隐私保护是联合学习中的一个重要和有关的主题,特别是对于自然语言处理。在客户端设备中,用户每天由用户产生大量包含个人信息的文本。由于来自用户信息的直接应用可能会引起个人隐私,因此在联合学习中提出了许多方法来阻止来自客户端设备中的原始信息的中心模型。在本文中,我们尝试通过在保留语义时扭曲文本来更新语言。在实践中,我们利用最近提出的公制,邻近分布分配,以评估失真期间的语义保存。基于度量标准,我们提出了两个用于语义保存的失真,生成的一个和替代的框架。由于目前的自然语言处理领域中缺乏隐私相关任务,我们对命名实体识别和选区解析进行实验。我们的实验结果表明了我们扭曲的合理性和效率,作为个人隐私保护的方法。
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推荐系统已广泛应用于不同的应用领域,包括能量保存,电子商务,医疗保健,社交媒体等。此类应用需要分析和挖掘大量各种类型的用户数据,包括人口统计,偏好,社会互动等,以便开发准确和精确的推荐系统。此类数据集通常包括敏感信息,但大多数推荐系统专注于模型的准确性和忽略与安全性和用户隐私相关的问题。尽管使用不同的风险减少技术克服这些问题,但它们都没有完全成功,确保了对用户的私人信息的密码安全和保护。为了弥合这一差距,区块链技术作为推动推荐系统中的安全和隐私保存的有希望的策略,不仅是因为其安全性和隐私性突出特征,而且由于其恢复力,适应性,容错和信任特性。本文介绍了涵盖挑战,开放问题和解决方案的基于区块链的推荐系统的整体综述。因此,引入了精心设计的分类,以描述安全和隐私挑战,概述现有框架并在使用区块链之前讨论其应用程序和利益,以指示未来的研究机会。
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数据增强是通过转换为机器学习的人工创建数据的人工创建,是一个跨机器学习学科的研究领域。尽管它对于增加模型的概括功能很有用,但它还可以解决许多其他挑战和问题,从克服有限的培训数据到正规化目标到限制用于保护隐私的数据的数量。基于对数据扩展的目标和应用的精确描述以及现有作品的分类法,该调查涉及用于文本分类的数据增强方法,并旨在为研究人员和从业者提供简洁而全面的概述。我们将100多种方法划分为12种不同的分组,并提供最先进的参考文献来阐述哪种方法可以通过将它们相互关联,从而阐述了哪种方法。最后,提供可能构成未来工作的基础的研究观点。
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Privacy preserving deep learning is an emerging field in machine learning that aims to mitigate the privacy risks in the use of deep neural networks. One such risk is training data extraction from language models that have been trained on datasets , which contain personal and privacy sensitive information. In our study, we investigate the extent of named entity memorization in fine-tuned BERT models. We use single-label text classification as representative downstream task and employ three different fine-tuning setups in our experiments, including one with Differentially Privacy (DP). We create a large number of text samples from the fine-tuned BERT models utilizing a custom sequential sampling strategy with two prompting strategies. We search in these samples for named entities and check if they are also present in the fine-tuning datasets. We experiment with two benchmark datasets in the domains of emails and blogs. We show that the application of DP has a huge effect on the text generation capabilities of BERT. Furthermore, we show that a fine-tuned BERT does not generate more named entities entities specific to the fine-tuning dataset than a BERT model that is pre-trained only. This suggests that BERT is unlikely to emit personal or privacy sensitive named entities. Overall, our results are important to understand to what extent BERT-based services are prone to training data extraction attacks.
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.
