我们提出Osformer,这是伪装实例分割(CIS)的第一个单阶段变压器框架。Osformer基于两个关键设计。首先,我们设计了一个位置传感变压器(LST),以通过引入位置引导查询和混合通风volvolution feedforward网络来获得位置标签和实例感知参数。其次,我们开发了一个粗到细节的融合(CFF),以合并LST编码器和CNN骨架的各种上下文信息。结合这两个组件使Osformer能够有效地融合本地特征和远程上下文依赖关系,以预测伪装的实例。与两阶段的框架相比,我们的OSFORMER达到41%的AP并达到良好的收敛效率,而无需大量的训练数据,即仅3040个以下的样本以下60个时代。代码链接:https://github.com/pjlallen/osformer。
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本文介绍了端到端的实例分段框架,称为SOIT,该段具有实例感知变压器的段对象。灵感来自Detr〜\ Cite {carion2020end},我们的方法视图实例分段为直接设置预测问题,有效地消除了对ROI裁剪,一对多标签分配等许多手工制作组件的需求,以及非最大抑制( nms)。在SOIT中,通过在全局图像上下文下直接地将多个查询直接理解语义类别,边界框位置和像素 - WISE掩码的一组对象嵌入。类和边界盒可以通过固定长度的向量轻松嵌入。尤其是由一组参数嵌入像素方面的掩模以构建轻量级实例感知变压器。之后,实例感知变压器产生全分辨率掩码,而不涉及基于ROI的任何操作。总的来说,SOIT介绍了一个简单的单级实例分段框架,它是无乐和NMS的。 MS Coco DataSet上的实验结果表明,优于最先进的实例分割显着的优势。此外,在统一查询嵌入中的多个任务的联合学习还可以大大提高检测性能。代码可用于\ url {https://github.com/yuxiaodonghri/soit}。
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ous vision tasks without convolutions, where it can be used as a direct replacement for CNN backbones. (3) We validate PVT through extensive experiments, showing that it boosts the performance of many downstream tasks, including object detection, instance and semantic segmentation. For example, with a comparable number of parameters, PVT+RetinaNet achieves 40.4 AP on the COCO dataset, surpassing ResNet50+RetinNet (36.3 AP) by 4.1 absolute AP (see Figure 2). We hope that PVT could serve as an alternative and useful backbone for pixel-level predictions and facilitate future research.
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变压器是一种基于关注的编码器解码器架构,彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。灵感来自这一重大成就,最近在将变形式架构调整到计算机视觉(CV)领域的一些开创性作品,这已经证明了他们对各种简历任务的有效性。依靠竞争力的建模能力,与现代卷积神经网络相比在本文中,我们已经为三百不同的视觉变压器进行了全面的审查,用于三个基本的CV任务(分类,检测和分割),提出了根据其动机,结构和使用情况组织这些方法的分类。 。由于培训设置和面向任务的差异,我们还在不同的配置上进行了评估了这些方法,以便于易于和直观的比较而不是各种基准。此外,我们已经揭示了一系列必不可少的,但可能使变压器能够从众多架构中脱颖而出,例如松弛的高级语义嵌入,以弥合视觉和顺序变压器之间的差距。最后,提出了三个未来的未来研究方向进行进一步投资。
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在本文中,我们提出了简单的关注机制,我们称之为箱子。它可以实现网格特征之间的空间交互,从感兴趣的框中采样,并提高变压器的学习能力,以获得几个视觉任务。具体而言,我们呈现拳击手,短暂的框变压器,通过从输入特征映射上的参考窗口预测其转换来参加一组框。通过考虑其网格结构,拳击手通过考虑其网格结构来计算这些框的注意力。值得注意的是,Boxer-2D自然有关于其注意模块内容信息的框信息的原因,使其适用于端到端实例检测和分段任务。通过在盒注意模块中旋转的旋转的不变性,Boxer-3D能够从用于3D端到端对象检测的鸟瞰图平面产生识别信息。我们的实验表明,拟议的拳击手-2D在Coco检测中实现了更好的结果,并且在Coco实例分割上具有良好的和高度优化的掩模R-CNN可比性。 Boxer-3D已经为Waymo开放的车辆类别提供了令人信服的性能,而无需任何特定的类优化。代码将被释放。
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Panoptic semonation涉及联合语义分割和实例分割的组合,其中图像内容分为两种类型:事物和东西。我们展示了Panoptic SegFormer,是与变压器的Panoptic Semonation的一般框架。它包含三个创新组件:高效的深度监督掩模解码器,查询解耦策略以及改进的后处理方法。我们还使用可变形的DETR来有效地处理多尺度功能,这是一种快速高效的DETR版本。具体而言,我们以层式方式监督掩模解码器中的注意模块。这种深度监督策略让注意模块快速关注有意义的语义区域。与可变形的DETR相比,它可以提高性能并将所需培训纪元的数量减少一半。我们的查询解耦策略对查询集的职责解耦并避免了事物和东西之间的相互干扰。此外,我们的后处理策略通过联合考虑分类和分割质量来解决突出的面具重叠而没有额外成本的情况。我们的方法会在基线DETR模型上增加6.2 \%PQ。 Panoptic SegFormer通过56.2 \%PQ实现最先进的结果。它还显示出对现有方法的更强大的零射鲁布利。代码释放\ url {https://github.com/zhiqi-li/panoptic-segformer}。
