Quality control is a crucial activity performed by manufacturing companies to ensure their products conform to the requirements and specifications. The introduction of artificial intelligence models enables to automate the visual quality inspection, speeding up the inspection process and ensuring all products are evaluated under the same criteria. In this research, we compare supervised and unsupervised defect detection techniques and explore data augmentation techniques to mitigate the data imbalance in the context of automated visual inspection. Furthermore, we use Generative Adversarial Networks for data augmentation to enhance the classifiers' discriminative performance. Our results show that state-of-the-art unsupervised defect detection does not match the performance of supervised models but can be used to reduce the labeling workload by more than 50%. Furthermore, the best classification performance was achieved considering GAN-based data generation with AUC ROC scores equal to or higher than 0,9898, even when increasing the dataset imbalance by leaving only 25\% of the images denoting defective products. We performed the research with real-world data provided by Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV.

Industry 4.0 aims to optimize the manufacturing environment by leveraging new technological advances, such as new sensing capabilities and artificial intelligence. The DRAEM technique has shown state-of-the-art performance for unsupervised classification. The ability to create anomaly maps highlighting areas where defects probably lie can be leveraged to provide cues to supervised classification models and enhance their performance. Our research shows that the best performance is achieved when training a defect detection model by providing an image and the corresponding anomaly map as input. Furthermore, such a setting provides consistent performance when framing the defect detection as a binary or multiclass classification problem and is not affected by class balancing policies. We performed the experiments on three datasets with real-world data provided by Philips Consumer Lifestyle BV.

质量控制是制造公司进行的关键活动，以验证产品一致性的要求和规范。标准化质量控制可确保所有产品在相同的标准下进行评估。传感器和连接成本降低，使得制造的数字化增加，提供了更大的数据可用性。这些数据可用性促使人工智能模型的开发，允许在检查产品时更高的自动化程度和减少偏差。此外，增加的检查速度降低了缺陷检查所需的总成本和时间。在这项研究中，我们比较五个流式机器学习算法，应用于利用飞利浦消费者生活方式BV提供的真实数据的视觉缺陷检查。此外，我们将它们与流在流动的主动学习背景中进行比较，这减少了真实环境中的数据标签工作。我们的研究结果表明，对于最坏情况，主动学习将数据标签努力降低了近15％，同时保持可接受的分类性能。使用机器学习模型进行自动化视野预计将加快高达40％的质量检验。

质量控制是制造业企业进行的至关重要的活动，以确保其产品符合质量标准并避免对品牌声誉的潜在损害。传感器成本下降和连接性使制造业数字化增加。此外，人工智能可实现更高的自动化程度，减少缺陷检查所需的总体成本和时间。这项研究将三种活跃的学习方法（与单一和多个牙齿）与视觉检查进行了比较。我们提出了一种新颖的方法，用于对分类模型的概率校准和两个新的指标，以评估校准的性能而无需地面真相。我们对飞利浦消费者生活方式BV提供的现实数据进行了实验。我们的结果表明，考虑到p = 0.95的阈值，探索的主动学习设置可以将数据标签的工作减少3％至4％，而不会损害总体质量目标。此外，我们表明所提出的指标成功捕获了相关信息，否则仅通过地面真实数据最适合使用的指标可用。因此，所提出的指标可用于估计模型概率校准的质量，而无需进行标签努力以获取地面真相数据。

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

2019年12月，一个名为Covid-19的新型病毒导致了迄今为止的巨大因果关系。与新的冠状病毒的战斗在西班牙语流感后令人振奋和恐怖。虽然前线医生和医学研究人员在控制高度典型病毒的传播方面取得了重大进展，但技术也证明了在战斗中的重要性。此外，许多医疗应用中已采用人工智能，以诊断许多疾病，甚至陷入困境的经验丰富的医生。因此，本调查纸探讨了提议的方法，可以提前援助医生和研究人员，廉价的疾病诊断方法。大多数发展中国家难以使用传统方式进行测试，但机器和深度学习可以采用显着的方式。另一方面，对不同类型的医学图像的访问已经激励了研究人员。结果，提出了一种庞大的技术数量。本文首先详细调了人工智能域中传统方法的背景知识。在此之后，我们会收集常用的数据集及其用例日期。此外，我们还显示了采用深入学习的机器学习的研究人员的百分比。因此，我们对这种情况进行了彻底的分析。最后，在研究挑战中，我们详细阐述了Covid-19研究中面临的问题，我们解决了我们的理解，以建立一个明亮健康的环境。

