生成反事实测试箱是测试NLP模型并使其像传统软件一样坚固且可靠的重要主体。在生成测试箱时,所需的特性是能够以灵活的方式控制测试案例生成以测试各种故障案例并以目标方式解释和修复它们。在这个方向上,通过手动编写生成受控反事实的规则,在先前的作品中取得了重大进展。但是,这种方法需要大量的手动监督,并且缺乏轻松引入新控件的灵活性。由PPLM的插件方法令人印象深刻的灵活性的激励,我们建议将插件的框架带入反事实测试案例生成任务。我们介绍了Casper,这是一种插件的反事实生成框架,以生成满足需求目标属性的测试用例。我们的插件模型可以在给定任何属性模型的情况下引导测试案例生成过程,而无需对模型的属性特定培训。在实验中,我们表明Casper有效地生成了反事实文本,该文本遵循属性模型提供的转向,同时流利,多样化并保留原始内容。我们还表明,CASPER的生成的反事实可用于增强训练数据,从而固定并使测试模型更加可靠。
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Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.
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Recent studies have shown the impressive efficacy of counterfactually augmented data (CAD) for reducing NLU models' reliance on spurious features and improving their generalizability. However, current methods still heavily rely on human efforts or task-specific designs to generate counterfactuals, thereby impeding CAD's applicability to a broad range of NLU tasks. In this paper, we present AutoCAD, a fully automatic and task-agnostic CAD generation framework. AutoCAD first leverages a classifier to unsupervisedly identify rationales as spans to be intervened, which disentangles spurious and causal features. Then, AutoCAD performs controllable generation enhanced by unlikelihood training to produce diverse counterfactuals. Extensive evaluations on multiple out-of-domain and challenge benchmarks demonstrate that AutoCAD consistently and significantly boosts the out-of-distribution performance of powerful pre-trained models across different NLU tasks, which is comparable or even better than previous state-of-the-art human-in-the-loop or task-specific CAD methods. The code is publicly available at https://github.com/thu-coai/AutoCAD.
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深度神经语言模型的最新进展与大规模数据集的能力相结合,加速了自然语言生成系统的发展,这些系统在多种任务和应用程序上下文中产生流利和连贯的文本(在各种成功程度上)。但是,为所需的用户控制这些模型的输出仍然是一个开放的挑战。这不仅对于自定义生成语言的内容和样式至关重要,而且对于他们在现实世界中的安全可靠部署至关重要。我们提出了一项关于受约束神经语言生成的新兴主题的广泛调查,在该主题中,我们通过区分条件和约束(后者是在输出文本上而不是输入的可检验条件),正式定义和分类自然语言生成问题,目前是可检验的)约束文本生成任务,并查看受限文本生成的现有方法和评估指标。我们的目的是强调这个新兴领域的最新进展和趋势,以告知最有希望的方向和局限性,以推动受约束神经语言生成研究的最新作品。
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预处理的基于变压器的语言模型(LMS)显示出显着的自然语言生成能力。凭借其巨大的潜力,控制这种LM的文本生成引起了人们的关注。尽管有一些研究试图控制生成的文本的高级属性(例如情感和主题),但仍然缺乏对其在单词和短语级别上的内容的更精确的控制。在这里,我们建议内容调节器(COCON)以细粒度的水平控制LM的输出文本。在我们的自我监督方法中,Cocon Block学会了通过调节从LM中扣留的内容输入来帮助LM完成部分观察到的文本序列。通过实验,我们表明Cocon可以自然地将目标内容纳入生成的文本中,并以零拍的方式控制高级文本属性。
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在基于文本的分类器中测试公平性问题的一种常见方法是通过使用反事实来:如果更改输入中的敏感属性,则分类器输出是否会更改?现有的反事实生成方法通常依赖于单词列表或模板,产生不考虑语法,上下文或微妙敏感属性引用的简单反事实,并且可能会错过WordList创建者未考虑的问题。在本文中,我们介绍了一项为克服这些缺点而产生的反事实的任务,并证明了如何利用大型语言模型(LLM)来在此任务上取得进展。我们表明,这种基于LLM的方法可以产生现有方法无法实现的复杂反事实,从而比较了民事评论数据集中各种反事实生成方法的性能,并在评估毒性分类器时显示出它们的价值。
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文本样式传输是自然语言生成中的重要任务,旨在控制生成的文本中的某些属性,例如礼貌,情感,幽默和许多其他特性。它在自然语言处理领域拥有悠久的历史,最近由于深神经模型带来的有希望的性能而重大关注。在本文中,我们对神经文本转移的研究进行了系统调查,自2017年首次神经文本转移工作以来跨越100多个代表文章。我们讨论了任务制定,现有数据集和子任务,评估,以及丰富的方法在存在并行和非平行数据存在下。我们还提供关于这项任务未来发展的各种重要主题的讨论。我们的策据纸张列表在https://github.com/zhijing-jin/text_style_transfer_survey
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数据增强是自然语言处理(NLP)模型的鲁棒性评估的重要组成部分,以及增强他们培训的数据的多样性。在本文中,我们呈现NL-Cogmenter,这是一种新的参与式Python的自然语言增强框架,它支持创建两个转换(对数据的修改)和过滤器(根据特定功能的数据拆分)。我们描述了框架和初始的117个变换和23个过滤器,用于各种自然语言任务。我们通过使用其几个转换来分析流行自然语言模型的鲁棒性来证明NL-Upmenter的功效。基础架构,Datacards和稳健性分析结果在NL-Augmenter存储库上公开可用(\ url {https://github.com/gem-benchmark/nl-augmenter})。
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GPT-3等大型语言模型是优秀的几次学习者,允许他们通过自然文本提示来控制。最近的研究报告称,基于及时的直接分类消除了对微调的需求,但缺乏数据和推理可扩展性。本文提出了一种新的数据增强技术,利用大规模语言模型来生成来自真实样本的混合的现实文本样本。我们还建议利用语言模型预测的软标签,从大规模语言模型中有效地蒸馏知识并同时创建文本扰动。我们对各种分类任务进行数据增强实验,并显示我们的方法非常优于现有的文本增强方法。消融研究和定性分析为我们的方法提供了更多的见解。
