我们提出了一种新颖且有效的纯化基于纯化的普通防御方法，用于预处理盲目的白色和黑匣子攻击。我们的方法仅在一般图像上进行了自我监督学习，在计算上效率和培训，而不需要对分类模型的任何对抗训练或再培训。我们首先显示对原始图像与其对抗示例之间的残余的对抗噪声的实证分析，几乎均为对称分布。基于该观察，我们提出了一种非常简单的迭代高斯平滑（GS），其可以有效地平滑对抗性噪声并实现大大高的鲁棒精度。为了进一步改进它，我们提出了神经上下文迭代平滑（NCIS），其以自我监督的方式列举盲点网络（BSN）以重建GS也平滑的原始图像的辨别特征。从我们使用四种分类模型对大型想象成的广泛实验，我们表明我们的方法既竞争竞争标准精度和最先进的强大精度，则针对最强大的净化器 - 盲目的白色和黑匣子攻击。此外，我们提出了一种用于评估基于商业图像分类API的纯化方法的新基准，例如AWS，Azure，Clarifai和Google。我们通过基于集合转移的黑匣子攻击产生对抗性实例，这可以促进API的完全错误分类，并证明我们的方法可用于增加API的抗逆性鲁棒性。

虽然深度神经网络在各种任务中表现出前所未有的性能，但对对抗性示例的脆弱性阻碍了他们在安全关键系统中的部署。许多研究表明，即使在黑盒设置中也可能攻击，其中攻击者无法访问目标模型的内部信息。大多数黑匣子攻击基于查询，每个都可以获得目标模型的输入输出，并且许多研究侧重于减少所需查询的数量。在本文中，我们注意了目标模型的输出完全对应于查询输入的隐含假设。如果将某些随机性引入模型中，它可以打破假设，因此，基于查询的攻击可能在梯度估计和本地搜索中具有巨大的困难，这是其攻击过程的核心。从这种动机来看，我们甚至观察到一个小的添加剂输入噪声可以中和大多数基于查询的攻击和名称这个简单但有效的方法小噪声防御（SND）。我们分析了SND如何防御基于查询的黑匣子攻击，并展示其与CIFAR-10和ImageNet数据集的八种最先进的攻击有效性。即使具有强大的防御能力，SND几乎保持了原始的分类准确性和计算速度。通过在推断下仅添加一行代码，SND很容易适用于预先训练的模型。

深度神经网络已成为现代图像识别系统的驱动力。然而，神经网络对抗对抗性攻击的脆弱性对受这些系统影响的人构成严重威胁。在本文中，我们专注于一个真实的威胁模型，中间对手恶意拦截和erturbs网页用户上传在线。这种类型的攻击可以在简单的性能下降之上提高严重的道德问题。为了防止这种攻击，我们设计了一种新的双层优化算法，该算法在对抗对抗扰动的自然图像附近找到点。CiFar-10和Imagenet的实验表明我们的方法可以有效地强制在给定的修改预算范围内的自然图像。我们还显示所提出的方法可以在共同使用随机平滑时提高鲁棒性。

Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which poses a threat to their application in security sensitive systems. We propose high-level representation guided denoiser (HGD) as a defense for image classification. Standard denoiser suffers from the error amplification effect, in which small residual adversarial noise is progressively amplified and leads to wrong classifications. HGD overcomes this problem by using a loss function defined as the difference between the target model's outputs activated by the clean image and denoised image. Compared with ensemble adversarial training which is the state-of-the-art defending method on large images, HGD has three advantages. First, with HGD as a defense, the target model is more robust to either white-box or black-box adversarial attacks. Second, HGD can be trained on a small subset of the images and generalizes well to other images and unseen classes. Third, HGD can be transferred to defend models other than the one guiding it. In NIPS competition on defense against adversarial attacks, our HGD solution won the first place and outperformed other models by a large margin. 1 * Equal contribution.

基于深度神经网络（DNN）的智能信息（IOT）系统已被广泛部署在现实世界中。然而，发现DNNS易受对抗性示例的影响，这提高了人们对智能物联网系统的可靠性和安全性的担忧。测试和评估IOT系统的稳健性成为必要和必要。最近已经提出了各种攻击和策略，但效率问题仍未纠正。现有方法是计算地广泛或耗时，这在实践中不适用。在本文中，我们提出了一种称为攻击启发GaN（AI-GaN）的新框架，在有条件地产生对抗性实例。曾经接受过培训，可以有效地给予对抗扰动的输入图像和目标类。我们在白盒设置的不同数据集中应用AI-GaN，黑匣子设置和由最先进的防御保护的目标模型。通过广泛的实验，AI-GaN实现了高攻击成功率，优于现有方法，并显着降低了生成时间。此外，首次，AI-GaN成功地缩放到复杂的数据集。 Cifar-100和Imagenet，所有课程中的成功率约为90美元。