In this study, we systematically investigate the impact of class imbalance on classification performance of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and compare frequently used methods to address the issue. Class imbalance is a common problem that has been comprehensively studied in classical machine learning, yet very limited systematic research is available in the context of deep learning. In our study, we use three benchmark datasets of increasing complexity, MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, to investigate the effects of imbalance on classification and perform an extensive comparison of several methods to address the issue: oversampling, undersampling, two-phase training, and thresholding that compensates for prior class probabilities. Our main evaluation metric is area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) adjusted to multi-class tasks since overall accuracy metric is associated with notable difficulties in the context of imbalanced data. Based on results from our experiments we conclude that (i) the effect of class imbalance on classification performance is detrimental; (ii) the method of addressing class imbalance that emerged as dominant in almost all analyzed scenarios was oversampling; (iii) oversampling should be applied to the level that completely eliminates the imbalance, whereas the optimal undersampling ratio depends on the extent of imbalance; (iv) as opposed to some classical machine learning models, oversampling does not cause overfitting of CNNs; (v) thresholding should be applied to compensate for prior class probabilities when overall number of properly classified cases is of interest.

In recent years, applying deep learning (DL) to assess structural damages has gained growing popularity in vision-based structural health monitoring (SHM). However, both data deficiency and class-imbalance hinder the wide adoption of DL in practical applications of SHM. Common mitigation strategies include transfer learning, over-sampling, and under-sampling, yet these ad-hoc methods only provide limited performance boost that varies from one case to another. In this work, we introduce one variant of the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), named the balanced semi-supervised GAN (BSS-GAN). It adopts the semi-supervised learning concept and applies balanced-batch sampling in training to resolve low-data and imbalanced-class problems. A series of computer experiments on concrete cracking and spalling classification were conducted under the low-data imbalanced-class regime with limited computing power. The results show that the BSS-GAN is able to achieve better damage detection in terms of recall and $F_\beta$ score than other conventional methods, indicating its state-of-the-art performance.

与行业4.0的发展相一致，越来越多的关注被表面缺陷检测领域所吸引。提高效率并节省劳动力成本已稳步成为行业领域引起人们关注的问题，近年来，基于深度学习的算法比传统的视力检查方法更好。尽管现有的基于深度学习的算法偏向于监督学习，但这不仅需要大量标记的数据和大量的劳动力，而且还效率低下，并且有一定的局限性。相比之下，最近的研究表明，无监督的学习在解决视觉工业异常检测的高于缺点方面具有巨大的潜力。在这项调查中，我们总结了当前的挑战，并详细概述了最近提出的针对视觉工业异常检测的无监督算法，涵盖了五个类别，其创新点和框架详细描述了。同时，提供了包含表面图像样本的公开可用数据集的信息。通过比较不同类别的方法，总结了异常检测算法的优点和缺点。预计将协助研究社区和行业发展更广泛，更跨域的观点。

组织病理学分析是对癌前病变诊断的本金标准。从数字图像自动组织病理学分类的目标需要监督培训，这需要大量的专家注释，这可能是昂贵且耗时的收集。同时，精确分类从全幻灯片裁剪的图像斑块对于基于标准滑动窗口的组织病理学幻灯片分类方法是必不可少的。为了减轻这些问题，我们提出了一个精心设计的条件GaN模型，即hostogan，用于在类标签上合成现实组织病理学图像补丁。我们还研究了一种新颖的合成增强框架，可选择地添加由我们提出的HADOGAN生成的新的合成图像补丁，而不是直接扩展与合成图像的训练集。通过基于其指定标签的置信度和实际标记图像的特征相似性选择合成图像，我们的框架为合成增强提供了质量保证。我们的模型在两个数据集上进行评估：具有有限注释的宫颈组织病理学图像数据集，以及具有转移性癌症的淋巴结组织病理学图像的另一个数据集。在这里，我们表明利用具有选择性增强的组织产生的图像导致对宫颈组织病理学和转移性癌症数据集分别的分类性能（分别为6.7％和2.8％）的显着和一致性。

