Script is a kind of structured knowledge extracted from texts, which contains a sequence of events. Based on such knowledge, script event prediction aims to predict the subsequent event. To do so, two aspects should be considered for events, namely, event description (i.e., what the events should contain) and event encoding (i.e., how they should be encoded). Most existing methods describe an event by a verb together with only a few core arguments (i.e., subject, object, and indirect object), which are not precise. In addition, existing event encoders are limited to a fixed number of arguments, which are not flexible to deal with extra information. Thus, in this paper, we propose the Rich Event Prediction (REP) framework for script event prediction. Fundamentally, it is based on the proposed rich event description, which enriches the existing ones with three kinds of important information, namely, the senses of verbs, extra semantic roles, and types of participants. REP contains an event extractor to extract such information from texts. Based on the extracted rich information, a predictor then selects the most probable subsequent event. The core component of the predictor is a transformer-based event encoder to flexibly deal with an arbitrary number of arguments. Experimental results on the widely used Gigaword Corpus show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

除了以实体为中心的知识之外，通常组织为知识图（千克），事件也是世界上的必不可少的知识，这触发了活动以kg（ekg）等事件为中心的知识表示形式的春天。它在许多机器学习和人工智能应用中起着越来越重要的作用，例如智能搜索，问答，推荐和文本生成。本文提供了历史，本体实例和应用视图的ekg综合调查。具体而言，要彻底地表征EKG，我们专注于其历史，定义，架构归纳，获取，相关代表图形/系统和应用程序。其中研究了发展过程和趋势。我们进一步总结了透视方向，以促进对EKG的未来研究。

Script event prediction aims to predict the subsequent event given the context. This requires the capability to infer the correlations between events. Recent works have attempted to improve event correlation reasoning by using pretrained language models and incorporating external knowledge~(e.g., discourse relations). Though promising results have been achieved, some challenges still remain. First, the pretrained language models adopted by current works ignore event-level knowledge, resulting in an inability to capture the correlations between events well. Second, modeling correlations between events with discourse relations is limited because it can only capture explicit correlations between events with discourse markers, and cannot capture many implicit correlations. To this end, we propose a novel generative approach for this task, in which a pretrained language model is fine-tuned with an event-centric pretraining objective and predicts the next event within a generative paradigm. Specifically, we first introduce a novel event-level blank infilling strategy as the learning objective to inject event-level knowledge into the pretrained language model, and then design a likelihood-based contrastive loss for fine-tuning the generative model. Instead of using an additional prediction layer, we perform prediction by using sequence likelihoods generated by the generative model. Our approach models correlations between events in a soft way without any external knowledge. The likelihood-based prediction eliminates the need to use additional networks to make predictions and is somewhat interpretable since it scores each word in the event. Experimental results on the multi-choice narrative cloze~(MCNC) task demonstrate that our approach achieves better results than other state-of-the-art baselines. Our code will be available at \url{https://github.com/zhufq00/mcnc}.

在线新闻建议的一个关键挑战是帮助用户找到他们感兴趣的文章。传统新闻推荐方法通常使用单一新闻信息，这不足以编码新闻和用户表示。最近的研究使用多个频道新闻信息，例如标题，类别和机构，增强新闻和用户表示。然而，这些方法仅使用各种注意机制来熔化多视图嵌入，而不考虑上下文中包含的深度挖掘更高级别的信息。这些方法编码了在Word级别的新闻内容并共同培训了推荐网络中的注意参数，导致培训模型所需的更多Coreas。我们提出了一个事件提取的新闻推荐（EENR）框架，以克服这些缺点，利用事件提取到抽象的更高级别信息。 Eenr还使用两级策略来减少推荐网络后续部分的参数。我们在第一阶段通过外部语料库训练事件提取模块，并将训练型模型应用于新闻推荐数据集，以预测第二阶段的事件级信息，包括事件类型，角色和参数，包括事件类型，角色和参数。然后我们保险熔断多个频道信息，包括活动信息，新闻标题和类别，以编码新闻和用户。对现实世界数据集的广泛实验表明，我们的EENR方法可以有效地提高新闻建议的性能。最后，我们还探讨了利用更高抽象级别信息来替代新闻身体内容的合理性。

