尽管交互式图像分割方法的进展情况，但高质量的像素级注释仍然耗时和费力 - 几个深度学习应用的瓶颈。我们逐步回到由特征空间投影引导的多个图像提出的互动和同时段注释。该策略与现有的交互式分段方法呈现出与现有的交互式分段方法相比，该方法在图像域中进行注释。我们表明要素空间注释在前景分段数据集中使用最先进的方法实现了竞争结果：ICOSEG，DAVIS和屋顶。此外，在语义分割上下文中，它在CityScapes数据集中实现了91.5 \％的准确性，比原始注释程序快74.75倍.Further，我们的贡献揭示了可以与现有方法集成的新颖方向上的灯光。补充材料呈现视频演示。代码在https://github.com/lids-unicamp/rethinking-interactive-image-egation。

视频分割，即将视频帧分组到多个段或对象中，在广泛的实际应用中扮演关键作用，例如电影中的视觉效果辅助，自主驾驶中的现场理解，以及视频会议中的虚拟背景创建，名称一些。最近，由于计算机愿景中的联系复兴，一直存在众多深度学习的方法，这一直专用于视频分割并提供引人注目的性能。在这项调查中，通过引入各自的任务设置，背景概念，感知需要，开发历史，以及开发历史，综合审查这一领域的两种基本研究，即在视频和视频语义分割中，即视频和视频语义分割中的通用对象分段（未知类别）。主要挑战。我们还提供关于两种方法和数据集的代表文学的详细概述。此外，我们在基准数据集中呈现了审查方法的定量性能比较。最后，我们指出了这一领域的一套未解决的开放问题，并提出了进一步研究的可能机会。

Unsupervised object discovery aims to localize objects in images, while removing the dependence on annotations required by most deep learning-based methods. To address this problem, we propose a fully unsupervised, bottom-up approach, for multiple objects discovery. The proposed approach is a two-stage framework. First, instances of object parts are segmented by using the intra-image similarity between self-supervised local features. The second step merges and filters the object parts to form complete object instances. The latter is performed by two CNN models that capture semantic information on objects from the entire dataset. We demonstrate that the pseudo-labels generated by our method provide a better precision-recall trade-off than existing single and multiple objects discovery methods. In particular, we provide state-of-the-art results for both unsupervised class-agnostic object detection and unsupervised image segmentation.

必须在密集的注释图像上培训最先进的实例分段方法。虽然一般而言，这一要求对于生物医学图像尤其令人生畏，其中域专业知识通常需要注释，没有大的公共数据收集可用于预培训。我们建议通过基于非空间嵌入的非空间嵌入的联盟分割方法来解决密集的注释瓶颈，该方法利用所学习的嵌入空间的结构以可分散的方式提取单个实例。然后可以将分割损耗直接应用于实例，整体管道可以以完全或弱监督的方式培训，包括积极解贴的监管的具有挑战性的情况，其中为未标记的部分引入了一种新的自我监督的一致性损失训练数据。我们在不同显微镜模型以及城市景观和CVPPP实例分段基准中评估了对2D和3D分段问题的提出的方法，在后者上实现最先进的结果。该代码可用于：https://github.com/kreshuklab/spoco

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

As an important data selection schema, active learning emerges as the essential component when iterating an Artificial Intelligence (AI) model. It becomes even more critical given the dominance of deep neural network based models, which are composed of a large number of parameters and data hungry, in application. Despite its indispensable role for developing AI models, research on active learning is not as intensive as other research directions. In this paper, we present a review of active learning through deep active learning approaches from the following perspectives: 1) technical advancements in active learning, 2) applications of active learning in computer vision, 3) industrial systems leveraging or with potential to leverage active learning for data iteration, 4) current limitations and future research directions. We expect this paper to clarify the significance of active learning in a modern AI model manufacturing process and to bring additional research attention to active learning. By addressing data automation challenges and coping with automated machine learning systems, active learning will facilitate democratization of AI technologies by boosting model production at scale.

在这项工作中，我们专注于互动人类解析（IHP），旨在将人体形象分成多个人体部位，具有来自用户的相互作用的指导。这项新任务继承了人类解析的类感知属性，其无法通过通常是禁止类别的传统交互式图像分割方法很好地解决。为了解决这项新任务，我们首先利用用户点击以识别给定图像中的不同人为部分。随后将这些点击转换为语义感知的本地化映射，其与RGB图像连接以形成分割网络的输入并生成初始解析结果。为了使网络能够更好地了解用户在校正过程中的目的，我们调查了改进的几个主要方法，并揭示了基于随机采样的点击增强是推广校正效果的最佳方式。此外，我们还提出了一种语义感知损失（SP损失）来增加培训，这可以有效利用点击的语义关系以获得更好的优化。为了最好的知识，这项工作是第一次尝试在交互式设置下解决人类解析任务。我们的IHP解决方案在基准嘴唇上实现了85 \％Miou，Pascal-Person-Part和CiHP，75 \％Miou，只有1.95,3.02,2.84和每班3.09点击的Helen。这些结果表明，我们只需几个人类努力就可以获得高品质的人类解析面具。我们希望这项工作能够激励更多的研究人员在未来为IHP开发数据有效的解决方案。

