我们从第一批原则提供了一个理论分析,该原则在预训练和微调性能的关系归纳偏差之间建立了新的联系,同时提供了一般预训练模型的延长视图。我们进一步探讨了现有的预训练方法如何强加相关的归纳偏差,发现绝大多数现有方法几乎专注于以帧内方式建模的关系,而不是每种样本方式。我们建立了这些调查结果,这些发现与跨越3个数据模式和10个下游任务的标准基准测试。这些调查验证了我们的理论分析,并提供了一种方法,以产生新的预训练方法,该方法与现有的方法符合用户指定的关系图。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.
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与伯特(Bert)等语言模型相比,已证明知识增强语言表示的预培训模型在知识基础构建任务(即〜关系提取)中更有效。这些知识增强的语言模型将知识纳入预训练中,以生成实体或关系的表示。但是,现有方法通常用单独的嵌入表示每个实体。结果,这些方法难以代表播出的实体和大量参数,在其基础代币模型之上(即〜变压器),必须使用,并且可以处理的实体数量为由于内存限制,实践限制。此外,现有模型仍然难以同时代表实体和关系。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个新的预培训模型,该模型分别从图书中学习实体和关系的表示形式,并分别在文本中跨越跨度。通过使用SPAN模块有效地编码跨度,我们的模型可以代表实体及其关系,但所需的参数比现有模型更少。我们通过从Wikipedia中提取的知识图对我们的模型进行了预训练,并在广泛的监督和无监督的信息提取任务上进行了测试。结果表明,我们的模型比基线学习对实体和关系的表现更好,而在监督的设置中,微调我们的模型始终优于罗伯塔,并在信息提取任务上取得了竞争成果。
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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Wikidata是一个经常更新,社区驱动和多语言知识图形。因此,Wikidata是实体联系的一个有吸引力的基础,这是最近发表论文的增加显而易见的。该调查侧重于四个主题:(1)存在哪些Wikidata实体链接数据集,它们是多么广泛使用,它们是如何构建的? (2)对实体联系数据集的设计进行Wikidata的特点,如果是的话,怎么样? (3)当前实体链接方法如何利用Wikidata的特定特征? (4)现有实体链接方法未开发哪种Wikidata特征?本次调查显示,当前的Wikidata特定实体链接数据集在其他知识图表中的方案中的注释方案中没有不同。因此,没有提升多语言和时间依赖数据集的可能性,是自然适合维基帽的数据集。此外,我们表明大多数实体链接方法使用Wikidata以与任何其他知识图相同的方式,因为任何其他知识图都缺少了利用Wikidata特定特征来提高质量的机会。几乎所有方法都使用标签等特定属性,有时是描述,而是忽略超关系结构等特征。因此,例如,通过包括超关系图嵌入或类型信息,仍有改进的余地。许多方法还包括来自维基百科的信息,这些信息很容易与Wikidata组合并提供有价值的文本信息,Wikidata缺乏。
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Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.
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The prediction of protein structures from sequences is an important task for function prediction, drug design, and related biological processes understanding. Recent advances have proved the power of language models (LMs) in processing the protein sequence databases, which inherit the advantages of attention networks and capture useful information in learning representations for proteins. The past two years have witnessed remarkable success in tertiary protein structure prediction (PSP), including evolution-based and single-sequence-based PSP. It seems that instead of using energy-based models and sampling procedures, protein language model (pLM)-based pipelines have emerged as mainstream paradigms in PSP. Despite the fruitful progress, the PSP community needs a systematic and up-to-date survey to help bridge the gap between LMs in the natural language processing (NLP) and PSP domains and introduce their methodologies, advancements and practical applications. To this end, in this paper, we first introduce the similarities between protein and human languages that allow LMs extended to pLMs, and applied to protein databases. Then, we systematically review recent advances in LMs and pLMs from the perspectives of network architectures, pre-training strategies, applications, and commonly-used protein databases. Next, different types of methods for PSP are discussed, particularly how the pLM-based architectures function in the process of protein folding. Finally, we identify challenges faced by the PSP community and foresee promising research directions along with the advances of pLMs. This survey aims to be a hands-on guide for researchers to understand PSP methods, develop pLMs and tackle challenging problems in this field for practical purposes.