在文档级事件提取（DEE）任务中，事件参数始终散布在句子（串行问题）中，并且多个事件可能存在于一个文档（多事件问题）中。在本文中，我们认为事件参数的关系信息对于解决上述两个问题具有重要意义，并提出了一个新的DEE框架，该框架可以对关系依赖关系进行建模，称为关系授权的文档级事件提取（REDEE）。更具体地说，该框架具有一种新颖的量身定制的变压器，称为关系增强的注意变形金刚（RAAT）。 RAAT可扩展以捕获多尺度和多启动参数关系。为了进一步利用关系信息，我们介绍了一个单独的事件关系预测任务，并采用多任务学习方法来显式增强事件提取性能。广泛的实验证明了该方法的有效性，该方法可以在两个公共数据集上实现最新性能。我们的代码可在https：// github上找到。 com/tencentyouturesearch/raat。

Video event extraction aims to detect salient events from a video and identify the arguments for each event as well as their semantic roles. Existing methods focus on capturing the overall visual scene of each frame, ignoring fine-grained argument-level information. Inspired by the definition of events as changes of states, we propose a novel framework to detect video events by tracking the changes in the visual states of all involved arguments, which are expected to provide the most informative evidence for the extraction of video events. In order to capture the visual state changes of arguments, we decompose them into changes in pixels within objects, displacements of objects, and interactions among multiple arguments. We further propose Object State Embedding, Object Motion-aware Embedding and Argument Interaction Embedding to encode and track these changes respectively. Experiments on various video event extraction tasks demonstrate significant improvements compared to state-of-the-art models. In particular, on verb classification, we achieve 3.49% absolute gains (19.53% relative gains) in F1@5 on Video Situation Recognition.

尽管传记在语义网络中广泛传播，但自动提取传记事件的资源和方法受到限制。这种限制减少了结构化的，可读的传记信息的数量，尤其是关于属于代表性不足的人的人的数量。我们的工作通过为生活事件的语义注释提供一组准则来挑战这一限制。该准则旨在与现有的ISO语义注释标准可互操作：ISO-TIMEML（ISO-24617-1）和SEMAF（ISO-24617-4）。通过代表不足的作家的维基百科传记的注释任务，即非西方国家，移民或属于少数民族的作者，对准则进行了测试。 4个注释者注释了1,000个句子，平均通知者协议为0.825。由此产生的语料库被映射在Ontonotes上。这样的映射允许扩展我们的语料库，表明已经存在现有资源可以用于传记事件提取任务。

Temporal knowledge graph, serving as an effective way to store and model dynamic relations, shows promising prospects in event forecasting. However, most temporal knowledge graph reasoning methods are highly dependent on the recurrence or periodicity of events, which brings challenges to inferring future events related to entities that lack historical interaction. In fact, the current moment is often the combined effect of a small part of historical information and those unobserved underlying factors. To this end, we propose a new event forecasting model called Contrastive Event Network (CENET), based on a novel training framework of historical contrastive learning. CENET learns both the historical and non-historical dependency to distinguish the most potential entities that can best match the given query. Simultaneously, it trains representations of queries to investigate whether the current moment depends more on historical or non-historical events by launching contrastive learning. The representations further help train a binary classifier whose output is a boolean mask to indicate related entities in the search space. During the inference process, CENET employs a mask-based strategy to generate the final results. We evaluate our proposed model on five benchmark graphs. The results demonstrate that CENET significantly outperforms all existing methods in most metrics, achieving at least $8.3\%$ relative improvement of Hits@1 over previous state-of-the-art baselines on event-based datasets.

语义角色标签（SRL）旨在识别句子的谓词题目结构，并可以分解为两个子任务：谓词歧义歧义和参数标记。先前的工作独立处理这两个任务，这两个任务忽略了两个任务之间的语义连接。在本文中，我们建议使用机器阅读理解（MRC）框架来弥合这一差距。我们将谓词歧义形式化为多项选择的机器阅读理解，其中给定谓词的候选感官的描述用作选择正确的感觉的选项。然后使用所选的谓词感来确定该谓词的语义角色，这些语义角色用于构建另一个MRC模型的查询以进行参数标记。这样，我们能够利用参数标记的谓词语义和语义角色语义。我们还建议为计算效率选择所有可能的语义角色的子集。实验表明，所提出的框架可实现与先前工作的最新结果或可比的结果。代码可在\ url {https://github.com/shannonai/mrc-srl}上获得。