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NLP是与计算机或机器理解和解释人类语言的能力有关的人工智能和机器学习的一种形式。语言模型在文本分析和NLP中至关重要,因为它们允许计算机解释定性输入并将其转换为可以在其他任务中使用的定量数据。从本质上讲,在转移学习的背景下,语言模型通常在大型通用语料库上进行培训,称为预训练阶段,然后对特定的基本任务进行微调。结果,预训练的语言模型主要用作基线模型,该模型包含了对上下文的广泛掌握,并且可以进一步定制以在新的NLP任务中使用。大多数预训练的模型都经过来自Twitter,Newswire,Wikipedia和Web等通用领域的Corpora培训。在一般文本中训练的现成的NLP模型可能在专业领域效率低下且不准确。在本文中,我们提出了一个名为Securebert的网络安全语言模型,该模型能够捕获网络安全域中的文本含义,因此可以进一步用于自动化,用于许多重要的网络安全任务,否则这些任务将依靠人类的专业知识和繁琐的手动努力。 Securebert受到了我们从网络安全和一般计算域的各种来源收集和预处理的大量网络安全文本培训。使用我们提出的令牌化和模型权重调整的方法,Securebert不仅能够保留对一般英语的理解,因为大多数预训练的语言模型都可以做到,而且在应用于具有网络安全含义的文本时也有效。
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文本样式传输是自然语言生成中的重要任务,旨在控制生成的文本中的某些属性,例如礼貌,情感,幽默和许多其他特性。它在自然语言处理领域拥有悠久的历史,最近由于深神经模型带来的有希望的性能而重大关注。在本文中,我们对神经文本转移的研究进行了系统调查,自2017年首次神经文本转移工作以来跨越100多个代表文章。我们讨论了任务制定,现有数据集和子任务,评估,以及丰富的方法在存在并行和非平行数据存在下。我们还提供关于这项任务未来发展的各种重要主题的讨论。我们的策据纸张列表在https://github.com/zhijing-jin/text_style_transfer_survey
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通信技术和互联网的最新进展与人工智能(AI)启用了智能医疗保健。传统上,由于现代医疗保健网络的高性性和日益增长的数据隐私问题,AI技术需要集中式数据收集和处理,这可能在现实的医疗环境中可能是不可行的。作为一个新兴的分布式协作AI范例,通过协调多个客户(例如,医院)来执行AI培训而不共享原始数据,对智能医疗保健特别有吸引力。因此,我们对智能医疗保健的使用提供了全面的调查。首先,我们在智能医疗保健中展示了近期进程,动机和使用FL的要求。然后讨论了近期智能医疗保健的FL设计,从资源感知FL,安全和隐私感知到激励FL和个性化FL。随后,我们对关键医疗领域的FL新兴应用提供了最先进的综述,包括健康数据管理,远程健康监测,医学成像和Covid-19检测。分析了几个最近基于智能医疗保健项目,并突出了从调查中学到的关键经验教训。最后,我们讨论了智能医疗保健未来研究的有趣研究挑战和可能的指示。
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Named entity recognition models (NER), are widely used for identifying named entities (e.g., individuals, locations, and other information) in text documents. Machine learning based NER models are increasingly being applied in privacy-sensitive applications that need automatic and scalable identification of sensitive information to redact text for data sharing. In this paper, we study the setting when NER models are available as a black-box service for identifying sensitive information in user documents and show that these models are vulnerable to membership inference on their training datasets. With updated pre-trained NER models from spaCy, we demonstrate two distinct membership attacks on these models. Our first attack capitalizes on unintended memorization in the NER's underlying neural network, a phenomenon NNs are known to be vulnerable to. Our second attack leverages a timing side-channel to target NER models that maintain vocabularies constructed from the training data. We show that different functional paths of words within the training dataset in contrast to words not previously seen have measurable differences in execution time. Revealing membership status of training samples has clear privacy implications, e.g., in text redaction, sensitive words or phrases to be found and removed, are at risk of being detected in the training dataset. Our experimental evaluation includes the redaction of both password and health data, presenting both security risks and privacy/regulatory issues. This is exacerbated by results that show memorization with only a single phrase. We achieved 70% AUC in our first attack on a text redaction use-case. We also show overwhelming success in the timing attack with 99.23% AUC. Finally we discuss potential mitigation approaches to realize the safe use of NER models in light of the privacy and security implications of membership inference attacks.