Although deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved great success in many tasks, they can often be fooled by adversarial examples that are generated by adding small but purposeful distortions to natural examples. Previous studies to defend against adversarial examples mostly focused on refining the DNN models, but have either shown limited success or required expensive computation. We propose a new strategy, feature squeezing, that can be used to harden DNN models by detecting adversarial examples. Feature squeezing reduces the search space available to an adversary by coalescing samples that correspond to many different feature vectors in the original space into a single sample. By comparing a DNN model's prediction on the original input with that on squeezed inputs, feature squeezing detects adversarial examples with high accuracy and few false positives.This paper explores two feature squeezing methods: reducing the color bit depth of each pixel and spatial smoothing. These simple strategies are inexpensive and complementary to other defenses, and can be combined in a joint detection framework to achieve high detection rates against state-of-the-art attacks.

Adversarial attacks to image classification systems present challenges to convolutional networks and opportunities for understanding them. This study suggests that adversarial perturbations on images lead to noise in the features constructed by these networks. Motivated by this observation, we develop new network architectures that increase adversarial robustness by performing feature denoising. Specifically, our networks contain blocks that denoise the features using non-local means or other filters; the entire networks are trained end-to-end. When combined with adversarial training, our feature denoising networks substantially improve the state-of-the-art in adversarial robustness in both white-box and black-box attack settings. On ImageNet, under 10-iteration PGD white-box attacks where prior art has 27.9% accuracy, our method achieves 55.7%; even under extreme 2000-iteration PGD white-box attacks, our method secures 42.6% accuracy. Our method was ranked first in Competition on Adversarial Attacks and Defenses (CAAD) 2018 -it achieved 50.6% classification accuracy on a secret, ImageNet-like test dataset against 48 unknown attackers, surpassing the runner-up approach by ∼10%. Code is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/ ImageNet-Adversarial-Training.

虽然深度神经网络（DNN）在许多真实的任务中实现了出色的性能，但它们非常容易受到对抗的攻击。对抗这种攻击的主要防御是对抗的，一种技术，通过将对抗噪声引入其输入来训练DNN培训以训练为对抗性攻击的技术。此程序是有效的，但必须在培训阶段进行。在这项工作中，我们提出了增强随机森林（ARF），这是一个简单易用的策略，用于在不修改其权重的情况下强化现有的预磨损DNN。对于每个图像，我们通过应用不同颜色，模糊，噪声和几何变换来生成随机测试时间增强。然后我们使用DNN的Logits输出来训练一个简单的随机林来预测真正的类标签。我们的方法在自然图像的分类上最小的妥协，实现了最先进的对抗鲁棒性对白和黑匣子攻击的多样性。我们也针对许多适应性的白盒攻击测试ARF，并在与对抗训练结合时显示出优异的结果。代码可在https://github.com/giladcohen/arf获得。

We propose the Square Attack, a score-based black-box l2and l∞-adversarial attack that does not rely on local gradient information and thus is not affected by gradient masking. Square Attack is based on a randomized search scheme which selects localized squareshaped updates at random positions so that at each iteration the perturbation is situated approximately at the boundary of the feasible set. Our method is significantly more query efficient and achieves a higher success rate compared to the state-of-the-art methods, especially in the untargeted setting. In particular, on ImageNet we improve the average query efficiency in the untargeted setting for various deep networks by a factor of at least 1.8 and up to 3 compared to the recent state-ofthe-art l∞-attack of Al-Dujaili & OReilly (2020). Moreover, although our attack is black-box, it can also outperform gradient-based white-box attacks on the standard benchmarks achieving a new state-of-the-art in terms of the success rate. The code of our attack is available at https://github.com/max-andr/square-attack.

The problem of adversarial defenses for image classification, where the goal is to robustify a classifier against adversarial examples, is considered. Inspired by the hypothesis that these examples lie beyond the natural image manifold, a novel aDversarIal defenSe with local impliCit functiOns (DISCO) is proposed to remove adversarial perturbations by localized manifold projections. DISCO consumes an adversarial image and a query pixel location and outputs a clean RGB value at the location. It is implemented with an encoder and a local implicit module, where the former produces per-pixel deep features and the latter uses the features in the neighborhood of query pixel for predicting the clean RGB value. Extensive experiments demonstrate that both DISCO and its cascade version outperform prior defenses, regardless of whether the defense is known to the attacker. DISCO is also shown to be data and parameter efficient and to mount defenses that transfers across datasets, classifiers and attacks.

