在本文中,我们介绍了在阿拉伯语编码的突尼斯阿拉伯语项目的最终结果,该项目是基于拉丁语的数字对话写作系统。该项目导致创建了两个集成和独立的资源:一个语料库和一个NLP工具,以通过各种语言信息来注释前者:单词分类,音译,标记,标记,pos tagging,lemmatization。我们从计算和语言方法论以及为改善结果而采用的策略中讨论我们的选择。我们报告了执行的实验,以概述我们的研究路径。最后,我们解释了为什么我们相信这些资源对计算和语言研究的潜力。关键词:突尼斯阿拉伯语,注释语料库,神经网络体系结构
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本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源,重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外,我们还提供了一组建议,并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。
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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.
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This article presents morphologically-annotated Yemeni, Sudanese, Iraqi, and Libyan Arabic dialects Lisan corpora. Lisan features around 1.2 million tokens. We collected the content of the corpora from several social media platforms. The Yemeni corpus (~ 1.05M tokens) was collected automatically from Twitter. The corpora of the other three dialects (~ 50K tokens each) came manually from Facebook and YouTube posts and comments. Thirty five (35) annotators who are native speakers of the target dialects carried out the annotations. The annotators segemented all words in the four corpora into prefixes, stems and suffixes and labeled each with different morphological features such as part of speech, lemma, and a gloss in English. An Arabic Dialect Annotation Toolkit ADAT was developped for the purpose of the annation. The annotators were trained on a set of guidelines and on how to use ADAT. We developed ADAT to assist the annotators and to ensure compatibility with SAMA and Curras tagsets. The tool is open source, and the four corpora are also available online.
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近年来,我们看到了处理敏感个人信息的应用程序(包括对话系统)的指数增长。这已经揭示了在虚拟环境中有关个人数据保护的极为重要的问题。首先,性能模型应该能够区分敏感内容与中性句子的句子。其次,它应该能够识别其中包含的个人数据类别的类型。这样,可以考虑每个类别的不同隐私处理。在文献中,如果有关于自动敏感数据识别的作品,则通常在没有共同基准的不同域或语言上进行。为了填补这一空白,在这项工作中,我们介绍了SPEDAC,这是一个新的注释基准,用于识别敏感的个人数据类别。此外,我们提供了对数据集的广泛评估,该数据集使用不同的基准和基于Roberta的分类器进行的,这是一种神经体系结构,在检测敏感句子和个人数据类别的分类方面实现了强大的性能。
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Language identification (LID) is a crucial precursor for NLP, especially for mining web data. Problematically, most of the world's 7000+ languages today are not covered by LID technologies. We address this pressing issue for Africa by introducing AfroLID, a neural LID toolkit for $517$ African languages and varieties. AfroLID exploits a multi-domain web dataset manually curated from across 14 language families utilizing five orthographic systems. When evaluated on our blind Test set, AfroLID achieves 95.89 F_1-score. We also compare AfroLID to five existing LID tools that each cover a small number of African languages, finding it to outperform them on most languages. We further show the utility of AfroLID in the wild by testing it on the acutely under-served Twitter domain. Finally, we offer a number of controlled case studies and perform a linguistically-motivated error analysis that allow us to both showcase AfroLID's powerful capabilities and limitations.
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Delft on the 2nd of November 2019.
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We present Maknuune, a large open lexicon for the Palestinian Arabic dialect. Maknuune has over 36K entries from 17K lemmas, and 3.7K roots. All entries include diacritized Arabic orthography, phonological transcription and English glosses. Some entries are enriched with additional information such as broken plurals and templatic feminine forms, associated phrases and collocations, Standard Arabic glosses, and examples or notes on grammar, usage, or location of collected entry.
