为了适用于现实情况,提出了边界攻击(BAS),并仅使用决策信息确保了100%的攻击成功率。但是,现有的BA方法通过利用简单的随机抽样(SRS)来估算梯度来制作对抗性示例,从而消耗大量模型查询。为了克服SRS的弊端,本文提出了基于拉丁超立方体采样的边界攻击(LHS-BA)以节省查询预算。与SR相比,LHS在相同数量的随机样品中具有更好的均匀性。因此,这些随机样品的平均值比SRS估计的平均梯度更接近真实梯度。在包括MNIST,CIFAR和IMAGENET-1K在内的基准数据集上进行了各种实验。实验结果表明,就查询效率而言,拟议的LHS-BA优于最先进的BA方法。源代码可在https://github.com/gzhu-dvl/lhs-ba上公开获得。
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The goal of a decision-based adversarial attack on a trained model is to generate adversarial examples based solely on observing output labels returned by the targeted model. We develop HopSkipJumpAttack, a family of algorithms based on a novel estimate of the gradient direction using binary information at the decision boundary. The proposed family includes both untargeted and targeted attacks optimized for 2 and ∞ similarity metrics respectively. Theoretical analysis is provided for the proposed algorithms and the gradient direction estimate. Experiments show HopSkipJumpAttack requires significantly fewer model queries than several state-of-the-art decision-based adversarial attacks. It also achieves competitive performance in attacking several widely-used defense mechanisms.
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虽然深度神经网络在各种任务中表现出前所未有的性能,但对对抗性示例的脆弱性阻碍了他们在安全关键系统中的部署。许多研究表明,即使在黑盒设置中也可能攻击,其中攻击者无法访问目标模型的内部信息。大多数黑匣子攻击基于查询,每个都可以获得目标模型的输入输出,并且许多研究侧重于减少所需查询的数量。在本文中,我们注意了目标模型的输出完全对应于查询输入的隐含假设。如果将某些随机性引入模型中,它可以打破假设,因此,基于查询的攻击可能在梯度估计和本地搜索中具有巨大的困难,这是其攻击过程的核心。从这种动机来看,我们甚至观察到一个小的添加剂输入噪声可以中和大多数基于查询的攻击和名称这个简单但有效的方法小噪声防御(SND)。我们分析了SND如何防御基于查询的黑匣子攻击,并展示其与CIFAR-10和ImageNet数据集的八种最先进的攻击有效性。即使具有强大的防御能力,SND几乎保持了原始的分类准确性和计算速度。通过在推断下仅添加一行代码,SND很容易适用于预先训练的模型。
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黑匣子逆势攻击中的一个主要问题是硬盘标签攻击设置中的高查询复杂性,其中仅提供前1个预测标签。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的基于几何方法,称为切线攻击(TA),其识别位于决策边界上的虚拟半球的最佳切线,以降低攻击的失真。假设决策边界是本地平整的,我们理论上证明了最小$ \ ell_2 $失真可以通过沿着每次迭代中的这种切线的切线线路达到决策边界来获得。为了提高我们方法的稳健性,我们进一步提出了一种通过半椭圆体取代半球的广义方法,以适应弯曲的决策边界。我们的方法是免费的Quand参数和预训练。在ImageNet和CiFar-10数据集上进行的广泛实验表明,我们的方法只能消耗少量查询来实现低幅度失真。实施源代码在https://github.com/machanic/tangentattack上在线发布。
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Current neural network-based classifiers are susceptible to adversarial examples even in the black-box setting, where the attacker only has query access to the model. In practice, the threat model for real-world systems is often more restrictive than the typical black-box model where the adversary can observe the full output of the network on arbitrarily many chosen inputs. We define three realistic threat models that more accurately characterize many real-world classifiers: the query-limited setting, the partialinformation setting, and the label-only setting. We develop new attacks that fool classifiers under these more restrictive threat models, where previous methods would be impractical or ineffective. We demonstrate that our methods are effective against an ImageNet classifier under our proposed threat models. We also demonstrate a targeted black-box attack against a commercial classifier, overcoming the challenges of limited query access, partial information, and other practical issues to break the Google Cloud Vision API.