尽管机器学习系统的效率和可扩展性，但最近的研究表明，许多分类方法，尤其是深神经网络（DNN），易受对抗的例子;即，仔细制作欺骗训练有素的分类模型的例子，同时无法区分从自然数据到人类。这使得在安全关键区域中应用DNN或相关方法可能不安全。由于这个问题是由Biggio等人确定的。 （2013）和Szegedy等人。（2014年），在这一领域已经完成了很多工作，包括开发攻击方法，以产生对抗的例子和防御技术的构建防范这些例子。本文旨在向统计界介绍这一主题及其最新发展，主要关注对抗性示例的产生和保护。在数值实验中使用的计算代码（在Python和R）公开可用于读者探讨调查的方法。本文希望提交人们将鼓励更多统计学人员在这种重要的令人兴奋的领域的产生和捍卫对抗的例子。

通过对数据集的样本应用小而有意的最差情况扰动可以产生对抗性输入，这导致甚至最先进的深神经网络，以高信任输出不正确的答案。因此，开发了一些对抗防御技术来提高模型的安全性和稳健性，并避免它们被攻击。逐渐，攻击者和捍卫者之间的游戏类似的竞争，其中两个玩家都会试图在最大化自己的收益的同时互相反对发挥最佳策略。为了解决游戏，每个玩家都基于对对手的战略选择的预测来选择反对对手的最佳策略。在这项工作中，我们正处于防守方面，以申请防止攻击的游戏理论方法。我们使用两个随机化方法，随机初始化和随机激活修剪，以创造网络的多样性。此外，我们使用一种去噪技术，超级分辨率，通过在攻击前预处理图像来改善模型的鲁棒性。我们的实验结果表明，这三种方法可以有效提高深度学习神经网络的鲁棒性。

对抗性训练（AT）是针对对抗分类系统的对抗性攻击的简单而有效的防御，这是基于增强训练设置的攻击，从而最大程度地提高了损失。但是，AT作为视频分类的辩护的有效性尚未得到彻底研究。我们的第一个贡献是表明，为视频生成最佳攻击需要仔细调整攻击参数，尤其是步骤大小。值得注意的是，我们证明最佳步长随攻击预算线性变化。我们的第二个贡献是表明，在训练时间使用较小（次优的）攻击预算会导致测试时的性能更加强大。根据这些发现，我们提出了三个防御攻击预算的攻击的防御。自适应AT的第一个技术是一种技术，该技术是从随着训练迭代进行的。第二个课程是一项技术，随着训练的迭代进行，攻击预算的增加。第三个生成的AT，与deno的生成对抗网络一起，以提高稳健的性能。 UCF101数据集上的实验表明，所提出的方法改善了针对多种攻击类型的对抗性鲁棒性。

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are one of the most prominent technologies of our time, as they achieve state-of-the-art performance in many machine learning tasks, including but not limited to image classification, text mining, and speech processing. However, recent research on DNNs has indicated ever-increasing concern on the robustness to adversarial examples, especially for security-critical tasks such as traffic sign identification for autonomous driving. Studies have unveiled the vulnerability of a well-trained DNN by demonstrating the ability of generating barely noticeable (to both human and machines) adversarial images that lead to misclassification. Furthermore, researchers have shown that these adversarial images are highly transferable by simply training and attacking a substitute model built upon the target model, known as a black-box attack to DNNs.Similar to the setting of training substitute models, in this paper we propose an effective black-box attack that also only has access to the input (images) and the output (confidence scores) of a targeted DNN. However, different from leveraging attack transferability from substitute models, we propose zeroth order optimization (ZOO) based attacks to directly estimate the gradients of the targeted DNN for generating adversarial examples. We use zeroth order stochastic coordinate descent along with dimension reduction, hierarchical attack and importance sampling techniques to * Pin-Yu Chen and Huan Zhang contribute equally to this work.

众所周知，深神经网络（DNN）在许多领域中表现出显着的成功。但是，在模型输入上添加不可察觉的速度扰动时，模型性能可能会迅速减少。为了解决这个问题，最近提出了一种随机性技术，名为随机神经网络（SNNS）。具体而言，SNNS将随机性注入模型以防御看不见的攻击并改善对抗鲁棒性。然而，对SNN的存在研究主要关注注射固定或学习噪声以模拟重量/激活。在本文中，我们发现存在的SNNS表演在很大程度上是由特征表示能力的瓶颈。令人惊讶的是，只需最大化特征分布的每个维度的方差导致我们以先前的所有方法提供相当大的升压，我们命名为最大化特征分布方案随机神经网络（MFDV-SNN）。关于众所周知的白色和黑匣子攻击的广泛实验表明，MFDV-SNN对现有方法实现了重大改进，这表明它是提高模型稳健性的简单但有效的方法。

