仅使用图像级注释的弱监督对象检测（WSOD）在过去几年中引起了不断增长的关注。然而，此类任务通常以专注于自然图像的特定于域的解决方案，而我们表明应用于预先训练的深度特征的简单多实例方法会产生优异的非摄影数据集的性能，可能包括新类。该方法不包括任何微调或跨域学习，因此有效且可能适用于任意数据集和类。我们调查了拟议方法的几种口味，一些包括多层的Perceptron和多层分类器。尽管其简单性，我们的方法在一系列公开的数据集中展示了竞争结果，包括绘画（人民艺术，象征），水彩画，剪贴画和漫画，并允许快速学习未经看的视觉类别。

接受注释较弱的对象探测器是全面监督者的负担得起的替代方案。但是，它们之间仍然存在显着的性能差距。我们建议通过微调预先训练的弱监督检测器来缩小这一差距，并使用``Box-In-box''（bib'（bib）自动从训练集中自动选择了一些完全注销的样品，这是一种新颖的活跃学习专门针对弱势监督探测器的据可查的失败模式而设计的策略。 VOC07和可可基准的实验表明，围嘴表现优于其他活跃的学习技术，并显着改善了基本的弱监督探测器的性能，而每个类别仅几个完全宣布的图像。围嘴达到了完全监督的快速RCNN的97％，在VOC07上仅10％的全已通量图像。在可可（COCO）上，平均每类使用10张全面通量的图像，或同等的训练集的1％，还减少了弱监督检测器和完全监督的快速RCN之间的性能差距（In AP）以上超过70％ ，在性能和数据效率之间表现出良好的权衡。我们的代码可在https://github.com/huyvvo/bib上公开获取。

Due to object detection's close relationship with video analysis and image understanding, it has attracted much research attention in recent years. Traditional object detection methods are built on handcrafted features and shallow trainable architectures. Their performance easily stagnates by constructing complex ensembles which combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context from object detectors and scene classifiers. With the rapid development in deep learning, more powerful tools, which are able to learn semantic, high-level, deeper features, are introduced to address the problems existing in traditional architectures. These models behave differently in network architecture, training strategy and optimization function, etc. In this paper, we provide a review on deep learning based object detection frameworks. Our review begins with a brief introduction on the history of deep learning and its representative tool, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Then we focus on typical generic object detection architectures along with some modifications and useful tricks to improve detection performance further. As distinct specific detection tasks exhibit different characteristics, we also briefly survey several specific tasks, including salient object detection, face detection and pedestrian detection. Experimental analyses are also provided to compare various methods and draw some meaningful conclusions. Finally, several promising directions and tasks are provided to serve as guidelines for future work in both object detection and relevant neural network based learning systems.

标记数据通常昂贵且耗时，特别是对于诸如对象检测和实例分割之类的任务，这需要对图像的密集标签进行密集的标签。虽然几张拍摄对象检测是关于培训小说中的模型（看不见的）对象类具有很少的数据，但它仍然需要在许多标记的基础（见）类的课程上进行训练。另一方面，自我监督的方法旨在从未标记数据学习的学习表示，该数据转移到诸如物体检测的下游任务。结合几次射击和自我监督的物体检测是一个有前途的研究方向。在本调查中，我们审查并表征了几次射击和自我监督对象检测的最新方法。然后，我们给我们的主要外卖，并讨论未来的研究方向。https://gabrielhuang.github.io/fsod-survey/的项目页面

Weakly-supervised object detection (WSOD) models attempt to leverage image-level annotations in lieu of accurate but costly-to-obtain object localization labels. This oftentimes leads to substandard object detection and localization at inference time. To tackle this issue, we propose D2DF2WOD, a Dual-Domain Fully-to-Weakly Supervised Object Detection framework that leverages synthetic data, annotated with precise object localization, to supplement a natural image target domain, where only image-level labels are available. In its warm-up domain adaptation stage, the model learns a fully-supervised object detector (FSOD) to improve the precision of the object proposals in the target domain, and at the same time learns target-domain-specific and detection-aware proposal features. In its main WSOD stage, a WSOD model is specifically tuned to the target domain. The feature extractor and the object proposal generator of the WSOD model are built upon the fine-tuned FSOD model. We test D2DF2WOD on five dual-domain image benchmarks. The results show that our method results in consistently improved object detection and localization compared with state-of-the-art methods.