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随着图像文本对的大量数据以及视觉和语言(V&L)任务的多样性,学者在该研究领域引入了大量的深度学习模型。此外,近年来,转移学习还显示出在计算机愿景中的巨大成功,例如图像分类,对象检测等以及在自然语言处理中以进行问答,机器翻译等的自然语言处理。继承转移学习的精神, V&L的研究工作已经在大规模数据集上设计了多种预训练技术,以增强下游任务的性能。本文的目的是提供当代V&L预审前模型的全面修订。特别是,我们对预处理的方法进行了分类和描述,以及最先进的视觉和语言预训练模型的摘要。此外,还提供了培训数据集和下游任务的列表,以进一步提高V&L预处理的观点。最后,我们决定采取进一步的一步,讨论众多未来研究的方向。
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The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.
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Pre-publication draft of a book to be published byMorgan & Claypool publishers. Unedited version released with permission. All relevant copyrights held by the author and publisher extend to this pre-publication draft.
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在这项工作中,我们探索如何学习专用的语言模型,旨在学习从文本文件中学习关键词的丰富表示。我们在判别和生成设置中进行预训练变压器语言模型(LMS)的不同掩蔽策略。在歧视性设定中,我们引入了一种新的预训练目标 - 关键边界,用替换(kbir)infifiling,在使用Kbir预先训练的LM进行微调时显示出在Sota上的性能(F1中高达9.26点)的大量增益关键酶提取的任务。在生成设置中,我们为BART - 键盘介绍了一个新的预训练设置,可再现与CATSeq格式中的输入文本相关的关键字,而不是Denoised原始输入。这也导致在关键词中的性能(F1 @ M)中的性能(高达4.33点),用于关键正版生成。此外,我们还微调了在命名实体识别(ner),问题应答(qa),关系提取(重新),抽象摘要和达到与SOTA的可比性表现的预训练的语言模型,表明学习丰富的代表关键词确实有利于许多其他基本的NLP任务。
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Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) which are trained on large text corpus through the self-supervised learning method, have yielded promising performance on various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, though PLMs with huge parameters can effectively possess rich knowledge learned from massive training text and benefit downstream tasks at the fine-tuning stage, they still have some limitations such as poor reasoning ability due to the lack of external knowledge. Incorporating knowledge into PLMs has been tried to tackle these issues. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models (KE-PLMs) to provide a clear insight into this thriving field. We introduce appropriate taxonomies respectively for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG) to highlight the focus of these two kinds of tasks. For NLU, we take several types of knowledge into account and divide them into four categories: linguistic knowledge, text knowledge, knowledge graph (KG), and rule knowledge. The KE-PLMs for NLG are categorized into KG-based and retrieval-based methods. Finally, we point out some promising future directions of KE-PLMs.
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关于图表的深度学习最近吸引了重要的兴趣。然而,大多数作品都侧重于(半)监督学习,导致缺点包括重标签依赖,普遍性差和弱势稳健性。为了解决这些问题,通过良好设计的借口任务在不依赖于手动标签的情况下提取信息知识的自我监督学习(SSL)已成为图形数据的有希望和趋势的学习范例。与计算机视觉和自然语言处理等其他域的SSL不同,图表上的SSL具有独家背景,设计理念和分类。在图表的伞下自我监督学习,我们对采用图表数据采用SSL技术的现有方法及时及全面的审查。我们构建一个统一的框架,数学上正式地规范图表SSL的范例。根据借口任务的目标,我们将这些方法分为四类:基于生成的,基于辅助性的,基于对比的和混合方法。我们进一步描述了曲线图SSL在各种研究领域的应用,并总结了绘图SSL的常用数据集,评估基准,性能比较和开源代码。最后,我们讨论了该研究领域的剩余挑战和潜在的未来方向。