对抗斑块攻击通过在指定的局部区域中注入对抗像素来误导神经网络。补丁攻击可以在各种任务中非常有效，并且可以通过附件（例如贴纸）在现实世界对象上实现。尽管攻击模式的多样性，但对抗斑块往往具有高质感，并且外观与自然图像不同。我们利用此属性，并在patchzero上进行patchzero，这是一种针对白色框对面补丁的任务不合时宜的防御。具体而言，我们的防御通过用平均像素值重新粉刷来检测对抗性像素和“零”斑块区域。我们将补丁检测问题作为语义分割任务提出，以便我们的模型可以推广到任何大小和形状的贴片。我们进一步设计了一个两阶段的对抗训练计划，以防止更强烈的适应性攻击。我们在图像分类（ImageNet，resisc45），对象检测（Pascal VOC）和视频分类（UCF101）数据集上彻底评估PatchZero。我们的方法可实现SOTA的稳健精度，而不会在良性表现中降解。

已知深度神经网络（DNN）容易受到用不可察觉的扰动制作的对抗性示例的影响，即，输入图像的微小变化会引起错误的分类，从而威胁着基于深度学习的部署系统的可靠性。经常采用对抗训练（AT）来通过训练损坏和干净的数据的混合物来提高DNN的鲁棒性。但是，大多数基于AT的方法在处理\ textit {转移的对抗示例}方面是无效的，这些方法是生成以欺骗各种防御模型的生成的，因此无法满足现实情况下提出的概括要求。此外，对抗性训练一般的国防模型不能对具有扰动的输入产生可解释的预测，而不同的领域专家则需要一个高度可解释的强大模型才能了解DNN的行为。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种基于Jacobian规范和选择性输入梯度正则化（J-SIGR）的方法，该方法通过Jacobian归一化提出了线性化的鲁棒性，还将基于扰动的显着性图正规化，以模仿模型的可解释预测。因此，我们既可以提高DNN的防御能力和高解释性。最后，我们评估了跨不同体系结构的方法，以针对强大的对抗性攻击。实验表明，提出的J-Sigr赋予了针对转移的对抗攻击的鲁棒性，我们还表明，来自神经网络的预测易于解释。

Video classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which can create severe security problems in video verification. Current black-box attacks need a large number of queries to succeed, resulting in high computational overhead in the process of attack. On the other hand, attacks with restricted perturbations are ineffective against defenses such as denoising or adversarial training. In this paper, we focus on unrestricted perturbations and propose StyleFool, a black-box video adversarial attack via style transfer to fool the video classification system. StyleFool first utilizes color theme proximity to select the best style image, which helps avoid unnatural details in the stylized videos. Meanwhile, the target class confidence is additionally considered in targeted attacks to influence the output distribution of the classifier by moving the stylized video closer to or even across the decision boundary. A gradient-free method is then employed to further optimize the adversarial perturbations. We carry out extensive experiments to evaluate StyleFool on two standard datasets, UCF-101 and HMDB-51. The experimental results demonstrate that StyleFool outperforms the state-of-the-art adversarial attacks in terms of both the number of queries and the robustness against existing defenses. Moreover, 50% of the stylized videos in untargeted attacks do not need any query since they can already fool the video classification model. Furthermore, we evaluate the indistinguishability through a user study to show that the adversarial samples of StyleFool look imperceptible to human eyes, despite unrestricted perturbations.

Deep neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial examples, which poses security concerns on these algorithms due to the potentially severe consequences. Adversarial attacks serve as an important surrogate to evaluate the robustness of deep learning models before they are deployed. However, most of existing adversarial attacks can only fool a black-box model with a low success rate. To address this issue, we propose a broad class of momentum-based iterative algorithms to boost adversarial attacks. By integrating the momentum term into the iterative process for attacks, our methods can stabilize update directions and escape from poor local maxima during the iterations, resulting in more transferable adversarial examples. To further improve the success rates for black-box attacks, we apply momentum iterative algorithms to an ensemble of models, and show that the adversarially trained models with a strong defense ability are also vulnerable to our black-box attacks. We hope that the proposed methods will serve as a benchmark for evaluating the robustness of various deep models and defense methods. With this method, we won the first places in NIPS 2017 Non-targeted Adversarial Attack and Targeted Adversarial Attack competitions.

防御对抗例子仍然是一个空旷的问题。一个普遍的信念是，推理的随机性增加了寻找对抗性输入的成本。这种辩护的一个例子是将随机转换应用于输入之前，然后将其馈送到模型。在本文中，我们从经验和理论上研究了这种随机预处理的防御措施，并证明它们存在缺陷。首先，我们表明大多数随机防御措施比以前想象的要弱。他们缺乏足够的随机性来承受诸如投影梯度下降之类的标准攻击。这对长期以来的假设产生了怀疑，即随机防御能力无效，旨在逃避确定性的防御和迫使攻击者以整合对转型（EOT）概念的期望。其次，我们表明随机防御与对抗性鲁棒性和模型不变性之间的权衡面临。随着辩护模型获得更多的随机化不变性，它们变得不太有效。未来的工作将需要使这两种效果分解。我们的代码在补充材料中可用。