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Detection Transformer (DETR) and Deformable DETR have been proposed to eliminate the need for many hand-designed components in object detection while demonstrating good performance as previous complex hand-crafted detectors. However, their performance on Video Object Detection (VOD) has not been well explored. In this paper, we present TransVOD, the first end-to-end video object detection system based on spatial-temporal Transformer architectures. The first goal of this paper is to streamline the pipeline of VOD, effectively removing the need for many hand-crafted components for feature aggregation, e.g., optical flow model, relation networks. Besides, benefited from the object query design in DETR, our method does not need complicated post-processing methods such as Seq-NMS. In particular, we present a temporal Transformer to aggregate both the spatial object queries and the feature memories of each frame. Our temporal transformer consists of two components: Temporal Query Encoder (TQE) to fuse object queries, and Temporal Deformable Transformer Decoder (TDTD) to obtain current frame detection results. These designs boost the strong baseline deformable DETR by a significant margin (2 %-4 % mAP) on the ImageNet VID dataset. TransVOD yields comparable performances on the benchmark of ImageNet VID. Then, we present two improved versions of TransVOD including TransVOD++ and TransVOD Lite. The former fuses object-level information into object query via dynamic convolution while the latter models the entire video clips as the output to speed up the inference time. We give detailed analysis of all three models in the experiment part. In particular, our proposed TransVOD++ sets a new state-of-the-art record in terms of accuracy on ImageNet VID with 90.0 % mAP. Our proposed TransVOD Lite also achieves the best speed and accuracy trade-off with 83.7 % mAP while running at around 30 FPS on a single V100 GPU device. Code and models will be available for further research.
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先前的工作提出了几种策略,以降低自我发挥机制的计算成本。这些作品中的许多作品都考虑将自我关注程序分解为区域和局部特征提取程序,这些程序都会产生较小的计算复杂性。但是,区域信息通常仅以损失的不良信息为代价,原因是由于下采样而丢失。在本文中,我们提出了一种新颖的变压器体系结构,旨在减轻成本问题,称为双视觉变压器(双击)。新的体系结构结合了一个关键的语义途径,可以更有效地将代币向量压缩到具有降低的复杂性顺序的全球语义中。然后,这种压缩的全局语义是通过另一个构造的像素途径在学习更精细的像素级详细信息中作为有用的先前信息。然后将语义途径和像素途径集成在一起并进行联合训练,从而通过这两个途径并行传播增强的自我运动信息。此后,双攻击能够降低计算复杂性,而不会损害很大的准确性。我们从经验上证明,双重射击比SOTA变压器体系结构具有较高的训练复杂性。源代码可在\ url {https://github.com/yehli/imagenetmodel}中获得。
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在这项工作中,我们呈现SEQFormer,这是一个令人沮丧的视频实例分段模型。 SEQFormer遵循Vision变换器的原理,该方法模型视频帧之间的实例关系。然而,我们观察到一个独立的实例查询足以捕获视频中的时间序列,但应该独立地使用每个帧进行注意力机制。为此,SEQFormer在每个帧中定位一个实例,并聚合时间信息以学习视频级实例的强大表示,其用于动态地预测每个帧上的掩模序列。实例跟踪自然地实现而不进行跟踪分支或后处理。在YouTube-VIS数据集上,SEQFormer使用Reset-50个骨干和49.0 AP实现47.4个AP,其中Reset-101骨干,没有响铃和吹口哨。此类成果分别显着超过了以前的最先进的性能4.6和4.4。此外,与最近提出的Swin变压器集成,SEQFormer可以实现59.3的高得多。我们希望SEQFormer可能是一个强大的基线,促进了视频实例分段中的未来研究,同时使用更强大,准确,整洁的模型来实现该字段。代码和预先训练的型号在https://github.com/wjf5203/seqformer上公开使用。
