学习表示表示。我们发现，每种方法都有其优势和缺点，并从我们的实验中得出结论，包括无监督的代表性学习在RL解决问题的管道中可以加快学习的速度。

我们提出了一种以最小计算成本提高广泛检索模型的性能的框架。它利用由基本密度检索方法提取的预先提取的文档表示，并且涉及训练模型以共同评分每个查询的一组检索到的候选文档，同时在其他候选的上下文中暂时转换每个文档的表示。以及查询本身。当基于其与查询的相似性进行评分文档表示时，该模型因此意识到其“对等”文档的表示。我们表明，我们的方法导致基本方法的检索性能以及彼此隔离的评分候选文档进行了大量改善，如在一对培训环境中。至关重要的是，与基于伯特式编码器的术语交互重型器不同，它在运行时在任何第一阶段方法的顶部引发可忽略不计的计算开销，允许它与任何最先进的密集检索方法容易地结合。最后，同时考虑给定查询的一组候选文档，可以在检索中进行额外的有价值的功能，例如评分校准和减轻排名中的社会偏差。

We propose Spatio-temporal Crop Aggregation for video representation LEarning (SCALE), a novel method that enjoys high scalability at both training and inference time. Our model builds long-range video features by learning from sets of video clip-level features extracted with a pre-trained backbone. To train the model, we propose a self-supervised objective consisting of masked clip feature prediction. We apply sparsity to both the input, by extracting a random set of video clips, and to the loss function, by only reconstructing the sparse inputs. Moreover, we use dimensionality reduction by working in the latent space of a pre-trained backbone applied to single video clips. The video representation is then obtained by taking the ensemble of the concatenation of embeddings of separate video clips with a video clip set summarization token. These techniques make our method not only extremely efficient to train, but also highly effective in transfer learning. We demonstrate that our video representation yields state-of-the-art performance with linear, non-linear, and $k$-NN probing on common action classification datasets.