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机器学习模型严重易于来自对抗性示例的逃避攻击。通常,对逆势示例的修改输入类似于原始输入的修改输入,在WhiteBox设置下由对手的WhiteBox设置构成,完全访问模型。然而,最近的攻击已经显示出使用BlackBox攻击的对逆势示例的查询号显着减少。特别是,警报是从越来越多的机器学习提供的经过培训的模型的访问界面中利用分类决定作为包括Google,Microsoft,IBM的服务提供商,并由包含这些模型的多种应用程序使用的服务提供商来利用培训的模型。对手仅利用来自模型的预测标签的能力被区别为基于决策的攻击。在我们的研究中,我们首先深入潜入最近的ICLR和SP的最先进的决策攻击,以突出发现低失真对抗采用梯度估计方法的昂贵性质。我们开发了一种强大的查询高效攻击,能够避免在梯度估计方法中看到的嘈杂渐变中的局部最小和误导中的截留。我们提出的攻击方法,ramboattack利用随机块坐标下降的概念来探索隐藏的分类器歧管,针对扰动来操纵局部输入功能以解决梯度估计方法的问题。重要的是,ramboattack对对对手和目标类别可用的不同样本输入更加强大。总的来说,对于给定的目标类,ramboattack被证明在实现给定查询预算的较低失真时更加强大。我们使用大规模的高分辨率ImageNet数据集来策划我们的广泛结果,并在GitHub上开源我们的攻击,测试样本和伪影。
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) are one of the most prominent technologies of our time, as they achieve state-of-the-art performance in many machine learning tasks, including but not limited to image classification, text mining, and speech processing. However, recent research on DNNs has indicated ever-increasing concern on the robustness to adversarial examples, especially for security-critical tasks such as traffic sign identification for autonomous driving. Studies have unveiled the vulnerability of a well-trained DNN by demonstrating the ability of generating barely noticeable (to both human and machines) adversarial images that lead to misclassification. Furthermore, researchers have shown that these adversarial images are highly transferable by simply training and attacking a substitute model built upon the target model, known as a black-box attack to DNNs.Similar to the setting of training substitute models, in this paper we propose an effective black-box attack that also only has access to the input (images) and the output (confidence scores) of a targeted DNN. However, different from leveraging attack transferability from substitute models, we propose zeroth order optimization (ZOO) based attacks to directly estimate the gradients of the targeted DNN for generating adversarial examples. We use zeroth order stochastic coordinate descent along with dimension reduction, hierarchical attack and importance sampling techniques to * Pin-Yu Chen and Huan Zhang contribute equally to this work.
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基于决策攻击对现实世界应用程序构成严重威胁,因为它将目标模型视为黑盒子,并且仅访问硬预测标签。最近已经努力减少查询的数量;然而,现有的基于决策攻击仍需要数千个疑问以产生良好的质量的对抗性示例。在这项工作中,我们发现一个良性样本,当前和下一个逆势示例可以自然地构建子空间中的三角形以获得任何迭代攻击。基于诸如SINES的规律,我们提出了一种新颖的三角形攻击(TA)来通过利用较长侧总是与任何三角形的较大角度相对的几何信息来优化扰动。然而,直接在输入图像上施加这样的信息是无效的,因为它不能彻底探索高维空间中输入样本的邻域。为了解决这个问题,TA优化低频空间中的扰动,以获得由于此类几何特性的一般性而有效减少。对ImageNet DataSet的广泛评估表明,TA在1,000个查询中实现了更高的攻击成功率,并且需要更少的查询,以在各种扰动预算下实现相同的攻击成功率,而不是现有的基于决策攻击。具有如此高的效率,我们进一步展示了TA在真实世界API上的适用性,即腾讯云API。
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We propose the Square Attack, a score-based black-box l2and l∞-adversarial attack that does not rely on local gradient information and thus is not affected by gradient masking. Square Attack is based on a randomized search scheme which selects localized squareshaped updates at random positions so that at each iteration the perturbation is situated approximately at the boundary of the feasible set. Our method is significantly more query efficient and achieves a higher success rate compared to the state-of-the-art methods, especially in the untargeted setting. In particular, on ImageNet we improve the average query efficiency in the untargeted setting for various deep networks by a factor of at least 1.8 and up to 3 compared to the recent state-ofthe-art l∞-attack of Al-Dujaili & OReilly (2020). Moreover, although our attack is black-box, it can also outperform gradient-based white-box attacks on the standard benchmarks achieving a new state-of-the-art in terms of the success rate. The code of our attack is available at https://github.com/max-andr/square-attack.
