我们提出了Rudsi,这是俄罗斯语言感官诱导(WSI)的新基准。该数据集是使用单词用法图(WUGS)的手动注释和半自动聚类创建的。与俄罗斯的先前WSI数据集不同,Rudsi完全由数据驱动(基于俄罗斯国家语料库的文本),没有对注释者强加的外部词感官。根据图聚类的参数,可以从原始注释中产生不同的导数数据集。我们报告了几种基线WSI方法在Rudsi上获得的性能,并讨论了改善这些分数的可能性。
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我们描述了NordiaChange:挪威的第一个历史语义改变数据集。NordiaChange包括两个新的子集,覆盖了大约80个挪威名词,随着时间的推移,用分级语义变化手动注释。两个数据集都遵循相同的注释程序,可以互换地作为火车和彼此的测试分割。Nordiachange涵盖与战后事件,挪威石油和天然气发现以及技术发展有关的时间段。注释是使用DUREL框架和两个大型历史挪威语料库完成的。NordiaChange在允许许可证下全额发布,完成了原始注释数据和推断仪式单词使用图(DWUG)。
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在论文中,我们测试了两个不同的方法,以获得波兰语的{令人难过的}词感人歧义任务。在这两种方法中,我们使用神经语言模型来预测与消歧的词语类似,并且在这些词的基础上,我们以不同的方式预测单词感官的分区。在第一种方法中,我们群集选定类似的单词,而在第二个中,我们群集代表其子集的群集向量。评估是在用PLONDNET感应注释的文本上进行的,并提供了相对良好的结果(对于所有模糊单词F1 = 0.68)。结果明显优于\ Cite {WAW:MYK:17:Sense}的神经模型的无人监督方法所获得的结果,并且处于在那里提供的监督方法的水平。所提出的方法可以是解决缺乏有义注释数据的语言的词语感义歧消声问题的方式。
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我们对基于上下文化的基于嵌入的方法的(可能错误的)输出进行了定性分析,以检测直接性语义变化。首先,我们引入了一种合奏方法优于先前描述的上下文化方法。该方法被用作对5年英语单词预测的语义变化程度进行深入分析的基础。我们的发现表明,上下文化的方法通常可以预测单词的高变化分数,这些单词在术语的词典意义上没有经历任何实际的历时语义转移(或至少这些转移的状态值得怀疑)。详细讨论了此类具有挑战性的案例,并提出了它们的语言分类。我们的结论是,预训练的情境化语言模型容易产生词典感官和上下文方差变化的变化,这自然源于它们的分布性质,但与基于静态嵌入的方法中观察到的问题类型不同。此外,他们经常将词汇实体的句法和语义方面合并在一起。我们为这些问题提出了一系列可能的未来解决方案。
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Natural Language Understanding has seen an increasing number of publications in the last few years, especially after robust word embeddings models became prominent, when they proved themselves able to capture and represent semantic relationships from massive amounts of data. Nevertheless, traditional models often fall short in intrinsic issues of linguistics, such as polysemy and homonymy. Any expert system that makes use of natural language in its core, can be affected by a weak semantic representation of text, resulting in inaccurate outcomes based on poor decisions. To mitigate such issues, we propose a novel approach called Most Suitable Sense Annotation (MSSA), that disambiguates and annotates each word by its specific sense, considering the semantic effects of its context. Our approach brings three main contributions to the semantic representation scenario: (i) an unsupervised technique that disambiguates and annotates words by their senses, (ii) a multi-sense embeddings model that can be extended to any traditional word embeddings algorithm, and (iii) a recurrent methodology that allows our models to be re-used and their representations refined. We test our approach on six different benchmarks for the word similarity task, showing that our approach can produce state-of-the-art results and outperforms several more complex state-of-the-art systems.
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即使在高度发达的国家,多达15-30%的人口只能理解使用基本词汇编写的文本。他们对日常文本的理解是有限的,这阻止了他们在社会中发挥积极作用,并就医疗保健,法律代表或民主选择做出明智的决定。词汇简化是一项自然语言处理任务,旨在通过更简单地替换复杂的词汇和表达方式来使每个人都可以理解文本,同时保留原始含义。在过去的20年中,它引起了极大的关注,并且已经针对各种语言提出了全自动词汇简化系统。该领域进步的主要障碍是缺乏用于构建和评估词汇简化系统的高质量数据集。我们提出了一个新的基准数据集,用于英语,西班牙语和(巴西)葡萄牙语中的词汇简化,并提供有关数据选择和注释程序的详细信息。这是第一个可直接比较三种语言的词汇简化系统的数据集。为了展示数据集的可用性,我们将两种具有不同体系结构(神经与非神经)的最先进的词汇简化系统适应所有三种语言(英语,西班牙语和巴西葡萄牙语),并评估他们的表演在我们的新数据集中。为了进行更公平的比较,我们使用多种评估措施来捕获系统功效的各个方面,并讨论其优势和缺点。我们发现,最先进的神经词汇简化系统优于所有三种语言中最先进的非神经词汇简化系统。更重要的是,我们发现最先进的神经词汇简化系统对英语的表现要比西班牙和葡萄牙语要好得多。
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The relationship between words in a sentence often tells us more about the underlying semantic content of a document than its actual words, individually. In this work, we propose two novel algorithms, called Flexible Lexical Chain II and Fixed Lexical Chain II. These algorithms combine the semantic relations derived from lexical chains, prior knowledge from lexical databases, and the robustness of the distributional hypothesis in word embeddings as building blocks forming a single system. In short, our approach has three main contributions: (i) a set of techniques that fully integrate word embeddings and lexical chains; (ii) a more robust semantic representation that considers the latent relation between words in a document; and (iii) lightweight word embeddings models that can be extended to any natural language task. We intend to assess the knowledge of pre-trained models to evaluate their robustness in the document classification task. The proposed techniques are tested against seven word embeddings algorithms using five different machine learning classifiers over six scenarios in the document classification task. Our results show the integration between lexical chains and word embeddings representations sustain state-of-the-art results, even against more complex systems.