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预训练的语言模型(PLM)在各种自然语言理解任务上取得了巨大的成功。另一方面,对PLM的简单微调对于特定于领域的任务可能是次优的,因为它们不可能涵盖所有域中的知识。尽管PLM的自适应预培训可以帮助他们获得特定于领域的知识,但需要大量的培训成本。此外,自适应预训练可能会通过造成灾难性忘记其常识来损害PLM在下游任务上的表现。为了克服PLM适应性适应性预训练的这种局限性,我们提出了一个新颖的域名适应框架,用于将PLMS创造为知识增强语言模型适应性(KALA),该框架调节了PLM的中间隐藏表示与域中的中间隐藏表示,由实体和实体和实体和实体和实体构成他们的关系事实。我们验证了Kala在问题答案中的性能,并在各个域的多个数据集上命名实体识别任务。结果表明,尽管在计算上有效,但我们的Kala在很大程度上优于适应性预训练。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/nardien/kala/。
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在这项工作中,我们提出了一个系统的实证研究,专注于最先进的多语言编码器在跨越多种不同语言对的交叉语言文档和句子检索任务的适用性。我们首先将这些模型视为多语言文本编码器,并在无监督的ad-hoc句子和文档级CLIR中基准性能。与监督语言理解相比,我们的结果表明,对于无监督的文档级CLIR - 一个没有针对IR特定的微调 - 预训练的多语言编码器的相关性判断,平均未能基于CLWE显着优于早期模型。对于句子级检索,我们确实获得了最先进的性能:然而,通过多语言编码器来满足高峰分数,这些编码器已经进一步专注于监督的时尚,以便句子理解任务,而不是使用他们的香草'现货'变体。在这些结果之后,我们介绍了文档级CLIR的本地化相关性匹配,在那里我们独立地对文件部分进行了查询。在第二部分中,我们评估了在一系列零拍语言和域转移CLIR实验中的英语相关数据中进行微调的微调编码器精细调整的微调我们的结果表明,监督重新排名很少提高多语言变压器作为无监督的基数。最后,只有在域名对比度微调(即,同一域名,只有语言转移),我们设法提高排名质量。我们在目标语言中单次检索的交叉定向检索结果和结果(零拍摄)交叉传输之间的显着实证差异,这指出了在单机数据上训练的检索模型的“单声道过度装备”。
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我们在这项研究中的目标是研究一个更现实的环境,在这种环境中,我们可以为细粒度的产品类别进行弱监督的多模式实例级产品检索。我们首先贡献了product1m数据集,并定义了两个实际实例级检索任务,以实现价格比较和个性化建议的评估。对于两个实例级任务,如何准确地指出视觉语言数据中提到的产品目标并有效地降低了无关紧要的内容的影响非常具有挑战性。为了解决这个问题,我们利用训练一个更有效的跨模式与模型,该模型能够自适应地能够通过使用一个实体图,其节点和边缘分别表示实体和相似性,从而可以从多模式数据中合并来自多模式数据的关键概念信息。实体。具体而言,为实例级别的商品检索提出了一种新型的实体图增强的跨模式预处理(EGE-CMP)模型,该模型明确地将基于节点的基于节点的基于节点和子图的方式显式地注入实体知识。自我监管的混合流变压器可以减少不同对象内容之间的混淆,从而有效地指导网络专注于具有真实语义的实体。实验结果很好地验证了我们的EGE-CMP的功效和概括性,表现优于几个SOTA跨模式基线,例如夹子,Uniter和Capture。
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学术知识图(KGS)提供了代表科学出版物编码的知识的丰富的结构化信息来源。随着出版的科学文学的庞大,包括描述科学概念的过多的非均匀实体和关系,这些公斤本质上是不完整的。我们呈现Exbert,一种利用预先训练的变压器语言模型来执行学术知识图形完成的方法。我们将知识图形的三元组模型为文本并执行三重分类(即,属于KG或不属于KG)。评估表明,在三重分类,链路预测和关系预测的任务中,Exbert在三个学术kg完成数据集中表现出其他基线。此外,我们将两个学术数据集作为研究界的资源,从公共公共公报和在线资源中收集。
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机器学习方法尤其是深度神经网络取得了巨大的成功,但其中许多往往依赖于一些标记的样品进行训练。在真实世界的应用中,我们经常需要通过例如具有新兴预测目标和昂贵的样本注释的动态上下文来解决样本短缺。因此,低资源学习,旨在学习具有足够资源(特别是培训样本)的强大预测模型,现在正在被广泛调查。在所有低资源学习研究中,许多人更喜欢以知识图(kg)的形式利用一些辅助信息,这对于知识表示变得越来越受欢迎,以减少对标记样本的依赖。在这项调查中,我们非常全面地审查了90美元的报纸关于两个主要的低资源学习设置 - 零射击学习(ZSL)的预测,从未出现过训练,而且很少拍摄的学习(FSL)预测的新类仅具有可用的少量标记样本。我们首先介绍了ZSL和FSL研究中使用的KGS以及现有的和潜在的KG施工解决方案,然后系统地分类和总结了KG感知ZSL和FSL方法,将它们划分为不同的范例,例如基于映射的映射,数据增强,基于传播和基于优化的。我们接下来呈现了不同的应用程序,包括计算机视觉和自然语言处理中的kg增强预测任务,还包括kg完成的任务,以及每个任务的一些典型评估资源。我们最终讨论了一些关于新学习和推理范式的方面的一些挑战和未来方向,以及高质量的KGs的建设。
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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