视频分析的图像分割在不同的研究领域起着重要作用，例如智能城市，医疗保健，计算机视觉和地球科学以及遥感应用。在这方面，最近致力于发展新的细分策略;最新的杰出成就之一是Panoptic细分。后者是由语义和实例分割的融合引起的。明确地，目前正在研究Panoptic细分，以帮助获得更多对视频监控，人群计数，自主驾驶，医学图像分析的图像场景的更细致的知识，以及一般对场景更深入的了解。为此，我们介绍了本文的首次全面审查现有的Panoptic分段方法，以获得作者的知识。因此，基于所采用的算法，应用场景和主要目标的性质，执行现有的Panoptic技术的明确定义分类。此外，讨论了使用伪标签注释新数据集的Panoptic分割。继续前进，进行消融研究，以了解不同观点的Panoptic方法。此外，讨论了适合于Panoptic分割的评估度量，并提供了现有解决方案性能的比较，以告知最先进的并识别其局限性和优势。最后，目前对主题技术面临的挑战和吸引不久的将来吸引相当兴趣的未来趋势，可以成为即将到来的研究研究的起点。提供代码的文件可用于：https：//github.com/elharroussomar/awesome-panoptic-egation

Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.

The semantic image segmentation task presents a trade-off between test time accuracy and training-time annotation cost. Detailed per-pixel annotations enable training accurate models but are very timeconsuming to obtain; image-level class labels are an order of magnitude cheaper but result in less accurate models. We take a natural step from image-level annotation towards stronger supervision: we ask annotators to point to an object if one exists. We incorporate this point supervision along with a novel objectness potential in the training loss function of a CNN model. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC 2012 benchmark reveal that the combined effect of point-level supervision and objectness potential yields an improvement of 12.9% mIOU over image-level supervision. Further, we demonstrate that models trained with pointlevel supervision are more accurate than models trained with image-level, squiggle-level or full supervision given a fixed annotation budget.

Jitendra Malik once said, "Supervision is the opium of the AI researcher". Most deep learning techniques heavily rely on extreme amounts of human labels to work effectively. In today's world, the rate of data creation greatly surpasses the rate of data annotation. Full reliance on human annotations is just a temporary means to solve current closed problems in AI. In reality, only a tiny fraction of data is annotated. Annotation Efficient Learning (AEL) is a study of algorithms to train models effectively with fewer annotations. To thrive in AEL environments, we need deep learning techniques that rely less on manual annotations (e.g., image, bounding-box, and per-pixel labels), but learn useful information from unlabeled data. In this thesis, we explore five different techniques for handling AEL.

大多数现有的点云实例和语义分割方法在很大程度上依赖于强大的监督信号，这需要场景中每个点的点级标签。但是，这种强大的监督遭受了巨大的注释成本，引起了研究有效注释的需求。在本文中，我们发现实例的位置对实例和语义3D场景细分都很重要。通过充分利用位置，我们设计了一种弱监督的点云分割算法，该算法仅需要单击每个实例以指示其注释的位置。通过进行预处理过度分割，我们将这些位置注释扩展到seg级标签中。我们通过将未标记的片段分组分组到相关的附近标签段中，进一步设计一个段分组网络（SEGGROUP），以在SEG级标签下生成点级伪标签，以便现有的点级监督的分段模型可以直接消耗这些PSEUDO标签为了训练。实验结果表明，我们的SEG级监督方法（SEGGROUP）通过完全注释的点级监督方法获得了可比的结果。此外，在固定注释预算的情况下，它的表现优于最近弱监督的方法。

In contrast to fully supervised methods using pixel-wise mask labels, box-supervised instance segmentation takes advantage of simple box annotations, which has recently attracted increasing research attention. This paper presents a novel single-shot instance segmentation approach, namely Box2Mask, which integrates the classical level-set evolution model into deep neural network learning to achieve accurate mask prediction with only bounding box supervision. Specifically, both the input image and its deep features are employed to evolve the level-set curves implicitly, and a local consistency module based on a pixel affinity kernel is used to mine the local context and spatial relations. Two types of single-stage frameworks, i.e., CNN-based and transformer-based frameworks, are developed to empower the level-set evolution for box-supervised instance segmentation, and each framework consists of three essential components: instance-aware decoder, box-level matching assignment and level-set evolution. By minimizing the level-set energy function, the mask map of each instance can be iteratively optimized within its bounding box annotation. The experimental results on five challenging testbeds, covering general scenes, remote sensing, medical and scene text images, demonstrate the outstanding performance of our proposed Box2Mask approach for box-supervised instance segmentation. In particular, with the Swin-Transformer large backbone, our Box2Mask obtains 42.4% mask AP on COCO, which is on par with the recently developed fully mask-supervised methods. The code is available at: https://github.com/LiWentomng/boxlevelset.