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尽管机器学习系统的效率和可扩展性,但最近的研究表明,许多分类方法,尤其是深神经网络(DNN),易受对抗的例子;即,仔细制作欺骗训练有素的分类模型的例子,同时无法区分从自然数据到人类。这使得在安全关键区域中应用DNN或相关方法可能不安全。由于这个问题是由Biggio等人确定的。 (2013)和Szegedy等人。(2014年),在这一领域已经完成了很多工作,包括开发攻击方法,以产生对抗的例子和防御技术的构建防范这些例子。本文旨在向统计界介绍这一主题及其最新发展,主要关注对抗性示例的产生和保护。在数值实验中使用的计算代码(在Python和R)公开可用于读者探讨调查的方法。本文希望提交人们将鼓励更多统计学人员在这种重要的令人兴奋的领域的产生和捍卫对抗的例子。
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对抗性示例是故意生成用于欺骗深层神经网络的输入。最近的研究提出了不受规范限制的不受限制的对抗攻击。但是,以前的不受限制攻击方法仍然存在限制在黑框设置中欺骗现实世界应用程序的局限性。在本文中,我们提出了一种新的方法,用于使用GAN生成不受限制的对抗示例,其中攻击者只能访问分类模型的前1个最终决定。我们的潜在方法有效地利用了潜在空间中基于决策的攻击的优势,并成功地操纵了潜在的向量来欺骗分类模型。通过广泛的实验,我们证明我们提出的方法有效地评估了在黑框设置中查询有限的分类模型的鲁棒性。首先,我们证明我们的目标攻击方法是有效的,可以为包含307个身份的面部身份识别模型产生不受限制的对抗示例。然后,我们证明所提出的方法还可以成功攻击现实世界的名人识别服务。
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An intriguing property of deep neural networks is the existence of adversarial examples, which can transfer among different architectures. These transferable adversarial examples may severely hinder deep neural network-based applications. Previous works mostly study the transferability using small scale datasets. In this work, we are the first to conduct an extensive study of the transferability over large models and a large scale dataset, and we are also the first to study the transferability of targeted adversarial examples with their target labels. We study both non-targeted and targeted adversarial examples, and show that while transferable non-targeted adversarial examples are easy to find, targeted adversarial examples generated using existing approaches almost never transfer with their target labels. Therefore, we propose novel ensemble-based approaches to generating transferable adversarial examples. Using such approaches, we observe a large proportion of targeted adversarial examples that are able to transfer with their target labels for the first time. We also present some geometric studies to help understanding the transferable adversarial examples. Finally, we show that the adversarial examples generated using ensemble-based approaches can successfully attack Clarifai.com, which is a black-box image classification system. * Work is done while visiting UC Berkeley.
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In the scenario of black-box adversarial attack, the target model's parameters are unknown, and the attacker aims to find a successful adversarial perturbation based on query feedback under a query budget. Due to the limited feedback information, existing query-based black-box attack methods often require many queries for attacking each benign example. To reduce query cost, we propose to utilize the feedback information across historical attacks, dubbed example-level adversarial transferability. Specifically, by treating the attack on each benign example as one task, we develop a meta-learning framework by training a meta-generator to produce perturbations conditioned on benign examples. When attacking a new benign example, the meta generator can be quickly fine-tuned based on the feedback information of the new task as well as a few historical attacks to produce effective perturbations. Moreover, since the meta-train procedure consumes many queries to learn a generalizable generator, we utilize model-level adversarial transferability to train the meta-generator on a white-box surrogate model, then transfer it to help the attack against the target model. The proposed framework with the two types of adversarial transferability can be naturally combined with any off-the-shelf query-based attack methods to boost their performance, which is verified by extensive experiments.
