Across the financial domain, researchers answer complex questions by extensively "searching" for relevant information to generate long-form reports. This workshop paper discusses automating the construction of query-specific document and entity knowledge graphs (KGs) for complex research topics. We focus on the CODEC dataset, where domain experts (1) create challenging questions, (2) construct long natural language narratives, and (3) iteratively search and assess the relevance of documents and entities. For the construction of query-specific KGs, we show that state-of-the-art ranking systems have headroom for improvement, with specific failings due to a lack of context or explicit knowledge representation. We demonstrate that entity and document relevance are positively correlated, and that entity-based query feedback improves document ranking effectiveness. Furthermore, we construct query-specific KGs using retrieval and evaluate using CODEC's "ground-truth graphs", showing the precision and recall trade-offs. Lastly, we point to future work, including adaptive KG retrieval algorithms and GNN-based weighting methods, while highlighting key challenges such as high-quality data, information extraction recall, and the size and sparsity of complex topic graphs.
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自动问题应答(QA)系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库(或知识库)或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里,收购知识的扩散,因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此,即使对于领域专家,也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进,用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档,以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是,手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统,该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中,我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法,然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面,包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性,并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。
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Answering complex questions over textual resources remains a challenging problem$\unicode{x2013}$especially when interpreting the fine-grained relationships among multiple entities that occur within a natural-language question or clue. Curated knowledge bases (KBs), such as YAGO, DBpedia, Freebase and Wikidata, have been widely used in this context and gained great acceptance for question-answering (QA) applications in the past decade. While current KBs offer a concise representation of structured knowledge, they lack the variety of formulations and semantic nuances as well as the context of information provided by the natural-language sources. With BigText-QA, we aim to develop an integrated QA system which is able to answer questions based on a more redundant form of a knowledge graph (KG) that organizes both structured and unstructured (i.e., "hybrid") knowledge in a unified graphical representation. BigText-QA thereby is able to combine the best of both worlds$\unicode{x2013}$a canonical set of named entities, mapped to a structured background KB (such as YAGO or Wikidata), as well as an open set of textual clauses providing highly diversified relational paraphrases with rich context information.
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知识基础问题回答(KBQA)旨在通过知识库(KB)回答问题。早期研究主要集中于回答有关KB的简单问题,并取得了巨大的成功。但是,他们在复杂问题上的表现远非令人满意。因此,近年来,研究人员提出了许多新颖的方法,研究了回答复杂问题的挑战。在这项调查中,我们回顾了KBQA的最新进展,重点是解决复杂问题,这些问题通常包含多个主题,表达复合关系或涉及数值操作。详细说明,我们从介绍复杂的KBQA任务和相关背景开始。然后,我们描述用于复杂KBQA任务的基准数据集,并介绍这些数据集的构建过程。接下来,我们提出两个复杂KBQA方法的主流类别,即基于语义解析的方法(基于SP)的方法和基于信息检索的方法(基于IR)。具体而言,我们通过流程设计说明了他们的程序,并讨论了它们的主要差异和相似性。之后,我们总结了这两类方法在回答复杂问题时会遇到的挑战,并解释了现有工作中使用的高级解决方案和技术。最后,我们结论并讨论了与复杂的KBQA有关的几个有希望的方向,以进行未来的研究。
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使用从预先接受训练的语言模型(LMS)和知识图表(LMS)和知识图表(kgs)回答问题的问题提出了两个挑战:给定QA上下文(问答选择),方法需要(i)从大型千克识别相关知识,(ii)对QA上下文和kg进行联合推理。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新的模型,QA-GNN,它通过两个关键创新解决了上述挑战:(i)相关评分,我们使用LMS来估计KG节点相对于给定的QA上下文的重要性,以及(ii)联合推理,我们将QA上下文和kg连接到联合图,并通过图形神经网络相互更新它们的表示。我们评估了QA基准的模型(CommanSeaseQA,OpenBookQA)和生物医学(MedQa-USMLE)域名。QA-GNN优于现有的LM和LM + kg模型,并表现出可解释和结构化推理的能力,例如,正确处理问题的否定。
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本文介绍了预测关系提取的文本文档的覆盖范围的新任务(重新):该文件是否包含给定实体的许多关系元组?覆盖预测可用于选择具有大型输入基层的知识库建设的最佳文档。为研究这个问题,我们为520个实体提供了31,366个不同文件的数据集。我们分析了文档覆盖的相关性与长度,实体提及频率,alexa等级,语言复杂性和信息检索分数的特征相关。这些特征中的每一个都只有适度的预测力量。我们采用方法将具有统计模型的功能相结合,如TF-IDF和BERT语言模型。该模型结合特性和BERT,HERB,实现了F1得分高达46%。我们展示了两种用例的覆盖预测的效用:KB建设和索赔驳斥。
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Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.