One of the biggest challenges in machine learning is data collection. Training data is an important part since it determines how the model will behave. In object classification, capturing a large number of images per object and in different conditions is not always possible and can be very time-consuming and tedious. Accordingly, this work explores the creation of artificial images using a game engine to cope with limited data in the training dataset. We combine real and synthetic data to train the object classification engine, a strategy that has shown to be beneficial to increase confidence in the decisions made by the classifier, which is often critical in industrial setups. To combine real and synthetic data, we first train the classifier on a massive amount of synthetic data, and then we fine-tune it on real images. Another important result is that the amount of real images needed for fine-tuning is not very high, reaching top accuracy with just 12 or 24 images per class. This substantially reduces the requirements of capturing a great amount of real data.

计算机辅助诊断数字病理学正在变得普遍存在，因为它可以提供更有效和客观的医疗保健诊断。最近的进展表明，卷积神经网络（CNN）架构是一种完善的深度学习范式，可用于设计一种用于乳腺癌检测的计算机辅助诊断（CAD）系统。然而，探索了污染变异性因污染变异性和染色常规化的影响，尚未得到很好的挑战。此外，对于高吞吐量筛选可能是重要的网络模型的性能分析，这也不适用于高吞吐量筛查，也不熟悉。要解决这一挑战，我们考虑了一些当代CNN模型，用于涉及（1）的乳房组织病理学图像的二进制分类。使用基于自适应颜色解卷积（ACD）的颜色归一化算法来处理污染归一化图像的数据以处理染色变量; （2）应用基于转移学习的一些可动性更高效的CNN模型的培训，即视觉几何组网络（VGG16），MobileNet和效率网络。我们在公开的Brankhis数据集上验证了培训的CNN网络，适用于200倍和400x放大的组织病理学图像。实验分析表明，大多数情况下预染额网络在数据增强乳房组织病理学图像中产生更好的质量，而不是污染归一化的情况。此外，我们使用污染标准化图像评估了流行轻量级网络的性能和效率，并发现在测试精度和F1分数方面，高效网络优于VGG16和MOBILENET。我们观察到在测试时间方面的效率比其他网络更好; vgg net，mobilenet，在分类准确性下没有太大降低。

The success of deep learning is largely due to the availability of large amounts of training data that cover a wide range of examples of a particular concept or meaning. In the field of medicine, having a diverse set of training data on a particular disease can lead to the development of a model that is able to accurately predict the disease. However, despite the potential benefits, there have not been significant advances in image-based diagnosis due to a lack of high-quality annotated data. This article highlights the importance of using a data-centric approach to improve the quality of data representations, particularly in cases where the available data is limited. To address this "small-data" issue, we discuss four methods for generating and aggregating training data: data augmentation, transfer learning, federated learning, and GANs (generative adversarial networks). We also propose the use of knowledge-guided GANs to incorporate domain knowledge in the training data generation process. With the recent progress in large pre-trained language models, we believe it is possible to acquire high-quality knowledge that can be used to improve the effectiveness of knowledge-guided generative methods.

在离岸部门以及科学界在水下行动方面的迅速发展，水下车辆变得更加复杂。值得注意的是，许多水下任务，包括对海底基础设施的评估，都是在自动水下车辆（AUV）的帮助下进行的。最近在人工智能（AI）方面取得了突破，尤其是深度学习（DL）模型和应用，这些模型和应用在各种领域都广泛使用，包括空中无人驾驶汽车，自动驾驶汽车导航和其他应用。但是，由于难以获得特定应用的水下数据集，它们在水下应用中并不普遍。从这个意义上讲，当前的研究利用DL领域的最新进步来构建从实验室环境中捕获的物品照片产生的定制数据集。通过将收集到的图像与包含水下环境的照片相结合，将生成的对抗网络（GAN）用于将实验室对象数据集转化为水下域。这些发现证明了创建这样的数据集的可行性，因为与现实世界的水下船体船体图像相比，所得图像与真实的水下环境非常相似。因此，水下环境的人工数据集可以克服因对实际水下图像的有限访问而引起的困难，并用于通过水下对象图像分类和检测来增强水下操作。