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机器学习的最新进展使其在不同领域的广泛应用程序,最令人兴奋的应用程序之一是自动驾驶汽车(AV),这鼓励了从感知到预测到计划的许多ML算法的开发。但是,培训AV通常需要从不同驾驶环境(例如城市)以及不同类型的个人信息(例如工作时间和路线)收集的大量培训数据。这种收集的大数据被视为以数据为中心的AI时代的ML新油,通常包含大量对隐私敏感的信息,这些信息很难删除甚至审核。尽管现有的隐私保护方法已经取得了某些理论和经验成功,但将它们应用于自动驾驶汽车等现实世界应用时仍存在差距。例如,当培训AVS时,不仅可以单独识别的信息揭示对隐私敏感的信息,还可以揭示人口级别的信息,例如城市内的道路建设以及AVS的专有商业秘密。因此,重新审视AV中隐私风险和相应保护方法的前沿以弥合这一差距至关重要。遵循这一目标,在这项工作中,我们为AVS中的隐私风险和保护方法提供了新的分类法,并将AV中的隐私分为三个层面:个人,人口和专有。我们明确列出了保护每个级别的隐私级别,总结这些挑战的现有解决方案,讨论课程和结论,并为研究人员和从业者提供潜在的未来方向和机会。我们认为,这项工作将有助于塑造AV中的隐私研究,并指导隐私保护技术设计。
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自然语言处理(NLP)技术可以使用人的话语来帮助诊断诸如抑郁症之类的医疗状况。抑郁症是一种严重的医学疾病,可能会对人们的感觉,思维和行为产生不利影响,这可能导致情绪和身体上的问题。由于此类数据的敏感性,需要采取隐私措施来使用此类数据处理和培训模型。在这项工作中,我们研究了差异隐私(DP)在集中式学习和联合学习(FL)设置中对培训上下文化语言模型(Bert,Albert,Roberta和Distilbert)的影响。我们提供有关如何私下培训NLP模型以及哪些架构和设置提供更理想的隐私公用事业权衡的见解。我们设想这项工作将用于未来的医疗保健和心理健康研究,以使病史保持私密。因此,我们提供了这项工作的开源实施。
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Pre-trained Language Model (PLM) has become a representative foundation model in the natural language processing field. Most PLMs are trained with linguistic-agnostic pre-training tasks on the surface form of the text, such as the masked language model (MLM). To further empower the PLMs with richer linguistic features, in this paper, we aim to propose a simple but effective way to learn linguistic features for pre-trained language models. We propose LERT, a pre-trained language model that is trained on three types of linguistic features along with the original MLM pre-training task, using a linguistically-informed pre-training (LIP) strategy. We carried out extensive experiments on ten Chinese NLU tasks, and the experimental results show that LERT could bring significant improvements over various comparable baselines. Furthermore, we also conduct analytical experiments in various linguistic aspects, and the results prove that the design of LERT is valid and effective. Resources are available at https://github.com/ymcui/LERT
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我们提出了一种新颖的基准和相关的评估指标,用于评估文本匿名方法的性能。文本匿名化定义为编辑文本文档以防止个人信息披露的任务,目前遭受了面向隐私的带注释的文本资源的短缺,因此难以正确评估各种匿名方法提供的隐私保护水平。本文介绍了标签(文本匿名基准),这是一种新的开源注释语料库,以解决此短缺。该语料库包括欧洲人权法院(ECHR)的1,268个英语法院案件,并充满了有关每个文档中出现的个人信息的全面注释,包括其语义类别,标识符类型,机密属性和共同参考关系。与以前的工作相比,TAB语料库旨在超越传统的识别(仅限于检测预定义的语义类别),并且明确标记了这些文本跨越的标记,这些文本应该被掩盖,以掩盖该人的身份受到保护。除了介绍语料库及其注释层外,我们还提出了一套评估指标,这些指标是针对衡量文本匿名性的性能而定制的,无论是在隐私保护和公用事业保护方面。我们通过评估几个基线文本匿名模型的经验性能来说明基准和提议的指标的使用。完整的语料库及其面向隐私的注释准则,评估脚本和基线模型可在以下网址提供:
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
