医学成像深度学习模型通常是大而复杂的，需要专门的硬件来训练和评估这些模型。为了解决此类问题，我们提出了PocketNet范式，以减少深度学习模型的规模，通过促进卷积神经网络中的渠道数量的增长。我们证明，对于一系列的分割和分类任务，PocketNet架构产生的结果与常规神经网络相当，同时将参数数量减少多个数量级，最多使用90％的GPU记忆，并加快训练时间的加快。高达40％，从而允许在资源约束设置中培训和部署此类模型。

我们为Brats21挑战中的脑肿瘤分割任务提出了优化的U-Net架构。为了找到最佳模型架构和学习时间表，我们运行了一个广泛的消融研究来测试：深度监督损失，焦点，解码器注意，下降块和残余连接。此外，我们搜索了U-Net编码器的最佳深度，卷积通道数量和后处理策略。我们的方法赢得了验证阶段，并在测试阶段进行了第三位。我们已开放源代码以在NVIDIA深度学习示例GitHub存储库中重现我们的Brats21提交。

U-NET一直是医疗图像分割任务的首选架构，但是将U-NET体系结构扩展到3D图像时会出现计算挑战。我们提出了隐式U-NET体系结构，该体系结构将有效的隐式表示范式适应监督的图像分割任务。通过将卷积特征提取器与隐式定位网络相结合，我们隐式U-NET的参数比等效的U-NET少40％。此外，我们提出了培训和推理程序，以利用稀疏的预测。与等效的完全卷积U-NET相比，隐式U-NET减少了约30％的推理和训练时间以及训练记忆足迹，同时在我们的两个不同的腹部CT扫描数据集中取得了可比的结果。

Brain tumor imaging has been part of the clinical routine for many years to perform non-invasive detection and grading of tumors. Tumor segmentation is a crucial step for managing primary brain tumors because it allows a volumetric analysis to have a longitudinal follow-up of tumor growth or shrinkage to monitor disease progression and therapy response. In addition, it facilitates further quantitative analysis such as radiomics. Deep learning models, in particular CNNs, have been a methodology of choice in many applications of medical image analysis including brain tumor segmentation. In this study, we investigated the main design aspects of CNN models for the specific task of MRI-based brain tumor segmentation. Two commonly used CNN architectures (i.e. DeepMedic and U-Net) were used to evaluate the impact of the essential parameters such as learning rate, batch size, loss function, and optimizer. The performance of CNN models using different configurations was assessed with the BraTS 2018 dataset to determine the most performant model. Then, the generalization ability of the model was assessed using our in-house dataset. For all experiments, U-Net achieved a higher DSC compared to the DeepMedic. However, the difference was only statistically significant for whole tumor segmentation using FLAIR sequence data and tumor core segmentation using T1w sequence data. Adam and SGD both with the initial learning rate set to 0.001 provided the highest segmentation DSC when training the CNN model using U-Net and DeepMedic architectures, respectively. No significant difference was observed when using different normalization approaches. In terms of loss functions, a weighted combination of soft Dice and cross-entropy loss with the weighting term set to 0.5 resulted in an improved segmentation performance and training stability for both DeepMedic and U-Net models.

Glioblastomas是最具侵略性的快速生长的主要脑癌，起源于大脑的胶质细胞。准确鉴定恶性脑肿瘤及其子区域仍然是医学图像分割中最具挑战性问题之一。脑肿瘤分割挑战（Brats）是自动脑胶质细胞瘤分割算法的流行基准，自于其启动。在今年的挑战中，Brats 2021提供了2,000名术前患者的最大多参数（MPMRI）数据集。在本文中，我们提出了两个深度学习框架的新聚合，即在术前MPMRI中的自动胶质母细胞瘤识别的Deepseg和NNU-Net。我们的集合方法获得了92.00,87.33和84.10和Hausdorff距离为3.81,8.91和16.02的骰子相似度分数，用于增强肿瘤，肿瘤核心和全肿瘤区域，单独进行。这些实验结果提供了证据表明它可以在临床上容易地应用，从而助攻脑癌预后，治疗计划和治疗反应监测。

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with U-shaped architectures have dominated medical image segmentation, which is crucial for various clinical purposes. However, the inherent locality of convolution makes CNNs fail to fully exploit global context, essential for better recognition of some structures, e.g., brain lesions. Transformers have recently proven promising performance on vision tasks, including semantic segmentation, mainly due to their capability of modeling long-range dependencies. Nevertheless, the quadratic complexity of attention makes existing Transformer-based models use self-attention layers only after somehow reducing the image resolution, which limits the ability to capture global contexts present at higher resolutions. Therefore, this work introduces a family of models, dubbed Factorizer, which leverages the power of low-rank matrix factorization for constructing an end-to-end segmentation model. Specifically, we propose a linearly scalable approach to context modeling, formulating Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as a differentiable layer integrated into a U-shaped architecture. The shifted window technique is also utilized in combination with NMF to effectively aggregate local information. Factorizers compete favorably with CNNs and Transformers in terms of accuracy, scalability, and interpretability, achieving state-of-the-art results on the BraTS dataset for brain tumor segmentation and ISLES'22 dataset for stroke lesion segmentation. Highly meaningful NMF components give an additional interpretability advantage to Factorizers over CNNs and Transformers. Moreover, our ablation studies reveal a distinctive feature of Factorizers that enables a significant speed-up in inference for a trained Factorizer without any extra steps and without sacrificing much accuracy. The code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/pashtari/factorizer.