随着信息技术的快速发展，在线平台已经产生了巨大的文本资源。作为一种特定形式的信息提取（即），事件提取（EE）由于其自动从人类语言提取事件的能力而增加了普及。但是，事件提取有限的文献调查。现有审查工作要么花费很多努力，用于描述各种方法的细节或专注于特定领域。本研究提供了全面概述了最先进的事件提取方法及其从文本的应用程序，包括闭域和开放式事件提取。这项调查的特点是它提供了适度复杂性的概要，避免涉及特定方法的太多细节。本研究侧重于讨论代表作品的常见角色，应用领域，优势和缺点，忽略各个方法的特殊性。最后，我们总结了常见问题，当前解决方案和未来的研究方向。我们希望这项工作能够帮助研究人员和从业者获得最近的事件提取的快速概述。

Storytelling and narrative are fundamental to human experience, intertwined with our social and cultural engagement. As such, researchers have long attempted to create systems that can generate stories automatically. In recent years, powered by deep learning and massive data resources, automatic story generation has shown significant advances. However, considerable challenges, like the need for global coherence in generated stories, still hamper generative models from reaching the same storytelling ability as human narrators. To tackle these challenges, many studies seek to inject structured knowledge into the generation process, which is referred to as structure knowledge-enhanced story generation. Incorporating external knowledge can enhance the logical coherence among story events, achieve better knowledge grounding, and alleviate over-generalization and repetition problems in stories. This survey provides the latest and comprehensive review of this research field: (i) we present a systematical taxonomy regarding how existing methods integrate structured knowledge into story generation; (ii) we summarize involved story corpora, structured knowledge datasets, and evaluation metrics; (iii) we give multidimensional insights into the challenges of knowledge-enhanced story generation and cast light on promising directions for future study.

Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.

Vision-Language（V + L）预先润廓模型通过了解图像和文本之间的对齐来支持多媒体应用程序取得了巨大成功。虽然现有的视觉预押模型主要专注于了解文本中的图像或实体中的对象，但它们通常会忽略事件级别的对齐及其参数结构。 ％在这项工作中，我们提出了一种对比的学习框架来强制执行愿景 - 语言预押模型来理解事件和相关参数（参与者）角色。为此，我们利用文本信息提取技术来获得事件结构知识，并利用多个提示函数来通过操纵事件结构来对比难度的负面描述。我们还基于最佳传输来设计事件图对齐损耗以捕获事件参数结构。此外，我们收集了一个大型活动的数据集（106,875张图片），用于预磨平，这提供了更具挑战性的图像检索基准，以评估对复杂冗长的句子的理解。实验表明，我们的零射剪辑事件优于在多媒体事件提取中的参数提取中的最先进的监督模型，从而实现了事件提取中的5±绝对f得分增益，以及显着改进零拍摄设置下的各种下游任务。

Question Generation (QG) is fundamentally a simple syntactic transformation; however, many aspects of semantics influence what questions are good to form. We implement this observation by developing SynQG, a set of transparent syntactic rules leveraging universal dependencies, shallow semantic parsing, lexical resources, and custom rules which transform declarative sentences into question-answer pairs. We utilize PropBank argument descriptions and VerbNet state predicates to incorporate shallow semantic content, which helps generate questions of a descriptive nature and produce inferential and semantically richer questions than existing systems. In order to improve syntactic fluency and eliminate grammatically incorrect questions, we employ back-translation over the output of these syntactic rules. A set of crowd-sourced evaluations shows that our system can generate a larger number of highly grammatical and relevant questions than previous QG systems and that back-translation drastically improves grammaticality at a slight cost of generating irrelevant questions.

Knowledge graph (KG) embedding is to embed components of a KG including entities and relations into continuous vector spaces, so as to simplify the manipulation while preserving the inherent structure of the KG. It can benefit a variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion and relation extraction, and hence has quickly gained massive attention. In this article, we provide a systematic review of existing techniques, including not only the state-of-the-arts but also those with latest trends. Particularly, we make the review based on the type of information used in the embedding task. Techniques that conduct embedding using only facts observed in the KG are first introduced. We describe the overall framework, specific model design, typical training procedures, as well as pros and cons of such techniques. After that, we discuss techniques that further incorporate additional information besides facts. We focus specifically on the use of entity types, relation paths, textual descriptions, and logical rules. Finally, we briefly introduce how KG embedding can be applied to and benefit a wide variety of downstream tasks such as KG completion, relation extraction, question answering, and so forth.

