多语种神经机翻译（MNMT）旨在通过单一模型进行翻译多种语言，并且由于具有共享参数的不同语言的有效知识传输，已被证明是成功的。但是，它仍然是一个开放的问题，应该共享哪些参数，并且需要是特定于任务的。目前，常识是启发式设计或搜索特定语言的模块，这很难找到最佳配置。在本文中，我们提出了一种基于新的参数差异化方法，允许模型确定在训练期间应该是哪个参数。灵感来自蜂窝分化，我们方法中的每个共享参数都可以动态区分为更专业化的类型。我们还将差分标准定义为任务间梯度相似性。因此，突出的任务渐变间的参数更可能是特定于语言的。关于多语言数据集的大量实验表明，我们的方法显着优于不同参数共享配置的各种强基线。进一步的分析表明，通过我们的方法获得的参数共享配置与语言近似度很好地相关。

通过多种语言对培训的多语言神经机器翻译（MNMT），由于模型参数的较少和较低的培训成本，通过在多种语言之间共享知识，引起了人们的关注。尽管如此，由于不同翻译方向之间的负面干扰，尤其是在高资源语言上，因此，多语言培训在共享参数中受到语言干扰退化的困扰。在本文中，我们提出了具有高资源语言特定培训（HLT-MT）的多语言翻译模型，以减轻负面干扰，该干扰采用了具有特定于语言的选择机制的两阶段培训。具体而言，我们首先仅使用高资源对训练多语言模型，然后选择解码器顶部的语言特定模块，以增强高资源方向的翻译质量。接下来，对所有可用语料库进行进一步培训，将知识从高资源语言（HRLS）转移到低资源语言（LRLS）。实验结果表明，HLT-MT在WMT-10和Opus-100基准测试上的表现优于各种强基础。此外，分析实验验证了我们方法在减轻多语言训练中负面干扰方面的有效性。

Multilingual machine translation models can benefit from synergy between different language pairs, but also suffer from interference. While there is a growing number of sophisticated methods that aim to eliminate interference, our understanding of interference as a phenomenon is still limited. This work identifies the main factors that contribute to interference in multilingual machine translation. Through systematic experimentation, we find that interference (or synergy) are primarily determined by model size, data size, and the proportion of each language pair within the total dataset. We observe that substantial interference occurs mainly when the model is very small with respect to the available training data, and that using standard transformer configurations with less than one billion parameters largely alleviates interference and promotes synergy. Moreover, we show that tuning the sampling temperature to control the proportion of each language pair in the data is key to balancing the amount of interference between low and high resource language pairs effectively, and can lead to superior performance overall.

在完全共享所有语言参数的多语言神经机器翻译模型中，通常使用人工语言令牌来指导转换为所需的目标语言。但是，最近的研究表明，预备语言代币有时无法将多语言神经机器翻译模型导航到正确的翻译方向，尤其是在零弹性翻译上。为了减轻此问题，我们提出了两种方法：语言嵌入实施例和语言意识的多头关注，以学习信息丰富的语言表示，以将翻译转换为正确的方向。前者体现了沿着从源到目标的信息流中的不同关键切换点的语言，旨在放大翻译方向引导信号。后者利用矩阵而不是向量来表示连续空间中的语言。矩阵分为多个头，以学习多个子空间中的语言表示。在两个数据集上进行大规模多语言神经机器翻译的实验结果表明，语言意识到的多头注意力受益于监督和零弹性翻译，并大大减轻了脱靶翻译问题。进一步的语言类型学预测实验表明，通过我们的方法学到的基于基质的语言表示能够捕获丰富的语言类型学特征。

Multilingual machine translation suffers from negative interference across languages. A common solution is to relax parameter sharing with language-specific modules like adapters. However, adapters of related languages are unable to transfer information, and their total number of parameters becomes prohibitively expensive as the number of languages grows. In this work, we overcome these drawbacks using hyper-adapters -- hyper-networks that generate adapters from language and layer embeddings. While past work had poor results when scaling hyper-networks, we propose a rescaling fix that significantly improves convergence and enables training larger hyper-networks. We find that hyper-adapters are more parameter efficient than regular adapters, reaching the same performance with up to 12 times less parameters. When using the same number of parameters and FLOPS, our approach consistently outperforms regular adapters. Also, hyper-adapters converge faster than alternative approaches and scale better than regular dense networks. Our analysis shows that hyper-adapters learn to encode language relatedness, enabling positive transfer across languages.