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Astounding results from Transformer models on natural language tasks have intrigued the vision community to study their application to computer vision problems. Among their salient benefits, Transformers enable modeling long dependencies between input sequence elements and support parallel processing of sequence as compared to recurrent networks e.g., Long short-term memory (LSTM). Different from convolutional networks, Transformers require minimal inductive biases for their design and are naturally suited as set-functions. Furthermore, the straightforward design of Transformers allows processing multiple modalities (e.g., images, videos, text and speech) using similar processing blocks and demonstrates excellent scalability to very large capacity networks and huge datasets. These strengths have led to exciting progress on a number of vision tasks using Transformer networks. This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the Transformer models in the computer vision discipline. We start with an introduction to fundamental concepts behind the success of Transformers i.e., self-attention, large-scale pre-training, and bidirectional feature encoding. We then cover extensive applications of transformers in vision including popular recognition tasks (e.g., image classification, object detection, action recognition, and segmentation), generative modeling, multi-modal tasks (e.g., visual-question answering, visual reasoning, and visual grounding), video processing (e.g., activity recognition, video forecasting), low-level vision (e.g., image super-resolution, image enhancement, and colorization) and 3D analysis (e.g., point cloud classification and segmentation). We compare the respective advantages and limitations of popular techniques both in terms of architectural design and their experimental value. Finally, we provide an analysis on open research directions and possible future works. We hope this effort will ignite further interest in the community to solve current challenges towards the application of transformer models in computer vision.
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视觉表示学习是解决各种视力问题的关键。依靠开创性的网格结构先验,卷积神经网络(CNN)已成为大多数深视觉模型的事实上的标准架构。例如,经典的语义分割方法通常采用带有编码器编码器体系结构的完全横向卷积网络(FCN)。编码器逐渐减少了空间分辨率,并通过更大的接受场来学习更多抽象的视觉概念。由于上下文建模对于分割至关重要,因此最新的努力一直集中在通过扩张(即极度)卷积或插入注意力模块来增加接受场。但是,基于FCN的体系结构保持不变。在本文中,我们旨在通过将视觉表示学习作为序列到序列预测任务来提供替代观点。具体而言,我们部署纯变压器以将图像编码为一系列贴片,而无需局部卷积和分辨率减少。通过在变压器的每一层中建立的全球环境,可以学习更强大的视觉表示形式,以更好地解决视力任务。特别是,我们的细分模型(称为分割变压器(SETR))在ADE20K上擅长(50.28%MIOU,这是提交当天测试排行榜中的第一个位置),Pascal环境(55.83%MIOU),并在CityScapes上达到竞争成果。此外,我们制定了一个分层局部全球(HLG)变压器的家族,其特征是窗户内的本地关注和跨窗户的全球性专注于层次结构和金字塔架构。广泛的实验表明,我们的方法在各种视觉识别任务(例如,图像分类,对象检测和实例分割和语义分割)上实现了吸引力的性能。
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DETR has been recently proposed to eliminate the need for many hand-designed components in object detection while demonstrating good performance. However, it suffers from slow convergence and limited feature spatial resolution, due to the limitation of Transformer attention modules in processing image feature maps. To mitigate these issues, we proposed Deformable DETR, whose attention modules only attend to a small set of key sampling points around a reference. Deformable DETR can achieve better performance than DETR (especially on small objects) with 10× less training epochs. Extensive experiments on the COCO benchmark demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Code is released at https:// github.com/fundamentalvision/Deformable-DETR.