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We introduce a new language representation model called BERT, which stands for Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers. Unlike recent language representation models (Peters et al., 2018a;Radford et al., 2018), BERT is designed to pretrain deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text by jointly conditioning on both left and right context in all layers. As a result, the pre-trained BERT model can be finetuned with just one additional output layer to create state-of-the-art models for a wide range of tasks, such as question answering and language inference, without substantial taskspecific architecture modifications.BERT is conceptually simple and empirically powerful. It obtains new state-of-the-art results on eleven natural language processing tasks, including pushing the GLUE score to 80.5% (7.7% point absolute improvement), MultiNLI accuracy to 86.7% (4.6% absolute improvement), SQuAD v1.1 question answering Test F1 to 93.2 (1.5 point absolute improvement) and SQuAD v2.0 Test F1 to 83.1 (5.1 point absolute improvement).
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Transformer-based models have pushed state of the art in many areas of NLP, but our understanding of what is behind their success is still limited. This paper is the first survey of over 150 studies of the popular BERT model. We review the current state of knowledge about how BERT works, what kind of information it learns and how it is represented, common modifications to its training objectives and architecture, the overparameterization issue and approaches to compression. We then outline directions for future research.
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随着物联网,AI和ML/DL算法的出现,数据驱动的医疗应用已成为一种有前途的工具,用于从医学数据设计可靠且可扩展的诊断和预后模型。近年来,这引起了从学术界到工业的广泛关注。这无疑改善了医疗保健提供的质量。但是,由于这些基于AI的医疗应用程序在满足严格的安全性,隐私和服务标准(例如低延迟)方面的困难,因此仍然采用较差。此外,医疗数据通常是分散的和私人的,这使得在人群之间产生强大的结果具有挑战性。联邦学习(FL)的最新发展使得以分布式方式训练复杂的机器学习模型成为可能。因此,FL已成为一个积极的研究领域,尤其是以分散的方式处理网络边缘的医疗数据,以保护隐私和安全问题。为此,本次调查论文重点介绍了数据共享是重大负担的医疗应用中FL技术的当前和未来。它还审查并讨论了当前的研究趋势及其设计可靠和可扩展模型的结果。我们概述了FL将军的统计问题,设备挑战,安全性,隐私问题及其在医疗领域的潜力。此外,我们的研究还集中在医疗应用上,我们重点介绍了全球癌症的负担以及有效利用FL来开发计算机辅助诊断工具来解决这些诊断工具。我们希望这篇评论是一个检查站,以彻底的方式阐明现有的最新最新作品,并为该领域提供开放的问题和未来的研究指示。
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通过整合人类的知识和经验,人在循环旨在以最低成本培训准确的预测模型。人类可以为机器学习应用提供培训数据,并直接完成在基于机器的方法中对管道中计算机中的难以实现的任务。在本文中,我们从数据的角度调查了人类循环的现有工作,并将它们分为三类具有渐进关系:(1)从数据处理中提高模型性能的工作,(2)通过介入模型培训提高模型性能,(3)系统的设计独立于循环的设计。使用上述分类,我们总结了该领域的主要方法;随着他们的技术优势/弱点以及自然语言处理,计算机愿景等的简单分类和讨论。此外,我们提供了一些开放的挑战和机遇。本调查打算为人类循环提供高级别的摘要,并激励有兴趣的读者,以考虑设计有效的循环解决方案的方法。
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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