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Wikidata是一个经常更新,社区驱动和多语言知识图形。因此,Wikidata是实体联系的一个有吸引力的基础,这是最近发表论文的增加显而易见的。该调查侧重于四个主题:(1)存在哪些Wikidata实体链接数据集,它们是多么广泛使用,它们是如何构建的? (2)对实体联系数据集的设计进行Wikidata的特点,如果是的话,怎么样? (3)当前实体链接方法如何利用Wikidata的特定特征? (4)现有实体链接方法未开发哪种Wikidata特征?本次调查显示,当前的Wikidata特定实体链接数据集在其他知识图表中的方案中的注释方案中没有不同。因此,没有提升多语言和时间依赖数据集的可能性,是自然适合维基帽的数据集。此外,我们表明大多数实体链接方法使用Wikidata以与任何其他知识图相同的方式,因为任何其他知识图都缺少了利用Wikidata特定特征来提高质量的机会。几乎所有方法都使用标签等特定属性,有时是描述,而是忽略超关系结构等特征。因此,例如,通过包括超关系图嵌入或类型信息,仍有改进的余地。许多方法还包括来自维基百科的信息,这些信息很容易与Wikidata组合并提供有价值的文本信息,Wikidata缺乏。
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We address the challenge of building domain-specific knowledge models for industrial use cases, where labelled data and taxonomic information is initially scarce. Our focus is on inductive link prediction models as a basis for practical tools that support knowledge engineers with exploring text collections and discovering and linking new (so-called open-world) entities to the knowledge graph. We argue that - though neural approaches to text mining have yielded impressive results in the past years - current benchmarks do not reflect the typical challenges encountered in the industrial wild properly. Therefore, our first contribution is an open benchmark coined IRT2 (inductive reasoning with text) that (1) covers knowledge graphs of varying sizes (including very small ones), (2) comes with incidental, low-quality text mentions, and (3) includes not only triple completion but also ranking, which is relevant for supporting experts with discovery tasks. We investigate two neural models for inductive link prediction, one based on end-to-end learning and one that learns from the knowledge graph and text data in separate steps. These models compete with a strong bag-of-words baseline. The results show a significant advance in performance for the neural approaches as soon as the available graph data decreases for linking. For ranking, the results are promising, and the neural approaches outperform the sparse retriever by a wide margin.
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Software-related platforms have enabled their users to collaboratively label software entities with topics. Tagging software repositories with relevant topics can be exploited for facilitating various downstream tasks. For instance, a correct and complete set of topics assigned to a repository can increase its visibility. Consequently, this improves the outcome of tasks such as browsing, searching, navigation, and organization of repositories. Unfortunately, assigned topics are usually highly noisy, and some repositories do not have well-assigned topics. Thus, there have been efforts on recommending topics for software projects, however, the semantic relationships among these topics have not been exploited so far. We propose two recommender models for tagging software projects that incorporate the semantic relationship among topics. Our approach has two main phases; (1) we first take a collaborative approach to curate a dataset of quality topics specifically for the domain of software engineering and development. We also enrich this data with the semantic relationships among these topics and encapsulate them in a knowledge graph we call SED-KGraph. Then, (2) we build two recommender systems; The first one operates only based on the list of original topics assigned to a repository and the relationships specified in our knowledge graph. The second predictive model, however, assumes there are no topics available for a repository, hence it proceeds to predict the relevant topics based on both textual information of a software project and SED-KGraph. We built SED-KGraph in a crowd-sourced project with 170 contributors from both academia and industry. The experiment results indicate that our solutions outperform baselines that neglect the semantic relationships among topics by at least 25% and 23% in terms of ASR and MAP metrics.