Automatic segmentation is essential for the brain tumor diagnosis, disease prognosis, and follow-up therapy of patients with gliomas. Still, accurate detection of gliomas and their sub-regions in multimodal MRI is very challenging due to the variety of scanners and imaging protocols. Over the last years, the BraTS Challenge has provided a large number of multi-institutional MRI scans as a benchmark for glioma segmentation algorithms. This paper describes our contribution to the BraTS 2022 Continuous Evaluation challenge. We propose a new ensemble of multiple deep learning frameworks namely, DeepSeg, nnU-Net, and DeepSCAN for automatic glioma boundaries detection in pre-operative MRI. It is worth noting that our ensemble models took first place in the final evaluation on the BraTS testing dataset with Dice scores of 0.9294, 0.8788, and 0.8803, and Hausdorf distance of 5.23, 13.54, and 12.05, for the whole tumor, tumor core, and enhancing tumor, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed ensemble method ranked first in the final ranking on another unseen test dataset, namely Sub-Saharan Africa dataset, achieving mean Dice scores of 0.9737, 0.9593, and 0.9022, and HD95 of 2.66, 1.72, 3.32 for the whole tumor, tumor core, and enhancing tumor, respectively. The docker image for the winning submission is publicly available at (https://hub.docker.com/r/razeineldin/camed22).

脑肿瘤分割是医学图像分析中最具挑战性问题之一。脑肿瘤细分的目标是产生准确描绘脑肿瘤区域。近年来，深入学习方法在解决各种计算机视觉问题时表现出了有希望的性能，例如图像分类，对象检测和语义分割。基于深度学习的方法已经应用于脑肿瘤细分并取得了有希望的结果。考虑到最先进技术所制作的显着突破，我们使用本调查来提供最近开发的深层学习脑肿瘤分割技术的全面研究。在本次调查中选择并讨论了100多篇科学论文，广泛地涵盖了网络架构设计，在不平衡条件下的细分等技术方面，以及多种方式流程。我们还为未来的发展方向提供了富有洞察力的讨论。

从磁共振成像（MRI）数据（称为颅骨条状）中去除非脑信号是许多神经图像分析流的组成部分。尽管它们很丰富，但通常是针对具有特定采集特性的图像量身定制的，即近乎各向异性的分辨率和T1加权（T1W）MRI对比度，这些分辨率在研究环境中很普遍。结果，现有的工具倾向于适应其他图像类型，例如在诊所常见的快速旋转回声（FSE）MRI中获得的厚切片。尽管近年来基于学习的大脑提取方法已获得吸引力，但这些方法面临着类似的负担，因为它们仅对训练过程中看到的图像类型有效。为了在成像协议的景观中实现强大的颅骨缠身，我们引入了Synthstrip，这是一种快速，基于学习的脑萃取工具。通过利用解剖学分割来生成具有解剖学，强度分布和远远超过现实医学图像范围的完全合成训练数据集，Synthstrip学会了成功推广到各种真实获得的大脑图像，从而消除了使用训练数据的需求目标对比。我们证明了合成条的功效对受试者人群的各种图像采集和决议的功效，从新生儿到成人。我们显示出与流行的颅骨基线的准确性的实质性提高 - 所有这些基线都采用单个训练有素的模型。我们的方法和标记的评估数据可在https://w3id.org/synthstrip上获得。

State-of-the-art brain tumor segmentation is based on deep learning models applied to multi-modal MRIs. Currently, these models are trained on images after a preprocessing stage that involves registration, interpolation, brain extraction (BE, also known as skull-stripping) and manual correction by an expert. However, for clinical practice, this last step is tedious and time-consuming and, therefore, not always feasible, resulting in skull-stripping faults that can negatively impact the tumor segmentation quality. Still, the extent of this impact has never been measured for any of the many different BE methods available. In this work, we propose an automatic brain tumor segmentation pipeline and evaluate its performance with multiple BE methods. Our experiments show that the choice of a BE method can compromise up to 15.7% of the tumor segmentation performance. Moreover, we propose training and testing tumor segmentation models on non-skull-stripped images, effectively discarding the BE step from the pipeline. Our results show that this approach leads to a competitive performance at a fraction of the time. We conclude that, in contrast to the current paradigm, training tumor segmentation models on non-skull-stripped images can be the best option when high performance in clinical practice is desired.