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即使在高度发达的国家,多达15-30%的人口只能理解使用基本词汇编写的文本。他们对日常文本的理解是有限的,这阻止了他们在社会中发挥积极作用,并就医疗保健,法律代表或民主选择做出明智的决定。词汇简化是一项自然语言处理任务,旨在通过更简单地替换复杂的词汇和表达方式来使每个人都可以理解文本,同时保留原始含义。在过去的20年中,它引起了极大的关注,并且已经针对各种语言提出了全自动词汇简化系统。该领域进步的主要障碍是缺乏用于构建和评估词汇简化系统的高质量数据集。我们提出了一个新的基准数据集,用于英语,西班牙语和(巴西)葡萄牙语中的词汇简化,并提供有关数据选择和注释程序的详细信息。这是第一个可直接比较三种语言的词汇简化系统的数据集。为了展示数据集的可用性,我们将两种具有不同体系结构(神经与非神经)的最先进的词汇简化系统适应所有三种语言(英语,西班牙语和巴西葡萄牙语),并评估他们的表演在我们的新数据集中。为了进行更公平的比较,我们使用多种评估措施来捕获系统功效的各个方面,并讨论其优势和缺点。我们发现,最先进的神经词汇简化系统优于所有三种语言中最先进的非神经词汇简化系统。更重要的是,我们发现最先进的神经词汇简化系统对英语的表现要比西班牙和葡萄牙语要好得多。
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本文介绍了一个新的培训数据集,用于自动类型识别Ginco,基于1,125个爬行的斯洛文尼亚文档,由650万字组成。每个文档都是手动注释的,用于具有在现有模式上构建的新注释模式,主要是标签和注册间协议的主要明确。数据集包括与基于Web的数据相关的各种挑战,例如机器翻译内容,编码错误,在一个文件中呈现的多个内容等,使得能够评估现实条件中的分类器。 DataSet上的初始机器学习实验表明(1)预变压器模型的巨大程度较低,能够模拟现象,宏观F1度量范围约为0.22,而基于变压器的模型达到约0.58的分数,而且(2)多语言变压器模型以及任务的工作以及先前被证明是优于标准NLP任务的多语言模型的单格式模型。
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确保适当的标点符号和字母外壳是朝向应用复杂的自然语言处理算法的关键预处理步骤。这对于缺少标点符号和壳体的文本源,例如自动语音识别系统的原始输出。此外,简短的短信和微博的平台提供不可靠且经常错误的标点符号和套管。本调查概述了历史和最先进的技术,用于恢复标点符号和纠正单词套管。此外,突出了当前的挑战和研究方向。
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本地语言识别(NLI)是培训(通过监督机器学习)的任务,该分类器猜测文本作者的母语。在过去的十年中,这项任务已经进行了广泛的研究,多年来,NLI系统的性能稳步改善。我们专注于NLI任务的另一个方面,即分析由\ emph {Aupplable}机器学习算法培训的NLI分类器的内部组件,以获取其分类决策的解释,并具有获得的最终目标,即获得最终的目标。深入了解语言现象````赋予说话者''的母语''。我们使用这种观点来解决NLI和(研究得多的)伴侣任务,即猜测是由本地人还是非本地人说的文本。使用三个不同出处的数据集(英语学习者论文的两个数据集和社交媒体帖子的数据集),我们研究哪种语言特征(词汇,形态学,句法和统计)最有效地解决了我们的两项任务,即,最大的表明说话者的L1。我们还提出了两个案例研究,一个关于西班牙语,另一个关于意大利英语学习者,其中我们分析了分类器对发现这些L1最重要的单个语言特征。总体而言,我们的研究表明,使用可解释的机器学习可能是TH的宝贵工具
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链接的开放数据实践导致了过去十年中网络上结构化数据的显着增长。这样的结构化数据以机器可读的方式描述了现实世界实体,并为自然语言处理领域的研究创造了前所未有的机会。但是,缺乏有关如何使用此类数据,哪种任务以及它们在多大程度上对这些任务有用的研究。这项工作着重于电子商务领域,以探索利用此类结构化数据来创建可能用于产品分类和链接的语言资源的方法。我们以RDF N四分之一的形式处理数十亿个结构化数据点,以创建数百万个与产品相关的语料库单词,后来以三种不同的方式用于创建语言资源:培训单词嵌入模型,继续预训练类似于Bert的语言模型和训练机器翻译模型,这些模型被用作生成产品相关的关键字的代理。我们对大量基准测试的评估表明,嵌入单词是提高这两个任务准确性的最可靠和一致的方法(在某些数据集中,宏观 - 平均F1中最高6.9个百分点)。但是,其他两种方法并不那么有用。我们的分析表明,这可能是由于许多原因,包括结构化数据中的偏置域表示以及缺乏词汇覆盖范围。我们分享我们的数据集,并讨论如何将我们所学到的经验教训朝着这一方向介绍未来的研究。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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自动言论(POS)标记是许多自然语言处理(NLP)任务的预处理步骤,例如名称实体识别(NER),语音处理,信息提取,单词sense sisse disampigation和Machine Translation。它已经在英语和欧洲语言方面取得了令人鼓舞的结果,但是使用印度语言,尤其是在Odia语言中,由于缺乏支持工具,资源和语言形态丰富性,因此尚未得到很好的探索。不幸的是,我们无法为ODIA找到一个开源POS标记,并且仅尝试为ODIA语言开发POS标记器的尝试。这项研究工作的主要贡献是介绍有条件的随机场(CRF)和基于深度学习的方法(CNN和双向长期短期记忆)来开发ODIA的语音部分。我们使用了一个公开访问的语料库,并用印度标准局(BIS)标签设定了数据集。但是,全球的大多数语言都使用了带有通用依赖项(UD)标签集注释的数据集。因此,要保持统一性,odia数据集应使用相同的标签集。因此,我们已经构建了一个从BIS标签集到UD标签集的简单映射。我们对CRF模型进行了各种特征集输入,观察到构造特征集的影响。基于深度学习的模型包括BI-LSTM网络,CNN网络,CRF层,角色序列信息和预训练的单词向量。通过使用卷积神经网络(CNN)和BI-LSTM网络提取角色序列信息。实施了神经序列标记模型的六种不同组合,并研究了其性能指标。已经观察到具有字符序列特征和预训练的单词矢量的BI-LSTM模型取得了显着的最新结果。
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This paper presents the OPUS ecosystem with a focus on the development of open machine translation models and tools, and their integration into end-user applications, development platforms and professional workflows. We discuss our on-going mission of increasing language coverage and translation quality, and also describe on-going work on the development of modular translation models and speed-optimized compact solutions for real-time translation on regular desktops and small devices.