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在商业航空域中,有大量文件,例如事故报告(NTSB,ASRS)和监管指令(ADS)。有必要有效地访问这些多样化的存储库,以便在航空业中的服务需求,例如维护,合规性和安全性。在本文中,我们提出了一个基于深度学习的知识图(kg)基于深度学习(DL)的问题答案(QA)航空安全系统。我们从飞机事故报告中构建了知识图,并向研究人员社区贡献了这一资源。该资源的功效由上述质量保证系统测试和证明。根据上述文档构建的自然语言查询将转换为SPARQL(RDF图数据库的接口语言)查询并回答。在DL方面,我们有两个不同的质量检查模型:(i)BERT QA,它是通道检索(基于句子的)和问题答案(基于BERT)的管道,以及(ii)最近发布的GPT-3。我们根据事故报告创建的一系列查询评估系统。我们组合的QA系统在GPT-3上的准确性增长了9.3%,比Bert QA增加了40.3%。因此,我们推断出KG-DL的性能比单一表现更好。
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在该职位论文中,我们提出了一种新方法,以基于问题的产生和实体链接来生成文本的知识库(KB)。我们认为,所提出的KB类型具有传统符号KB的许多关键优势:尤其是由小型模块化组件组成,可以在组合上合并以回答复杂的查询,包括涉及“多跳跃”的关系查询和查询。“推论。但是,与传统的KB不同,该信息商店与常见的用户信息需求相符。
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安全分析师在调查攻击,新兴的网络威胁或最近发现的漏洞后准备威胁分析。关于恶意软件攻击和广告系列的威胁情报在博客文章,报告,分析和推文上分享,并具有不同的技术细节。其他安全分析师使用这种情报来告知他们新兴威胁,妥协指标,攻击方法和预防措施。它统称为威胁智能,通常是一种非结构化格式,因此,无缝集成到现有的IDPS系统中,具有挑战性。在本文中,我们提出了一个汇总并结合CTI的框架 - 公开可用的网络威胁智能信息。使用知识图以结构化的格式提取并存储该信息,以便可以与其他安全分析师进行大规模保留威胁智能的语义。我们建议第一个半监督的开源知识图(KG)框架Tinker捕获网络威胁信息及其上下文。在修补匠之后,我们生成一个网络智能知识图(CTI-KG)。我们使用不同的用例及其应用于安全分析师的应用来证明CTI-KG的功效。
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已经证明,提供对话模型,可以使开放域的对话更加丰富和引人入胜。现有模型将知识选择视为单独处理每个句子的句子排名或分类问题,忽略了后台文档中句子之间的内部语义连接。在这项工作中,我们建议自动将背景知识文档转换为文档语义图,然后在此类图上执行知识选择。我们的文档语义图通过使用句子节点来保留句子级信息,并提供句子之间的概念连接。我们共同将多任务学习用于句子级别和概念级知识选择,并表明它改善了句子级别的选择。我们的实验表明,我们的基于语义图的知识选择改进了知识选择任务和Holle的端到端响应生成任务的句子选择基线,并改善了WOW中看不见的主题的概括。
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Relation Extraction (RE) has been extended to cross-document scenarios because many relations are not simply described in a single document. This inevitably brings the challenge of efficient open-space evidence retrieval to support the inference of cross-document relations, along with the challenge of multi-hop reasoning on top of entities and evidence scattered in an open set of documents. To combat these challenges, we propose Mr.CoD, a multi-hop evidence retrieval method based on evidence path mining and ranking with adapted dense retrievers. We explore multiple variants of retrievers to show evidence retrieval is an essential part in cross-document RE. Experiments on CodRED show that evidence retrieval with Mr.Cod effectively acquires cross-document evidence that essentially supports open-setting cross-document RE. Additionally, we show that Mr.CoD facilitates evidence retrieval and boosts end-to-end RE performance with effective multi-hop reasoning in both closed and open settings of RE.