深度学习已被广​​泛用于医学图像分割，并且录制了录制了该领域深度学习的成功的大量论文。在本文中，我们使用深层学习技术对医学图像分割的全面主题调查。本文进行了两个原创贡献。首先，与传统调查相比，直接将深度学习的文献分成医学图像分割的文学，并为每组详细介绍了文献，我们根据从粗略到精细的多级结构分类目前流行的文献。其次，本文侧重于监督和弱监督的学习方法，而不包括无监督的方法，因为它们在许多旧调查中引入而且他们目前不受欢迎。对于监督学习方法，我们分析了三个方面的文献：骨干网络的选择，网络块的设计，以及损耗功能的改进。对于虚弱的学习方法，我们根据数据增强，转移学习和交互式分割进行调查文献。与现有调查相比，本调查将文献分类为比例不同，更方便读者了解相关理由，并将引导他们基于深度学习方法思考医学图像分割的适当改进。

数据采集​​和注释中的困难基本上限制了3D医学成像应用的训练数据集的样本尺寸。结果，在没有足够的预训练参数的情况下，构建来自划痕的高性能3D卷积神经网络仍然是一项艰巨的任务。以前关于3D预培训的努力经常依赖于自我监督的方法，它在未标记的数据上使用预测或对比学习来构建不变的3D表示。然而，由于大规模监督信息的不可用，从这些学习框架获得语义不变和歧视性表示仍然存在问题。在本文中，我们重新审视了一种创新但简单的完全监督的3D网络预训练框架，以利用来自大型2D自然图像数据集的语义监督。通过重新设计的3D网络架构，重新设计的自然图像用于解决数据稀缺问题并开发强大的3D表示。四个基准数据集上的综合实验表明，所提出的预先接受的模型可以有效地加速收敛，同时还提高了各种3D医学成像任务，例如分类，分割和检测的准确性。此外，与从头划伤的训练相比，它可以节省高达60％的注释工作。在NIH Deeplesion数据集上，它同样地实现了最先进的检测性能，优于早期的自我监督和完全监督的预训练方法，以及从头训练进行培训的方法。为了促进3D医疗模型的进一步发展，我们的代码和预先接受的模型权重在https://github.com/urmagicsmine/cspr上公开使用。

Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNNs) with contracting and expanding paths have shown prominence for the majority of medical image segmentation applications since the past decade. In FCNNs, the encoder plays an integral role by learning both global and local features and contextual representations which can be utilized for semantic output prediction by the decoder. Despite their success, the locality of convolutional layers in FCNNs, limits the capability of learning long-range spatial dependencies. Inspired by the recent success of transformers for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in long-range sequence learning, we reformulate the task of volumetric (3D) medical image segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction problem. We introduce a novel architecture, dubbed as UNEt TRansformers (UNETR), that utilizes a transformer as the encoder to learn sequence representations of the input volume and effectively capture the global multi-scale information, while also following the successful "U-shaped" network design for the encoder and decoder. The transformer encoder is directly connected to a decoder via skip connections at different resolutions to compute the final semantic segmentation output. We have validated the performance of our method on the Multi Atlas Labeling Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV) dataset for multiorgan segmentation and the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) dataset for brain tumor and spleen segmentation tasks. Our benchmarks demonstrate new state-of-the-art performance on the BTCV leaderboard. Code: https://monai.io/research/unetr

In medical image analysis, automated segmentation of multi-component anatomical structures, which often have a spectrum of potential anomalies and pathologies, is a challenging task. In this work, we develop a multi-step approach using U-Net-based neural networks to initially detect anomalies (bone marrow lesions, bone cysts) in the distal femur, proximal tibia and patella from 3D magnetic resonance (MR) images of the knee in individuals with varying grades of osteoarthritis. Subsequently, the extracted data are used for downstream tasks involving semantic segmentation of individual bone and cartilage volumes as well as bone anomalies. For anomaly detection, the U-Net-based models were developed to reconstruct the bone profiles of the femur and tibia in images via inpainting so anomalous bone regions could be replaced with close to normal appearances. The reconstruction error was used to detect bone anomalies. A second anomaly-aware network, which was compared to anomaly-na\"ive segmentation networks, was used to provide a final automated segmentation of the femoral, tibial and patellar bones and cartilages from the knee MR images containing a spectrum of bone anomalies. The anomaly-aware segmentation approach provided up to 58% reduction in Hausdorff distances for bone segmentations compared to the results from the anomaly-na\"ive segmentation networks. In addition, the anomaly-aware networks were able to detect bone lesions in the MR images with greater sensitivity and specificity (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] up to 0.896) compared to the anomaly-na\"ive segmentation networks (AUC up to 0.874).