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隐喻检测的最先进方法比较他们的文字或核心 - 使用基于神经网络的顺序隐喻分类器的含义及其语境含义。表示字面含义的信号通常由(非语境)字嵌入式表示。然而,隐喻表达由于各种原因,例如文化和社会影响,随着时间的推移而发展。已知隐喻表达式通过语言和文字词含义,甚至在某种程度上驾驶这一进化。这升起了对文字含义不同,可能是特定于特定的,可能影响隐喻检测任务的问题。据我们所知,这是第一项研究,该研究在详细的探索性分析中检查了隐喻检测任务,其中使用不同的时间和静态字嵌入来占对字面意义的不同表示。我们的实验分析基于用于隐喻检测的三个流行基准,并从不同的Corpora中提取的单词嵌入式,并在时间上对齐到不同的最先进的方法。结果表明,不同的单词嵌入对隐喻检测任务的影响和一些时间字嵌入略高于一些性能措施的静态方法。然而,结果还表明,时间字嵌入可以提供单词“核心意义的表示,即使太接近其隐喻意义,因此令人困惑的分类器。总的来说,时间语言演化和隐喻检测之间的相互作用在我们的实验中使用的基准数据集中出现了微小。这表明对这种重要语言现象的计算分析的未来工作应该首先创建一个新的数据集,其中这个交互是更好的代表。
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基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是,通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能,并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中,我介绍了几个案例研究,以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先,语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离,这对语言学家很有用,语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面,语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型,以了解语言理解的特定方面,从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究,探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中,我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源,我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中,我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明,包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜,而不是语义和常识异常。最后,在论文的第三部分中,我适应了一些心理语言学研究,以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之,我的论文在自然语言处理,语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系,以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。
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对于自然语言处理应用可能是有问题的,因为它们的含义不能从其构成词语推断出来。缺乏成功的方法方法和足够大的数据集防止了用于检测成语的机器学习方法的开发,特别是对于在训练集中不发生的表达式。我们提出了一种叫做小鼠的方法,它使用上下文嵌入来实现此目的。我们展示了一个新的多字表达式数据集,具有文字和惯用含义,并使用它根据两个最先进的上下文单词嵌入式培训分类器:Elmo和Bert。我们表明,使用两个嵌入式的深度神经网络比现有方法更好地执行,并且能够检测惯用词使用,即使对于训练集中不存在的表达式。我们展示了开发模型的交叉传输,并分析了所需数据集的大小。
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建筑聊天禁令的最大挑战是培训数据。所需的数据必须逼真,足以训练聊天禁止。我们创建一个工具,用于从Facebook页面的Facebook Messenger获取实际培训数据。在文本预处理步骤之后,新获得的数据集生成FVNC和示例数据集。我们使用返回越南(Phobert)的伯特来提取文本数据的功能。 K-means和DBSCAN聚类算法用于基于Phobert $ _ {Base} $的输出嵌入式群集任务。我们应用V测量分数和轮廓分数来评估聚类算法的性能。我们还展示了Phobert的效率与样本数据集和Wiki DataSet上的特征提取中的其他模型相比。还提出了一种结合聚类评估的GridSearch算法来找到最佳参数。由于群集如此多的对话,我们节省了大量的时间和精力来构建培训Chatbot的数据和故事情节。
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本次调查绘制了用于分析社交媒体数据的生成方法的研究状态的广泛的全景照片(Sota)。它填补了空白,因为现有的调查文章在其范围内或被约会。我们包括两个重要方面,目前正在挖掘和建模社交媒体的重要性:动态和网络。社会动态对于了解影响影响或疾病的传播,友谊的形成,友谊的形成等,另一方面,可以捕获各种复杂关系,提供额外的洞察力和识别否则将不会被注意的重要模式。
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在科学研究中,该方法是解决科学问题和关键研究对象的必不可少手段。随着科学的发展,正在提出,修改和使用许多科学方法。作者在抽象和身体文本中描述了该方法的详细信息,并且反映该方法名称的学术文献中的关键实体称为方法实体。在大量的学术文献中探索各种方法实体有助于学者了解现有方法,为研究任务选择适当的方法并提出新方法。此外,方法实体的演变可以揭示纪律的发展并促进知识发现。因此,本文对方法论和经验作品进行了系统的综述,重点是从全文学术文献中提取方法实体,并努力使用这些提取的方法实体来建立知识服务。首先提出了本综述涉及的关键概念的定义。基于这些定义,我们系统地审查了提取和评估方法实体的方法和指标,重点是每种方法的利弊。我们还调查了如何使用提取的方法实体来构建新应用程序。最后,讨论了现有作品的限制以及潜在的下一步。
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Machine learning about language can be improved by supplying it with specific knowledge and sources of external information. We present here a new version of the linked open data resource ConceptNet that is particularly well suited to be used with modern NLP techniques such as word embeddings.ConceptNet is a knowledge graph that connects words and phrases of natural language with labeled edges. Its knowledge is collected from many sources that include expertcreated resources, crowd-sourcing, and games with a purpose. It is designed to represent the general knowledge involved in understanding language, improving natural language applications by allowing the application to better understand the meanings behind the words people use.When ConceptNet is combined with word embeddings acquired from distributional semantics (such as word2vec), it provides applications with understanding that they would not acquire from distributional semantics alone, nor from narrower resources such as WordNet or DBPedia. We demonstrate this with state-of-the-art results on intrinsic evaluations of word relatedness that translate into improvements on applications of word vectors, including solving SAT-style analogies.• A net is used for catching fish.• "Leaves" is a form of the word "leaf ".• The word cold in English is studený in Czech.• O alimento é usado para comer [Food is used for eating].