扎根的情况识别（GSR）旨在生成图像的结构化语义摘要，以``类人''事件的理解。具体而言，GSR任务不仅检测出明显的活动动词（例如购买），而且还可以预测所有相应的语义角色（例如代理和商品）。受对象检测和图像字幕任务的启发，现有方法通常采用两个阶段框架：1）检测活动动词，然后2）基于检测到的动词来预测语义角色。显然，这个不合逻辑的框架构成了语义理解的巨大障碍。首先，仅没有语义角色的前检测动词不可避免地无法区分许多类似的日常活动（例如，提供和赠与，买卖）。其次，以封闭的自动回归方式预测语义角色几乎无法利用动词和角色之间的语义关系。为此，在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的两阶段框架，该框架着重于在动词和角色中利用这种双向关系。在第一阶段，我们没有预测动词，而是推迟检测步骤并假设一个伪标记，其中每个相应的语义角色都从图像中学到了每个相应的语义角色的中间表示。在第二阶段，我们利用变压器层发掘动词和语义角色内的潜在语义关系。借助一组支持图像，替代学习方案旨在同时优化结果：使用与图像相对应的名词更新动词，并使用支持图像中的动词更新名词。关于挑战性SWIG基准测试的广泛实验结果表明，我们翻新的框架在各种指标下的表现优于其他最先进的方法。

Semantic code search is the task of retrieving a code snippet given a textual description of its functionality. Recent work has been focused on using similarity metrics between neural embeddings of text and code. However, current language models are known to struggle with longer, compositional text, and multi-step reasoning. To overcome this limitation, we propose supplementing the query sentence with a layout of its semantic structure. The semantic layout is used to break down the final reasoning decision into a series of lower-level decisions. We use a Neural Module Network architecture to implement this idea. We compare our model - NS3 (Neuro-Symbolic Semantic Search) - to a number of baselines, including state-of-the-art semantic code retrieval methods, and evaluate on two datasets - CodeSearchNet and Code Search and Question Answering. We demonstrate that our approach results in more precise code retrieval, and we study the effectiveness of our modular design when handling compositional queries.

基于变压器的语言模型最近在许多自然语言任务中取得了显着的结果。但是，通常通过利用大量培训数据来实现排行榜的性能，并且很少通过将明确的语言知识编码为神经模型。这使许多人质疑语言学对现代自然语言处理的相关性。在本文中，我介绍了几个案例研究，以说明理论语言学和神经语言模型仍然相互关联。首先，语言模型通过提供一个客观的工具来测量语义距离，这对语言学家很有用，语义距离很难使用传统方法。另一方面，语言理论通过提供框架和数据源来探究我们的语言模型，以了解语言理解的特定方面，从而有助于语言建模研究。本论文贡献了三项研究，探讨了语言模型中语法 - 听觉界面的不同方面。在论文的第一部分中，我将语言模型应用于单词类灵活性的问题。我将Mbert作为语义距离测量的来源，我提供了有利于将单词类灵活性分析为方向过程的证据。在论文的第二部分中，我提出了一种方法来测量语言模型中间层的惊奇方法。我的实验表明，包含形态句法异常的句子触发了语言模型早期的惊喜，而不是语义和常识异常。最后，在论文的第三部分中，我适应了一些心理语言学研究，以表明语言模型包含了论证结构结构的知识。总而言之，我的论文在自然语言处理，语言理论和心理语言学之间建立了新的联系，以为语言模型的解释提供新的观点。

机器学习方法尤其是深度神经网络取得了巨大的成功，但其中许多往往依赖于一些标记的样品进行训练。在真实世界的应用中，我们经常需要通过例如具有新兴预测目标和昂贵的样本注释的动态上下文来解决样本短缺。因此，低资源学习，旨在学习具有足够资源（特别是培训样本）的强大预测模型，现在正在被广泛调查。在所有低资源学习研究中，许多人更喜欢以知识图（kg）的形式利用一些辅助信息，这对于知识表示变得越来越受欢迎，以减少对标记样本的依赖。在这项调查中，我们非常全面地审查了90美元的报纸关于两个主要的低资源学习设置 - 零射击学习（ZSL）的预测，从未出现过训练，而且很少拍摄的学习（FSL）预测的新类仅具有可用的少量标记样本。我们首先介绍了ZSL和FSL研究中使用的KGS以及现有的和潜在的KG施工解决方案，然后系统地分类和总结了KG感知ZSL和FSL方法，将它们划分为不同的范例，例如基于映射的映射，数据增强，基于传播和基于优化的。我们接下来呈现了不同的应用程序，包括计算机视觉和自然语言处理中的kg增强预测任务，还包括kg完成的任务，以及每个任务的一些典型评估资源。我们最终讨论了一些关于新学习和推理范式的方面的一些挑战和未来方向，以及高质量的KGs的建设。

Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.