只有在模型在大规模的多语言环境中培训的情况下，才有可能在无监督的机器翻译（UMT）上进行无监督的机器翻译（UMT），这意味着有能力的无监督翻译（例如尼泊尔或辛哈拉）的胜任的不受监督的翻译，例如尼泊尔或辛哈拉语。与高资源对应物混合。尽管如此，尽管高资源语言极大地帮助启动了目标低资源翻译任务，但它们之间的语言差异可能会阻碍他们的进一步改进。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个简单的完善程序，以将语言与预先训练的多语言UMT模型相关联，以仅关注目标低资源任务。我们的方法在完全无监督的翻译任务中实现了最新的尼泊尔，僧伽罗，古吉拉特语，拉脱维亚，爱沙尼亚和哈萨克的最新技术，分别为3.5、3.3、3.3、4.1、4.2、4.2和3.3。我们的代码库可从https://github.com/nxphi47/refine_unsup_multlingual_mt获得

多语言神经机器翻译可以在训练过程中翻译看不见的语言对，即零弹性翻译。但是，零拍的翻译总是不稳定的。尽管先前的作品将不稳定归因于中心语言的统治，例如英语，我们以非中心语言的严格依赖性来补充这种观点。在这项工作中，我们通过适应非中心语言并将共享信息和特定于语言的信息组合来抵消零拍的不稳定性，从而提出了一种简单，轻巧但有效的特定语言建模方法。在IWSLT17，Europarl，TED Talks和Opus-100数据集上进行变压器的实验表明，我们的方法不仅在中心数据条件下的性能优于强基础，而且还可以轻松拟合非中心数据条件。通过进一步研究层归因，我们表明我们所提出的方法可以将耦合表示形式朝正确的方向解散。

多语种模型是参数效率，特别是通过利用Crosslingual Transcer来改善低资源语言。尽管最近有巨大的多语言翻译预先推出了越来越多的模型和数据，但如何有效地培养多语言模型并未得到很好的理解。在本文中，我们表明，多语言训练中的常见情况，语言之间的数据不平衡，高资源和低资源语言之间的优化张力，其中发现的多语言解决方案通常是低资源的次优。我们展示了普通培训方法，upsamples低资源无法鲁布利地优化人口损失，其中风险耗材或过度为低资源的风险。绘制最近关于损失景观几何学的发现及其对泛化的影响，提出了一个原则性的优化算法，曲率意识的任务缩放（CAT），其自适应地从不同任务中重新加强了对低曲率的多语言训练的元的梯度。邻居对所有语言均匀低损失。我们在共同基准（TED，WMT和OPUS-100）上进行了实验，具有不同程度的数据不平衡。猫有效地改善了多语言优化，结果表明，在低资源（$ + 0.8 $至+ 2.2 $ BLEU）上展示了一致的收益，而不会伤害高资源。此外，猫对过度分数计量和大量批量训练具有强大的稳健性，这使得这是一种充满希望的大量多语言模型，真正提高低资源语言。

多语种NMT已成为MT在生产中部署的有吸引力的解决方案。但是要匹配双语质量，它符合较大且较慢的型号。在这项工作中，我们考虑了几种方法在推理时更快地使多语言NMT变得更快而不会降低其质量。我们在两种20语言多平行设置中尝试几个“光解码器”架构：在TED会谈中小规模和帕拉克曲线上的大规模。我们的实验表明，将具有词汇过滤的浅解码器组合在于，在翻译质量下没有损失的速度超过两倍。我们用Bleu和Chrf（380语言对），鲁棒性评估和人类评估验证了我们的研究结果。