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真实世界的文本应用程序通常涉及组成广泛的文本控制操作,例如编辑文本W.R.T.属性,操纵关键字和结构,并生成所需属性的新文本。事先的工作通常会学习/芬太尼语言模型(LM)以执行操作的个人或特定子集。最近的研究以插件方式研究了合并操作,通常在复杂序列空间中以昂贵的搜索或优化进行了研究。本文提出了一种新的有效方法,用于在紧凑的文本潜在空间中进行可复合的文本操作。文本潜在矢量的低维度和不同性使我们能够基于给定的任意插入运算符(例如属性分类器)基于普通微分方程(ODE)开发有效的采样器。通过通过有效的适应性将预告片的LMS(例如GPT2)连接到潜在空间,然后我们将采样向量解码为所需的文本序列。灵活的方法允许使用来自不同域中的任何相关数据获取的各种控制操作员(情感,时态,形式,关键字等)。实验表明,在我们的方法中构成这些操作员可以生成或编辑高质量文本,从而在发电质量和效率方面显着改善了以前的方法。
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Steering language generation towards objectives or away from undesired content has been a long-standing goal in utilizing language models (LM). Recent work has demonstrated reinforcement learning and weighted decoding as effective approaches to achieve a higher level of language control and quality with pros and cons. In this work, we propose a novel critic decoding method for controlled language generation (CriticControl) that combines the strengths of reinforcement learning and weighted decoding. Specifically, we adopt the actor-critic framework to train an LM-steering critic from non-differentiable reward models. And similar to weighted decoding, our method freezes the language model and manipulates the output token distribution using called critic, improving training efficiency and stability. Evaluation of our method on three controlled generation tasks, namely topic control, sentiment control, and detoxification, shows that our approach generates more coherent and well-controlled texts than previous methods. In addition, CriticControl demonstrates superior generalization ability in zero-shot settings. Human evaluation studies also corroborate our findings.
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近年来,文本的风格特性吸引了计算语言学研究人员。具体来说,研究人员研究了文本样式转移(TST)任务,该任务旨在在保留其样式独立内容的同时改变文本的风格属性。在过去的几年中,已经开发了许多新颖的TST算法,而该行业利用这些算法来实现令人兴奋的TST应用程序。由于这种共生,TST研究领域迅速发展。本文旨在对有关文本样式转移的最新研究工作进行全面审查。更具体地说,我们创建了一种分类法来组织TST模型,并提供有关最新技术状况的全面摘要。我们回顾了针对TST任务的现有评估方法,并进行了大规模的可重复性研究,我们在两个公开可用的数据集上实验基准了19个最先进的TST TST算法。最后,我们扩展了当前趋势,并就TST领域的新开发发展提供了新的观点。
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Controlled text generation is a very important task in the arena of natural language processing due to its promising applications. In order to achieve this task we mainly introduce the novel soft prompt tuning method of using soft prompts at both encoder and decoder levels together in a T5 model and investigate the performance as the behaviour of an additional soft prompt related to the decoder of a T5 model in controlled text generation remained unexplored. Then we also investigate the feasibility of steering the output of this extended soft prompted T5 model at decoder level and finally analyse the utility of generated text to be used in AI related tasks such as training AI models with an interpretability analysis of the classifier trained with synthetic text, as there is a lack of proper analysis of methodologies in generating properly labelled data to be utilized in AI tasks. Through the performed in-depth intrinsic and extrinsic evaluations of this generation model along with the artificially generated data, we found that this model produced better results compared to the T5 model with a single soft prompt at encoder level and the sentiment classifier trained using this artificially generated data can produce comparable classification results to the results of a classifier trained with real labelled data and also the classifier decision is interpretable with respect to the input text content.