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图形神经网络(GNNS),作为一组强大的表示对不规则数据学习的强大工具,在各种下游任务中表现出优越性。具有表示为概念映射的非结构化文本,可以针对文档检索等任务来利用GNN。呼吸GNNS如何帮助文档检索,我们对大型多学科数据集电源线19进行实证研究。结果表明,我们提出的语义导向图函数的基于BM25检索的候选人,而不是杜松子酒和GAT等复杂的结构导向GNN,而不是杜松子酒和GATS,而不是基于BM25检索到的候选者实现更好且更稳定的性能。我们在本案例研究中的见解可以作为未来工作的指导准则,以便为文档检索和分类等文本推理任务提供适当的语义导向的归纳偏差。此案例研究的所有代码都可以在https://github.com/hennyjie/gnn-docrocrocal中获得。
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识别跨语言抄袭是挑战性的,特别是对于遥远的语言对和感知翻译。我们介绍了这项任务的新型多语言检索模型跨语言本体论(CL \ nobreakdash-osa)。 CL-OSA表示从开放知识图Wikidata获得的实体向量的文档。反对其他方法,Cl \ nobreakdash-osa不需要计算昂贵的机器翻译,也不需要使用可比较或平行语料库进行预培训。它可靠地歧义同音异义和缩放,以允许其应用于Web级文档集合。我们展示了CL-OSA优于从五个大局部多样化的测试语料中检索候选文档的最先进的方法,包括日语英语等遥控语言对。为了识别在角色级别的跨语言抄袭,CL-OSA主要改善了感觉识别翻译的检测。对于这些挑战性案例,CL-OSA在良好的Plagdet得分方面的表现超过了最佳竞争对手的比例超过两种。我们研究的代码和数据公开可用。
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We present TriviaQA, a challenging reading comprehension dataset containing over 650K question-answer-evidence triples. TriviaQA includes 95K questionanswer pairs authored by trivia enthusiasts and independently gathered evidence documents, six per question on average, that provide high quality distant supervision for answering the questions. We show that, in comparison to other recently introduced large-scale datasets, TriviaQA (1) has relatively complex, compositional questions, (2) has considerable syntactic and lexical variability between questions and corresponding answer-evidence sentences, and (3) requires more cross sentence reasoning to find answers. We also present two baseline algorithms: a featurebased classifier and a state-of-the-art neural network, that performs well on SQuAD reading comprehension. Neither approach comes close to human performance (23% and 40% vs. 80%), suggesting that Trivi-aQA is a challenging testbed that is worth significant future study. 1
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在这项工作中,我们的目标是提供自然语言的结构化答案,以便复杂的信息需求。特别是,我们从数据到文本生成的角度来设想使用生成模型。我们建议使用内容选择和规划管道,该管道旨在通过生成中间计划来构建答案。使用TREC复杂答案检索(CAR)数据集进行实验评估。我们评估生成的答案及其相应的结构,并显示了与文本到文本模型相比的基于规划的模型的有效性。
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知识密集型语言任务(苏格兰信)通常需要大量信息来提供正确的答案。解决此问题的一种流行范式是将搜索系统与机器读取器相结合,前者检索支持证据,后者检查它们以产生答案。最近,读者组成部分在大规模预培养的生成模型的帮助下见证了重大进展。同时,搜索组件中的大多数现有解决方案都依赖于传统的``索引 - retrieve-then-Rank''管道,该管道遭受了巨大的内存足迹和端到端优化的困难。受到最新构建基于模型的IR模型的努力的启发,我们建议用新颖的单步生成模型替换传统的多步搜索管道,该模型可以极大地简化搜索过程并以端到端的方式进行优化。我们表明,可以通过一组经过适当设计的预训练任务来学习强大的生成检索模型,并被采用以通过进一步的微调来改善各种下游苏格兰短裙任务。我们将预训练的生成检索模型命名为Copusbrain,因为有关该语料库的所有信息均以其参数进行编码,而无需构造其他索引。经验结果表明,在苏格兰语基准上的检索任务并建立了新的最新性能,Copusbrain可以极大地超过强大的基准。我们还表明,在零农源和低资源设置下,科体班运行良好。
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