以前的工作主要侧重于改善NLU任务的交叉传输，具有多语言预用编码器（MPE），或提高与伯特的监督机器翻译的性能。然而，探索了，MPE是否可以有助于促进NMT模型的交叉传递性。在本文中，我们专注于NMT中的零射频转移任务。在此任务中，NMT模型培训，只有一个语言对的并行数据集和搁置架MPE，然后它直接测试在零拍语言对上。我们为此任务提出了Sixt，一个简单而有效的模型。 SIXT利用了两阶段培训计划利用MPE，并进一步改进了解离编码器和容量增强的解码器。使用此方法，SIMPT显着优于MBart，这是一个用于NMT的预磨削的多语言编码器解码器模型，平均改善了14个源语言的零拍摄的任何英语测试集上的7.1 BLEU。此外，培训计算成本和培训数据较少，我们的模型在15个任何英语测试组上实现了比Criss和M2M-100，两个强大的多语言NMT基线更好的性能。

最近在单语数据和机器翻译（MT）进行微调的预培训方面取得了成功，但尚不清楚如何最好地利用预先训练的模型来完成给定的MT任务。本文在微调MT上的预训练模型时研究了冻结参数的好处和缺点。我们专注于1）微调仅在英语单语言数据的BART上训练的模型。2）微调一个模型，该模型对25种语言的单语言数据进行了培训，Mbart。对于Bart，我们通过冻结大多数模型参数并添加额外的位置嵌入来获得最佳性能。对于MBART，我们将大多数语言对的天真微调的性能与编码器以及大多数解码器搭配。编码器的注意参数对于微调最重要。当将自己限制为越南人对英语的室外训练套装时，我们看到了基线的最大进步。

We present SpeechMatrix, a large-scale multilingual corpus of speech-to-speech translations mined from real speech of European Parliament recordings. It contains speech alignments in 136 language pairs with a total of 418 thousand hours of speech. To evaluate the quality of this parallel speech, we train bilingual speech-to-speech translation models on mined data only and establish extensive baseline results on EuroParl-ST, VoxPopuli and FLEURS test sets. Enabled by the multilinguality of SpeechMatrix, we also explore multilingual speech-to-speech translation, a topic which was addressed by few other works. We also demonstrate that model pre-training and sparse scaling using Mixture-of-Experts bring large gains to translation performance. The mined data and models are freely available.

This paper demonstrates that multilingual denoising pre-training produces significant performance gains across a wide variety of machine translation (MT) tasks. We present mBART -a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on large-scale monolingual corpora in many languages using the BART objective . mBART is the first method for pre-training a complete sequence-to-sequence model by denoising full texts in multiple languages, while previous approaches have focused only on the encoder, decoder, or reconstructing parts of the text. Pre-training a complete model allows it to be directly fine tuned for supervised (both sentence-level and document-level) and unsupervised machine translation, with no task-specific modifications. We demonstrate that adding mBART initialization produces performance gains in all but the highest-resource settings, including up to 12 BLEU points for low resource MT and over 5 BLEU points for many document-level and unsupervised models. We also show it also enables new types of transfer to language pairs with no bi-text or that were not in the pre-training corpus, and present extensive analysis of which factors contribute the most to effective pre-training.

Multimodal Machine Translation (MMT) focuses on enhancing text-only translation with visual features, which has attracted considerable attention from both natural language processing and computer vision communities. Recent advances still struggle to train a separate model for each language pair, which is costly and unaffordable when the number of languages increases in the real world. In other words, the multilingual multimodal machine translation (Multilingual MMT) task has not been investigated, which aims to handle the aforementioned issues by providing a shared semantic space for multiple languages. Besides, the image modality has no language boundaries, which is superior to bridging the semantic gap between languages. To this end, we first propose the Multilingual MMT task by establishing two new Multilingual MMT benchmark datasets covering seven languages. Then, an effective baseline LVP-M3 using visual prompts is proposed to support translations between different languages, which includes three stages (token encoding, language-aware visual prompt generation, and language translation). Extensive experimental results on our constructed benchmark datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of LVP-M3 method for Multilingual MMT.