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A widely acknowledged shortcoming of WordNet is that it lacks a distinction between word meanings which are systematically related (polysemy), and those which are coincidental (homonymy). Several previous works have attempted to fill this gap, by inferring this information using computational methods. We revisit this task, and exploit recent advances in language modelling to synthesise homonymy annotation for Princeton WordNet. Previous approaches treat the problem using clustering methods; by contrast, our method works by linking WordNet to the Oxford English Dictionary, which contains the information we need. To perform this alignment, we pair definitions based on their proximity in an embedding space produced by a Transformer model. Despite the simplicity of this approach, our best model attains an F1 of .97 on an evaluation set that we annotate. The outcome of our work is a high-quality homonymy annotation layer for Princeton WordNet, which we release.
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上下文(WIC)任务在NLP社区中引起了相当大的关注,如最近的MCL-WIC Semeval共享任务的普及所示。来自单词感应消歧(WSD)的系统和词汇资源通常用于WIC任务和WIC数据集构建。在本文中,我们建立了WIC和WSD之间的确切关系,以及目标感觉验证(TSV)的相关任务。建立在一个关于感觉和意味着区别的等价性的新颖假设,我们通过从理论计算机科学的应用中展示这三种语义分类问题可以彼此成对减少,因此是等同的。涉及WIC和WSD的系统和数据集的实验结果提供了强大的经验证据,以至于我们的问题减少在实践中的工作。
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本文介绍了对土耳其语可用于的语料库和词汇资源的全面调查。我们审查了广泛的资源,重点关注公开可用的资源。除了提供有关可用语言资源的信息外,我们还提供了一组建议,并确定可用于在土耳其语言学和自然语言处理中进行研究和建筑应用的数据中的差距。
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Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject-verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarise the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgements, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments.
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各种现有研究分析了NLP模型继承了哪些社会偏见。这些偏见可能直接或间接损害人们,因此以前的研究仅关注人类属性。但是,直到最近,还没有关于NLP关于非人类的社会偏见的研究。在本文中,我们分析了非人类动物的偏见,即物种主义偏见,在英语蒙面语言模型(例如Bert)中固有的偏见。我们使用基于模板的和语料库提取的句子(或非特征主义)语言分析了物种主义对46个动物名称的偏见。我们发现,预先训练的蒙版语言模型倾向于将有害单词与非人类动物联系起来,并且有偏见的偏见,将物种主义语言用于某些非人类动物名称。我们用于复制实验的代码将在GitHub上提供。
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Linguists distinguish between novel and conventional metaphor, a distinction which the metaphor detection task in NLP does not take into account. Instead, metaphoricity is formulated as a property of a token in a sentence, regardless of metaphor type. In this paper, we investigate the limitations of treating conventional metaphors in this way, and advocate for an alternative which we name 'metaphorical polysemy detection' (MPD). In MPD, only conventional metaphoricity is treated, and it is formulated as a property of word senses in a lexicon. We develop the first MPD model, which learns to identify conventional metaphors in the English WordNet. To train it, we present a novel training procedure that combines metaphor detection with word sense disambiguation (WSD). For evaluation, we manually annotate metaphor in two subsets of WordNet. Our model significantly outperforms a strong baseline based on a state-of-the-art metaphor detection model, attaining an ROC-AUC score of .78 (compared to .65) on one of the sets. Additionally, when paired with a WSD model, our approach outperforms a state-of-the-art metaphor detection model at identifying conventional metaphors in text (.659 F1 compared to .626).
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