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评估对抗性鲁棒性的量,以找到有输入样品被错误分类所需的最小扰动。底层优化的固有复杂性需要仔细调整基于梯度的攻击,初始化,并且可能为许多计算苛刻的迭代而被执行,即使专门用于给定的扰动模型也是如此。在这项工作中,我们通过提出使用不同$ \ ell_p $ -norm扰动模型($ p = 0,1,2,\ idty $)的快速最小规范(FMN)攻击来克服这些限制(FMN)攻击选择,不需要对抗性起点,并在很少的轻量级步骤中收敛。它通过迭代地发现在$ \ ell_p $ -norm的最大信心被错误分类的样本进行了尺寸的尺寸$ \ epsilon $的限制,同时适应$ \ epsilon $,以最小化当前样本到决策边界的距离。广泛的实验表明,FMN在收敛速度和计算时间方面显着优于现有的攻击,同时报告可比或甚至更小的扰动尺寸。
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基于深度神经网络(DNN)的智能信息(IOT)系统已被广泛部署在现实世界中。然而,发现DNNS易受对抗性示例的影响,这提高了人们对智能物联网系统的可靠性和安全性的担忧。测试和评估IOT系统的稳健性成为必要和必要。最近已经提出了各种攻击和策略,但效率问题仍未纠正。现有方法是计算地广泛或耗时,这在实践中不适用。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为攻击启发GaN(AI-GaN)的新框架,在有条件地产生对抗性实例。曾经接受过培训,可以有效地给予对抗扰动的输入图像和目标类。我们在白盒设置的不同数据集中应用AI-GaN,黑匣子设置和由最先进的防御保护的目标模型。通过广泛的实验,AI-GaN实现了高攻击成功率,优于现有方法,并显着降低了生成时间。此外,首次,AI-GaN成功地缩放到复杂的数据集。 Cifar-100和Imagenet,所有课程中的成功率约为90美元。
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许多最先进的ML模型在各种任务中具有优于图像分类的人类。具有如此出色的性能,ML模型今天被广泛使用。然而,存在对抗性攻击和数据中毒攻击的真正符合ML模型的稳健性。例如,Engstrom等人。证明了最先进的图像分类器可以容易地被任意图像上的小旋转欺骗。由于ML系统越来越纳入安全性和安全敏感的应用,对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击构成了相当大的威胁。本章侧重于ML安全的两个广泛和重要的领域:对抗攻击和数据中毒攻击。
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深度神经网络(DNNS)在各种方案中对对抗数据敏感,包括黑框方案,在该方案中,攻击者只允许查询训练有素的模型并接收输出。现有的黑框方法用于创建对抗性实例的方法是昂贵的,通常使用梯度估计或培训替换网络。本文介绍了\ textit {Attackar},这是一种基于分数的进化,黑框攻击。 Attackar是基于一个新的目标函数,可用于无梯度优化问题。攻击仅需要访问分类器的输出徽标,因此不受梯度掩蔽的影响。不需要其他信息,使我们的方法更适合现实生活中的情况。我们使用三个基准数据集(MNIST,CIFAR10和Imagenet)使用三种不同的最先进模型(Inception-V3,Resnet-50和VGG-16-BN)测试其性能。此外,我们评估了Attackar在非分辨率转换防御和最先进的强大模型上的性能。我们的结果表明,在准确性得分和查询效率方面,攻击性的表现出色。
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近年来,已经提出了各种解释方法,以帮助用户深入了解神经网络返回的结果,神经网络是复杂而不透明的黑盒子。但是,解释产生了潜在的侧道渠道,这可以由对对手进行安装攻击的对手所利用。特别是,事后解释方法根据输入维度根据其重要性或与结果相关性突出显示,也泄露了削弱安全性和隐私性的信息。在这项工作中,我们对各种流行的解释技术产生的隐私风险和安全风险进行了第一个系统表征。首先,我们提出了新颖的解释引导的黑盒逃避攻击,导致查询计数的10倍以相同的成功率。我们表明,可以将解释的对抗优势量化为估计梯度的总方差的降低。其次,我们重新审视通过常见解释泄漏的成员资格信息。与先前研究的观察相反,通过我们的修改攻击,我们显示了会员信息的显着泄漏(即使在更严格的黑盒子设置中,比先前的结果比先前的结果提高了100%)。最后,我们研究了解释引导的模型提取攻击,并通过大量降低查询计数来证明对抗性的增长。
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微调可能容易受到对抗攻击的影响。现有有关对微调模型(BAFT)的黑盒攻击的作品受到强有力的假设的限制。为了填补空白,我们提出了两个新型的BAFT设置,即跨域和跨域交叉结构BAFT,这仅假设(1)攻击的目标模型是微调模型,以及(2)源域数据是已知和可访问的。为了成功攻击两种设置下的微调模型,我们建议先训练针对源模型的对抗发电机,该模型采用编码器架构体系结构并将干净的输入映射到对抗性示例。然后,我们在对抗发电机的编码器产生的低维潜在空间中搜索。搜索是根据从源模型获得的替代梯度的指导进行的。对不同域和不同网络体系结构的实验结果表明,提出的攻击方法可以有效,有效地攻击微调模型。
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愚弄深度神经网络(DNN)与黑匣子优化已成为一种流行的对抗攻击方式,因为DNN的结构先验知识始终是未知的。尽管如此,最近的黑匣子对抗性攻击可能会努力平衡其在解决高分辨率图像中产生的对抗性示例(AES)的攻击能力和视觉质量。在本文中,我们基于大规模的多目标进化优化,提出了一种关注引导的黑盒逆势攻击,称为LMOA。通过考虑图像的空间语义信息,我们首先利用注意图来确定扰动像素。而不是攻击整个图像,减少了具有注意机制的扰动像素可以有助于避免维度的臭名臭氧,从而提高攻击性能。其次,采用大规模的多目标进化算法在突出区域中遍历降低的像素。从其特征中受益,所产生的AES有可能在人类视力不可知的同时愚弄目标DNN。广泛的实验结果已经验证了所提出的LMOA在ImageNet数据集中的有效性。更重要的是,与现有的黑匣子对抗性攻击相比,产生具有更好的视觉质量的高分辨率AE更具竞争力。
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