本报告介绍了在大型多语种计算机翻译中为WMT21共享任务的Microsoft的机器翻译系统。我们参加了所有三种评估轨道，包括大轨道和两个小轨道，前者是无约束的，后两者完全受约束。我们的模型提交到共享任务的初始化用deltalm \脚注{\ url {https://aka.ms/deltalm}}，一个通用的预训练的多语言编码器 - 解码器模型，并相应地使用巨大的收集并行进行微调数据和允许的数据源根据轨道设置，以及应用逐步学习和迭代背翻译方法进一步提高性能。我们的最终提交在自动评估度量方面排名第一的三条轨道。

We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no changes to the model architecture from a standard NMT system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. The rest of the model, which includes an encoder, decoder and attention module, remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT using a single model without any increase in parameters, which is significantly simpler than previous proposals for Multilingual NMT. On the WMT'14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English→French and surpasses state-of-the-art results for English→German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French→English and German→English on WMT'14 and WMT'15 benchmarks, respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. In addition to improving the translation quality of language pairs that the model was trained with, our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and show some interesting examples when mixing languages.

Traditional multilingual neural machine translation (MNMT) uses a single model to translate all directions. However, with the increasing scale of language pairs, simply using a single model for massive MNMT brings new challenges: parameter tension and large computations. In this paper, we revisit multi-way structures by assigning an individual branch for each language (group). Despite being a simple architecture, it is challenging to train de-centralized models due to the lack of constraints to align representations from all languages. We propose a localized training recipe to map different branches into a unified space, resulting in an efficient detachable model, Lego-MT. For a fair comparison, we collect data from OPUS and build the first large-scale open-source translation benchmark covering 7 language-centric data, each containing 445 language pairs. Experiments show that Lego-MT (1.2B) brings gains of more than 4 BLEU while outperforming M2M-100 (12B) (We will public all training data, models, and checkpoints)

Compared to conventional bilingual translation systems, massively multilingual machine translation is appealing because a single model can translate into multiple languages and benefit from knowledge transfer for low resource languages. On the other hand, massively multilingual models suffer from the curse of multilinguality, unless scaling their size massively, which increases their training and inference costs. Sparse Mixture-of-Experts models are a way to drastically increase model capacity without the need for a proportional amount of computing. The recently released NLLB-200 is an example of such a model. It covers 202 languages but requires at least four 32GB GPUs just for inference. In this work, we propose a pruning method that allows the removal of up to 80\% of experts with a negligible loss in translation quality, which makes it feasible to run the model on a single 32GB GPU. Further analysis suggests that our pruning metrics allow to identify language-specific experts and prune non-relevant experts for a given language pair.

Sparsely gated Mixture of Experts (MoE) models have been shown to be a compute-efficient method to scale model capacity for multilingual machine translation. However, for low-resource tasks, MoE models severely over-fit. We show effective regularization strategies, namely dropout techniques for MoE layers in EOM and FOM, Conditional MoE Routing and Curriculum Learning methods that prevent over-fitting and improve the performance of MoE models on low-resource tasks without adversely affecting high-resource tasks. On a massively multilingual machine translation benchmark, our strategies result in about +1 chrF++ improvement in very low resource language pairs. We perform an extensive analysis of the learned MoE routing to better understand the impact of our regularization methods and how we can improve them.

多语言神经机器翻译（MNMT）使一个系统能够将句子从多种源语言转换为多种目标语言，与传统的双语系统相比，大大降低了部署成本。但是，MNMT培训益处通常仅限于多一对一的方向。该模型在一对一的表现不佳，并且在零镜头设置中遭受了多种影响。为了解决这个问题，本文讨论了如何实际构建提供任意X-Y翻译指示的MNMT系统，同时使用预处理和填充的两阶段培训策略利用多语言。尝试WMT'21多语言翻译任务，我们证明我们的系统的表现优于大多数方向的直接双语模型和枢轴翻译模型的传统基线，平均提供+6.0和+4.1 BLEU，而无需进行架构更改或额外的数据收集。 。此外，我们还在极大的数据设置中检查了我们提出的方法，以适应实际的部署方案。