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视觉变压器(VIT)正在改变对象检测方法的景观。 VIT的自然使用方法是用基于变压器的骨干替换基于CNN的骨干,该主链很简单有效,其价格为推理带来了可观的计算负担。更微妙的用法是DEDR家族,它消除了对物体检测中许多手工设计的组件的需求,但引入了一个解码器,要求超长时间进行融合。结果,基于变压器的对象检测不能在大规模应用中占上风。为了克服这些问题,我们提出了一种新型的无解码器基于完全变压器(DFFT)对象检测器,这是第一次在训练和推理阶段达到高效率。我们通过居中两个切入点来简化反对检测到仅编码单级锚点的密集预测问题:1)消除训练感知的解码器,并利用两个强的编码器来保留单层特征映射预测的准确性; 2)探索具有有限的计算资源的检测任务的低级语义特征。特别是,我们设计了一种新型的轻巧的面向检测的变压器主链,该主链有效地捕获了基于良好的消融研究的丰富语义的低级特征。 MS Coco基准测试的广泛实验表明,DFFT_SMALL的表现优于2.5%AP,计算成本降低28%,$ 10 \ $ 10 \乘以$ 10 \乘以$较少的培训时期。与尖端的基于锚的探测器视网膜相比,DFFT_SMALL获得了超过5.5%的AP增益,同时降低了70%的计算成本。
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表面缺陷检测是确保工业产品质量的极其至关重要的步骤。如今,基于编码器架构的卷积神经网络(CNN)在各种缺陷检测任务中取得了巨大的成功。然而,由于卷积的内在局部性,它们通常在明确建模长距离相互作用时表现出限制,这对于复杂情况下的像素缺陷检测至关重要,例如杂乱的背景和难以辨认的伪缺陷。最近的变压器尤其擅长学习全球图像依赖性,但对于详细的缺陷位置所需的本地结构信息有限。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个有效的混合变压器体系结构,称为缺陷变压器(faft),用于表面缺陷检测,该检测将CNN和Transferaler纳入统一模型,以协作捕获本地和非本地关系。具体而言,在编码器模块中,首先采用卷积茎块来保留更详细的空间信息。然后,贴片聚合块用于生成具有四个层次结构的多尺度表示形式,每个层次结构之后分别是一系列的feft块,该块分别包括用于本地位置编码的本地位置块,一个轻巧的多功能自我自我 - 注意与良好的计算效率建模多尺度的全球上下文关系,以及用于功能转换和进一步位置信息学习的卷积馈送网络。最后,提出了一个简单但有效的解码器模块,以从编码器中的跳过连接中逐渐恢复空间细节。与其他基于CNN的网络相比,三个数据集上的广泛实验证明了我们方法的优势和效率。
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图像分割是关于使用不同语义的分组像素,例如类别或实例成员身份,其中每个语义选择定义任务。虽然只有每个任务的语义不同,但目前的研究侧重于为每项任务设计专业架构。我们提出了蒙面关注掩模变压器(Mask2Former),这是一种能够寻址任何图像分段任务(Panoptic,实例或语义)的新架构。其关键部件包括屏蔽注意,通过限制预测掩模区域内的横向提取局部特征。除了将研究工作减少三次之外,它还优于四个流行的数据集中的最佳专业架构。最值得注意的是,Mask2Former为Panoptic semonation(Coco 57.8 PQ)设置了新的最先进的,实例分段(Coco上50.1 AP)和语义分割(ADE20K上的57.7 miou)。
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最近建议的MaskFormer \ Cite {MaskFormer}对语义分割的任务提供了刷新的透视图:它从流行的像素级分类范例转移到蒙版级分类方法。实质上,它生成对应于类别段的配对概率和掩码,并在推理的分割映射期间结合它们。因此,分割质量依赖于查询如何捕获类别的语义信息及其空间位置。在我们的研究中,我们发现单尺度特征顶部的每个掩模分类解码器不足以提取可靠的概率或掩模。对于挖掘功能金字塔的丰富语义信息,我们提出了一个基于变压器的金字塔融合变压器(PFT),用于多尺度特征顶部的每个掩模方法语义分段。为了有效地利用不同分辨率的图像特征而不会产生过多的计算开销,PFT使用多尺度变压器解码器,具有跨尺度间间的关注来交换互补信息。广泛的实验评估和消融展示了我们框架的功效。特别是,与屏蔽Former相比,我们通过Reset-101c实现了3.2 miou改进了Reset-101c。此外,在ADE20K验证集上,我们的Swin-B骨架的结果与单尺度和多尺寸推断的屏蔽骨架中的较大的Swin-L骨架相匹配,分别实现54.1 miou和55.3 miou。使用Swin-L骨干,我们在ADE20K验证集中实现了56.0 Miou单尺度结果和57.2多尺度结果,从而获得数据集的最先进的性能。
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speed among all existing VIS models, and achieves the best result among methods using single model on the YouTube-VIS dataset. For the first time, we demonstrate a much simpler and faster video instance segmentation framework built upon Transformers, achieving competitive accuracy. We hope that VisTR can motivate future research for more video understanding tasks.