由于技术成本的降低和卫星发射的增加，卫星图像变得越来越流行和更容易获得。除了提供仁慈的目的外，还可以出于恶意原因（例如错误信息）使用卫星数据。事实上，可以依靠一般图像编辑工具来轻松操纵卫星图像。此外，随着深层神经网络（DNN）的激增，可以生成属于各种领域的现实合成图像，与合成生成的卫星图像的扩散有关的其他威胁正在出现。在本文中，我们回顾了关于卫星图像的产生和操纵的最新技术（SOTA）。特别是，我们既关注从头开始的合成卫星图像的产生，又要通过图像转移技术对卫星图像进行语义操纵，包括从一种类型的传感器到另一种传感器获得的图像的转换。我们还描述了迄今已研究的法医检测技术，以对合成图像伪造进行分类和检测。虽然我们主要集中在法医技术上明确定制的，该技术是针对AI生成的合成内容物的检测，但我们还审查了一些用于一般剪接检测的方法，这些方法原则上也可以用于发现AI操纵图像

任何电子设备中包含的芯片都是通过圆形硅晶片制造的，这些芯片是通过不同生产阶段的检查机对其进行监控的。检查机检测并找到晶圆中的任何缺陷，并返回晶圆缺陷图（WDM），即，缺陷为lie的坐标列表，可以将其视为巨大，稀疏和二进制图像。在正常情况下，晶片表现出少量随机分布的缺陷，而以特定模式分组的缺陷可能表明生产线中的已知或新颖类别。不用说，半导体行业的主要关注点是确定这些模式并尽快进行干预以恢复正常的生产条件。在这里，我们将WDM监视作为开放式识别问题，以准确地将WDM分类为已知类别并迅速检测到新颖的模式。特别是，我们提出了一条基于Submanifold稀疏卷积网络的晶圆监测的综合管道，这是一种深层体系结构，旨在以任意分辨率处理稀疏数据，并在已知类别上进行了培训。为了检测新颖性，我们根据拟合在分类器潜在表示上的高斯混合模型定义了一个离群检测器。我们在WDM的真实数据集上进行的实验表明，Submanifold稀疏卷积直接处​​理全分辨率WDMS在已知类别上比传统的卷积神经网络产生了卓越的分类性能，这需要初步的封装以减少代表WDM的二元图像的大小。此外，我们的解决方案优于最先进的开放式识别解决方案，以检测新颖性。

为了确保全球粮食安全和利益相关者的总体利润，正确检测和分类植物疾病的重要性至关重要。在这方面，基于深度学习的图像分类的出现引入了大量解决方案。但是，这些解决方案在低端设备中的适用性需要快速，准确和计算廉价的系统。这项工作提出了一种基于轻巧的转移学习方法，用于从番茄叶中检测疾病。它利用一种有效的预处理方法来增强具有照明校正的叶片图像，以改善分类。我们的系统使用组合模型来提取功能，该模型由预审计的MobilenETV2体系结构和分类器网络组成，以进行有效的预测。传统的增强方法被运行时的增加取代，以避免数据泄漏并解决类不平衡问题。来自PlantVillage数据集的番茄叶图像的评估表明，所提出的体系结构可实现99.30％的精度，型号大小为9.60mb和4.87亿个浮点操作，使其成为低端设备中现实生活的合适选择。我们的代码和型号可在https://github.com/redwankarimsony/project-tomato中找到。

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

在过去的几年中，卷积神经网络（CNN）占据了计算机视野的领域，这要归功于它们提取功能及其在分类问题中出色的表现，例如在自动分析X射线中。不幸的是，这些神经网络被认为是黑盒算法，即不可能了解该算法如何实现最终结果。要将这些算法应用于不同领域并测试方法论的工作原理，我们需要使用可解释的AI技术。医学领域的大多数工作都集中在二进制或多类分类问题上。但是，在许多现实生活中，例如胸部X射线射线，可以同时出现不同疾病的放射学迹象。这引起了所谓的“多标签分类问题”。这些任务的缺点是类不平衡，即不同的标签没有相同数量的样本。本文的主要贡献是一种深度学习方法，用于不平衡的多标签胸部X射线数据集。它为当前未充分利用的Padchest数据集建立了基线，并基于热图建立了可解释的AI技术。该技术还包括概率和模型间匹配。我们系统的结果很有希望，尤其是考虑到使用的标签数量。此外，热图与预期区域相匹配，即它们标志着专家将用来做出决定的区域。

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.