主要的神经影像学研究推动了1.0 mm以下的3T MRI采集分辨率，以改善结构定义和形态学。然而，只有很少的时间 - 密集的自动化图像分析管道已被验证为高分辨率（雇用）设置。另一方面，有效的深度学习方法很少支持多个固定分辨率（通常1.0 mm）。此外，缺乏标准的杂交数据分辨率以及具有足够覆盖的扫描仪，年龄，疾病或遗传方差的多样化数据的有限可用性会带来额外的，未解决的挑战培训网络。将分辨率独立于基于深度学习的分割，即在一系列不同的体素大小上以其本地分辨率进行分辨率的能力，承诺克服这些挑战，但目前没有这种方法。我们现在通过向决议独立的分割任务（VINN）引入VINOSEIZED独立的神经网络（VINN）来填补这个差距，并呈现FastSurfervinn，（i）建立并实施决议独立，以获得深度学习作为同时支持0.7-1.0 mm的第一种方法分割，（ii）显着优于跨决议的最先进方法，（iii）减轻雇用数据集中存在的数据不平衡问题。总体而言，内部分辨率 - 独立性相互益处雇用和1.0 mm MRI分割。通过我们严格验证的FastSurfervinn，我们将为不同的神经视线镜分析分发一个快速工具。此外，VINN架构表示更广泛应用的有效分辨率的分段方法

随着深度学习方法的进步，如深度卷积神经网络，残余神经网络，对抗网络的进步。 U-Net架构最广泛利用生物医学图像分割，以解决目标区域或子区域的识别和检测的自动化。在最近的研究中，基于U-Net的方法在不同应用中显示了最先进的性能，以便在脑肿瘤，肺癌，阿尔茨海默，乳腺癌等疾病的早期诊断和治疗中发育计算机辅助诊断系统等，使用各种方式。本文通过描述U-Net框架来提出这些方法的成功，然后通过执行1）型号的U-Net变体进行综合分析，2）模特内分类，建立更好的见解相关的挑战和解决方案。此外，本文还强调了基于U-Net框架在持续的大流行病，严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-COV-2）中的贡献也称为Covid-19。最后，分析了这些U-Net变体的优点和相似性以及生物医学图像分割所涉及的挑战，以发现该领域的未来未来的研究方向。

具有多级连接的深度神经网络，以复杂的方式进程输入数据来了解信息。网络学习效率不仅取决于复杂的神经网络架构，还取决于输入训练图像。具有用于头骨剥离或肿瘤的深神经网络的Medical图像分段。来自磁共振图像的分割使得能够学习图像的全局和局部特征。虽然收集在受控环境中的医学图像，但可能存在导致输入集中固有偏差的伪影或基于设备的方差。在本研究中，我们调查了具有神经网络分割精度的MR图像的图像质量指标的相关性。我们使用了3D DenSenet架构，并让网络在相同的输入上培训，但应用不同的方法来基于IQM值选择训练数据集。基于随机训练的模型之间的分割精度的差异基于IQM的训练输入揭示了图像质量指标对分割精度的作用。通过运行图像质量指标来选择培训输入，进一步调整网络的学习效率和分割精度。

医学成像的病变分割是临床研究中的一个重要课题。研究人员提出了各种检测和分段算法来解决这项任务。最近，基于深度学习的方法显着提高了传统方法的性能。然而，大多数最先进的深度学习方法需要手动设计多个网络组件和培训策略。在本文中，我们提出了一种新的自动化机器学习算法T-Automl，不仅搜索最佳神经结构，而且还可以同时找到超参数和数据增强策略的最佳组合。该方法采用现代变压器模型，引入了适应搜索空间嵌入的动态长度，并且可以显着提高搜索能力。我们在几个大型公共病变分割数据集上验证T-Automl并实现最先进的性能。

作为新一代神经体系结构的变形金刚在自然语言处理和计算机视觉方面表现出色。但是，现有的视觉变形金刚努力使用有限的医学数据学习，并且无法概括各种医学图像任务。为了应对这些挑战，我们将Medformer作为数据量表变压器呈现为可推广的医学图像分割。关键设计结合了理想的电感偏差，线性复杂性的层次建模以及以空间和语义全局方式以线性复杂性的关注以及多尺度特征融合。 Medformer可以在不预训练的情况下学习微小至大规模的数据。广泛的实验表明，Medformer作为一般分割主链的潜力，在三个具有多种模式（例如CT和MRI）和多样化的医学靶标（例如，健康器官，疾病，疾病组织和肿瘤）的三个公共数据集上优于CNN和视觉变压器。我们将模型和评估管道公开可用，为促进广泛的下游临床应用提供固体基线和无偏比较。