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视觉任务中变形金刚的兴起不仅可以推进网络骨干设计,而且还启动了一个全新的页面,以实现端到端的图像识别(例如,对象检测和泛型分段)。源自自然语言处理(NLP)的变压器体系结构,包括自我注意力和交叉注意力,有效地学习了序列中元素之间的远距离相互作用。但是,我们观察到,大多数现有的基于变压器的视觉模型只是从NLP中借用了这个想法,忽略了语言和图像之间的关键差异,尤其是空间扁平的像素特征的极高序列长度。随后,这阻碍了像素特征和对象查询之间的交叉注意力学习。在本文中,我们重新考虑像素和对象查询之间的关系,并建议将交叉注意学习作为一个聚类过程进行重新重新制定。受传统K-均值聚类算法的启发,我们开发了K-Means面膜Xformer(Kmax-Deeplab)进行细分任务,这不仅可以改善最先进的艺术品,而且享有简单而优雅的设计。结果,我们的Kmax-Deeplab在Coco Val设置上以58.0%的PQ实现了新的最先进的性能,而CityScapes Val设置为68.4%PQ,44.0%AP和83.5%MIOU,而无需测试时间增加或外部数据集。我们希望我们的工作能够阐明设计为视觉任务量身定制的变压器。代码和型号可在https://github.com/google-research/deeplab2上找到
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In this paper we present Mask DINO, a unified object detection and segmentation framework. Mask DINO extends DINO (DETR with Improved Denoising Anchor Boxes) by adding a mask prediction branch which supports all image segmentation tasks (instance, panoptic, and semantic). It makes use of the query embeddings from DINO to dot-product a high-resolution pixel embedding map to predict a set of binary masks. Some key components in DINO are extended for segmentation through a shared architecture and training process. Mask DINO is simple, efficient, and scalable, and it can benefit from joint large-scale detection and segmentation datasets. Our experiments show that Mask DINO significantly outperforms all existing specialized segmentation methods, both on a ResNet-50 backbone and a pre-trained model with SwinL backbone. Notably, Mask DINO establishes the best results to date on instance segmentation (54.5 AP on COCO), panoptic segmentation (59.4 PQ on COCO), and semantic segmentation (60.8 mIoU on ADE20K) among models under one billion parameters. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/IDEACVR/MaskDINO}.
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In contrast to fully supervised methods using pixel-wise mask labels, box-supervised instance segmentation takes advantage of simple box annotations, which has recently attracted increasing research attention. This paper presents a novel single-shot instance segmentation approach, namely Box2Mask, which integrates the classical level-set evolution model into deep neural network learning to achieve accurate mask prediction with only bounding box supervision. Specifically, both the input image and its deep features are employed to evolve the level-set curves implicitly, and a local consistency module based on a pixel affinity kernel is used to mine the local context and spatial relations. Two types of single-stage frameworks, i.e., CNN-based and transformer-based frameworks, are developed to empower the level-set evolution for box-supervised instance segmentation, and each framework consists of three essential components: instance-aware decoder, box-level matching assignment and level-set evolution. By minimizing the level-set energy function, the mask map of each instance can be iteratively optimized within its bounding box annotation. The experimental results on five challenging testbeds, covering general scenes, remote sensing, medical and scene text images, demonstrate the outstanding performance of our proposed Box2Mask approach for box-supervised instance segmentation. In particular, with the Swin-Transformer large backbone, our Box2Mask obtains 42.4% mask AP on COCO, which is on par with the recently developed fully mask-supervised methods. The code is available at: https://github.com/LiWentomng/boxlevelset.
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