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The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.
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te reo m \ = aori(称为m \ = aori),新西兰的土著语言在语言技术中的资源不足。 m \ = aori扬声器是双语的,其中m \ = aori用英语进行了代码开关。不幸的是,M \ = AORI语言技术,语言检测和M \ = Aori-English对之间的代码转换检测的资源最少。英语和M \ = AORI都使用罗马衍生的拼字法制作基于规则的系统来检测语言和代码转换限制性。大多数M \ = AORI语言检测是由语言专家手动完成的。这项研究构建了66,016,807个单词的Aori英语双语数据库,并带有单词级语言注释。新西兰议会汉萨德辩论报告用于构建数据库。语言标签是使用特定语言规则和专家手册注释分配的。 M \ = AORI和英语的单词具有相同的拼写,但含义不同。这些词不能根据单词级的语言规则将其归类为M \ = AORI或英语。因此,需要手动注释。还报道了报告数据库的各个方面的分析,例如元数据,逐年分析,经常出现的单词,句子长度和n-grams。这里开发的数据库是新西兰Aotearoa的未来语言和语音技术开发的宝贵工具。遵循标签数据库的方法也可以遵循其他低资源的语言对。
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Personal assistants, automatic speech recognizers and dialogue understanding systems are becoming more critical in our interconnected digital world. A clear example is air traffic control (ATC) communications. ATC aims at guiding aircraft and controlling the airspace in a safe and optimal manner. These voice-based dialogues are carried between an air traffic controller (ATCO) and pilots via very-high frequency radio channels. In order to incorporate these novel technologies into ATC (low-resource domain), large-scale annotated datasets are required to develop the data-driven AI systems. Two examples are automatic speech recognition (ASR) and natural language understanding (NLU). In this paper, we introduce the ATCO2 corpus, a dataset that aims at fostering research on the challenging ATC field, which has lagged behind due to lack of annotated data. The ATCO2 corpus covers 1) data collection and pre-processing, 2) pseudo-annotations of speech data, and 3) extraction of ATC-related named entities. The ATCO2 corpus is split into three subsets. 1) ATCO2-test-set corpus contains 4 hours of ATC speech with manual transcripts and a subset with gold annotations for named-entity recognition (callsign, command, value). 2) The ATCO2-PL-set corpus consists of 5281 hours of unlabeled ATC data enriched with automatic transcripts from an in-domain speech recognizer, contextual information, speaker turn information, signal-to-noise ratio estimate and English language detection score per sample. Both available for purchase through ELDA at http://catalog.elra.info/en-us/repository/browse/ELRA-S0484. 3) The ATCO2-test-set-1h corpus is a one-hour subset from the original test set corpus, that we are offering for free at https://www.atco2.org/data. We expect the ATCO2 corpus will foster research on robust ASR and NLU not only in the field of ATC communications but also in the general research community.
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土著非洲语言在人工智能中被归类为服务不足,并且数字包容性和信息获取差。挑战是如何在没有必要数据的情况下使用机器学习和深度学习模型。 Kencorpus是一种肯尼亚语言语料库,打算弥合有关如何收集和存储文本和语音数据的差距,足以启用数据驱动的解决方案,例如机器翻译,多语言社区中的问题回答和转录。 Kencorpus是一种主要在肯尼亚说的三种语言的语料库(文本和语音):斯瓦希里语,Dholuo和Luhya(方言Lumarachi,Lulogooli和Lubukusu)。该语料库打算填补开发数据集的空白,该数据集可用于低资源语言的自然语言处理和机器学习任务。这些语言中的每一种都为语言语料库贡献了文本和语音数据。数据收集是由社区,学校和合作伙伴(媒体,出版商)的研究人员完成的。 Kencorpus有5,594个项目的集合,为4,442个文本(560万字)和1,152个语音文件(177小时)。基于这些数据,还开发了其他数据集,例如Dholuo和Luhya的POS标记集(分别为50,000和93,000个单词),来自Swahili文本(7,537 QA对)的问答对,以及将文本转换为Swahili(12,400句子)。数据集可用于机器学习任务,例如文本处理,注释和翻译。该项目还在QA任务的文本和机器学习语音和机器学习中为概念系统提供了证明,最初的结果证实了Kencorpus对机器学习社区的可用性。 Kencorpus是这些低资源语言的第一个此类语料库,并且是学习和共享类似作品的经验的基础。
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