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Large pretrained language models generate fluent text but are notoriously hard to controllably sample from. In this work, we study constrained sampling from such language models: generating text that satisfies user-defined constraints, while maintaining fluency and the model's performance in a downstream task. We propose MuCoLa -- a sampling procedure that combines the log-likelihood of the language model with arbitrary (differentiable) constraints in a single energy function, and then generates samples in a non-autoregressive manner. Specifically, it initializes the entire output sequence with noise and follows a Markov chain defined by Langevin Dynamics using the gradients of the energy function. We evaluate MuCoLa on text generation with soft and hard constraints as well as their combinations obtaining significant improvements over competitive baselines for toxicity avoidance, sentiment control, and keyword-guided generation.
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数据增强是通过转换为机器学习的人工创建数据的人工创建,是一个跨机器学习学科的研究领域。尽管它对于增加模型的概括功能很有用,但它还可以解决许多其他挑战和问题,从克服有限的培训数据到正规化目标到限制用于保护隐私的数据的数量。基于对数据扩展的目标和应用的精确描述以及现有作品的分类法,该调查涉及用于文本分类的数据增强方法,并旨在为研究人员和从业者提供简洁而全面的概述。我们将100多种方法划分为12种不同的分组,并提供最先进的参考文献来阐述哪种方法可以通过将它们相互关联,从而阐述了哪种方法。最后,提供可能构成未来工作的基础的研究观点。
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在本文中,我们使用大规模播放脚本数据集来提出从对话中提出戏剧发电的新颖任务。使用超过一百万行的对话和提示,我们将提示生成问题作为受控文本生成任务方法,并展示如何使用如何使用对话/提示鉴别器的语言模型来增强对话的影响。此外,我们还探讨了主题关键字和情绪的使用,以获得受控文本生成。广泛的定量和定性实验表明,语言模型可以成功地用于在高度专业化的域中生成合理的和属性控制的文本,例如播放脚本。配套材料可在:https://catlab-team.github.io/cuegen。
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This work aims to employ natural language generation (NLG) to rapidly generate items for English language learning applications: this requires both language models capable of generating fluent, high-quality English, and to control the output of the generation to match the requirements of the relevant items. We experiment with deep pretrained models for this task, developing novel methods for controlling items for factors relevant in language learning: diverse sentences for different proficiency levels and argument structure to test grammar. Human evaluation demonstrates high grammatically scores for all models (3.4 and above out of 4), and higher length (24%) and complexity (9%) over the baseline for the advanced proficiency model. Our results show that we can achieve strong performance while adding additional control to ensure diverse, tailored content for individual users.
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众所周知,端到端的神经NLP体系结构很难理解,这引起了近年来为解释性建模的许多努力。模型解释的基本原则是忠诚,即,解释应准确地代表模型预测背后的推理过程。这项调查首先讨论了忠诚的定义和评估及其对解释性的意义。然后,我们通过将方法分为五类来介绍忠实解释的最新进展:相似性方法,模型内部结构的分析,基于反向传播的方法,反事实干预和自我解释模型。每个类别将通过其代表性研究,优势和缺点来说明。最后,我们从它们的共同美德和局限性方面讨论了上述所有方法,并反思未来的工作方向忠实的解释性。对于有兴趣研究可解释性的研究人员,这项调查将为该领域提供可访问且全面的概述,为进一步探索提供基础。对于希望更好地了解自己的模型的用户,该调查将是一项介绍性手册,帮助选择最合适的解释方法。
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我们提出了两种小型无监督方法,用于消除文本中的毒性。我们的第一个方法结合了最近的两个想法:(1)使用小型条件语言模型的生成过程的指导和(2)使用释义模型进行风格传输。我们使用良好的令人措辞的令人愉快的释放器,由风格培训的语言模型引导,以保持文本内容并消除毒性。我们的第二种方法使用BERT用他们的非攻击性同义词取代毒性单词。我们通过使BERT替换具有可变数量的单词的屏蔽令牌来使该方法更灵活。最后,我们介绍了毒性去除任务的风格转移模型的第一个大规模比较研究。我们将模型与许多用于样式传输的方法进行比较。使用无监督的样式传输指标的组合以可参考方式评估该模型。两种方法都建议产生新的SOTA结果。
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We consider the task of text generation in language models with constraints specified in natural language. To this end, we first create a challenging benchmark Cognac that provides as input to the model a topic with example text, along with a constraint on text to be avoided. Unlike prior work, our benchmark contains knowledge-intensive constraints sourced from databases like Wordnet and Wikidata, which allows for straightforward evaluation while striking a balance between broad attribute-level and narrow lexical-level controls. We find that even state-of-the-art language models like GPT-3 fail often on this task, and propose a solution to leverage a language model's own internal knowledge to guide generation. Our method, called CognacGen, first queries the language model to generate guidance terms for a specified topic or constraint, and uses the guidance to modify the model's token generation probabilities. We propose three forms of guidance (binary verifier, top-k tokens, textual example), and employ prefix-tuning approaches to distill the guidance to tackle diverse natural language constraints. Through extensive empirical evaluations, we demonstrate that CognacGen can successfully generalize to unseen instructions and outperform competitive baselines in generating constraint conforming text.
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