Image segmentation is a key topic in image processing and computer vision with applications such as scene understanding, medical image analysis, robotic perception, video surveillance, augmented reality, and image compression, among many others. Various algorithms for image segmentation have been developed in the literature. Recently, due to the success of deep learning models in a wide range of vision applications, there has been a substantial amount of works aimed at developing image segmentation approaches using deep learning models. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature at the time of this writing, covering a broad spectrum of pioneering works for semantic and instance-level segmentation, including fully convolutional pixel-labeling networks, encoder-decoder architectures, multi-scale and pyramid based approaches, recurrent networks, visual attention models, and generative models in adversarial settings. We investigate the similarity, strengths and challenges of these deep learning models, examine the most widely used datasets, report performances, and discuss promising future research directions in this area.

我们提出了一种新颖的方法，该方法将基于机器学习的交互式图像分割结合在一起，使用Supersoxels与聚类方法结合了用于自动识别大型数据集中类似颜色的图像的聚类方法，从而使分类器的指导重复使用。我们的方法解决了普遍的颜色可变性的问题，并且在生物学和医学图像中通常不可避免，这通常会导致分割恶化和量化精度，从而大大降低了必要的训练工作。效率的这种提高促进了大量图像的量化，从而为高通量成像中的最新技术进步提供了交互式图像分析。所呈现的方法几乎适用于任何图像类型，并代表通常用于图像分析任务的有用工具。

深度学习的快速发展在分割方面取得了长足的进步，这是计算机视觉的基本任务之一。但是，当前的细分算法主要取决于像素级注释的可用性，这些注释通常昂贵，乏味且费力。为了减轻这一负担，过去几年见证了越来越多的关注，以建立标签高效，深度学习的细分算法。本文对标签有效的细分方法进行了全面的审查。为此，我们首先根据不同类型的弱标签提供的监督（包括没有监督，粗略监督，不完整的监督和嘈杂的监督和嘈杂的监督），首先开发出一种分类法来组织这些方法，并通过细分类型（包括语义细分）补充，实例分割和全景分割）。接下来，我们从统一的角度总结了现有的标签有效的细分方法，该方法讨论了一个重要的问题：如何弥合弱监督和密集预测之间的差距 - 当前的方法主要基于启发式先导，例如交叉像素相似性，跨标签约束，跨视图一致性，跨图像关系等。最后，我们分享了对标签有效深层细分的未来研究方向的看法。

我们介绍了遮阳板，一个新的像素注释的新数据集和一个基准套件，用于在以自我为中心的视频中分割手和活动对象。遮阳板注释Epic-kitchens的视频，其中带有当前视频分割数据集中未遇到的新挑战。具体而言，我们需要确保像素级注释作为对象经历变革性相互作用的短期和长期一致性，例如洋葱被剥皮，切成丁和煮熟 - 我们旨在获得果皮，洋葱块，斩波板，刀，锅以及表演手的准确像素级注释。遮阳板引入了一条注释管道，以零件为ai驱动，以进行可伸缩性和质量。总共，我们公开发布257个对象类的272K手册语义面具，990万个插值密集口罩，67K手动关系，涵盖36小时的179个未修剪视频。除了注释外，我们还引入了视频对象细分，互动理解和长期推理方面的三个挑战。有关数据，代码和排行榜：http：//epic-kitchens.github.io/visor

机器人的视觉系统根据应用程序的要求不同：它可能需要高精度或可靠性，受到有限的资源的约束或需要快速适应动态变化的环境。在这项工作中，我们专注于实例分割任务，并对不同的技术进行了全面的研究，这些技术允许在存在新对象或不同域的存在下调整对象分割模型。我们为针对数据流入的机器人应用设计的快速实例细分学习提供了一条管道。它基于在预训练的CNN上利用的混合方法，用于特征提取和基于快速培训的基于内核的分类器。我们还提出了一种培训协议，该协议可以通过在数据采集期间执行特征提取来缩短培训时间。我们在两个机器人数据集上基准了提议的管道，然后将其部署在一个真实的机器人上，即iCub类人体。为了这个目的，我们将方法调整为一个增量设置，在该设置中，机器人在线学习新颖对象。复制实验的代码在GitHub上公开可用。

Semantic understanding of visual scenes is one of the holy grails of computer vision. Despite efforts of the community in data collection, there are still few image datasets covering a wide range of scenes and object categories with pixel-wise annotations for scene understanding. In this work, we present a densely annotated dataset ADE20K, which spans diverse annotations of scenes, objects, parts of objects, and in some cases even parts of parts. Totally there are 25k images of the complex everyday scenes containing a variety of objects in their natural spatial context. On average there are 19.5 instances and 10.5 object classes per image. Based on ADE20K, we construct benchmarks for scene parsing and instance segmentation. We provide baseline performances on both of the benchmarks and re-implement the state-ofthe-art models for open source. We further evaluate the effect of synchronized batch normalization and find that a reasonably large batch size is crucial for the semantic segmentation performance. We show that the networks trained on ADE20K are able to segment a wide variety of scenes and objects 1 .