半弱监督和监督的学习最近在对象检测文献中引起了很大的关注，因为它们可以减轻成功训练深度学习模型所需的注释成本。半监督学习的最先进方法依赖于使用多阶段过程训练的学生老师模型，并大量数据增强。为弱监督的设置开发了自定义网络，因此很难适应不同的检测器。在本文中，引入了一种弱半监督的训练方法，以减少这些训练挑战，但通过仅利用一小部分全标记的图像，并在弱标记图像中提供信息来实现最先进的性能。特别是，我们基于通用抽样的学习策略以在线方式产生伪基真实（GT）边界框注释，消除了对多阶段培训的需求和学生教师网络配置。这些伪GT框是根据通过得分传播过程累积的对象建议的分类得分从弱标记的图像中采样的。 PASCAL VOC数据集的经验结果表明，使用VOC 2007作为完全标记的拟议方法可提高性能5.0％，而VOC 2012作为弱标记数据。同样，有了5-10％的完全注释的图像，我们观察到MAP中的10％以上的改善，表明对图像级注释的适度投资可以大大改善检测性能。

Object detection performance, as measured on the canonical PASCAL VOC dataset, has plateaued in the last few years. The best-performing methods are complex ensemble systems that typically combine multiple low-level image features with high-level context. In this paper, we propose a simple and scalable detection algorithm that improves mean average precision (mAP) by more than 30% relative to the previous best result on VOC 2012-achieving a mAP of 53.3%. Our approach combines two key insights:(1) one can apply high-capacity convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to bottom-up region proposals in order to localize and segment objects and (2) when labeled training data is scarce, supervised pre-training for an auxiliary task, followed by domain-specific fine-tuning, yields a significant performance boost. Since we combine region proposals with CNNs, we call our method R-CNN: Regions with CNN features. We also compare R-CNN to OverFeat, a recently proposed sliding-window detector based on a similar CNN architecture. We find that R-CNN outperforms OverFeat by a large margin on the 200-class ILSVRC2013 detection dataset. Source code for the complete system is available at http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/ ˜rbg/rcnn.

The ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge is a benchmark in object category classification and detection on hundreds of object categories and millions of images. The challenge has been run annually from 2010 to present, attracting participation from more than fifty institutions. This paper describes the creation of this benchmark dataset and the advances in object recognition that have been possible as a result. We discuss the chal-

我们在没有监督的情况下解决了学习对象探测器的问题。与弱监督的对象检测不同，我们不假设图像级类标签。取而代之的是，我们使用音频组件来“教”对象检测器，从视听数据中提取监督信号。尽管此问题与声音源本地化有关，但它更难，因为检测器必须按类型对对象进行分类，列举对象的每个实例，并且即使对象保持沉默，也可以这样做。我们通过首先设计一个自制的框架来解决这个问题，该框架具有一个对比目标，该目标共同学会了分类和本地化对象。然后，在不使用任何监督的情况下，我们只需使用这些自我监督的标签和盒子来训练基于图像的对象检测器。因此，对于对象检测和声音源定位的任务，我们优于先前的无监督和弱监督的检测器。我们还表明，我们可以将该探测器与每个伪级标签的标签保持一致，并展示我们的方法如何学习检测超出仪器（例如飞机和猫）的通用对象。

Conventional training of a deep CNN based object detector demands a large number of bounding box annotations, which may be unavailable for rare categories. In this work we develop a few-shot object detector that can learn to detect novel objects from only a few annotated examples. Our proposed model leverages fully labeled base classes and quickly adapts to novel classes, using a meta feature learner and a reweighting module within a one-stage detection architecture. The feature learner extracts meta features that are generalizable to detect novel object classes, using training data from base classes with sufficient samples. The reweighting module transforms a few support examples from the novel classes to a global vector that indicates the importance or relevance of meta features for detecting the corresponding objects. These two modules, together with a detection prediction module, are trained end-to-end based on an episodic few-shot learning scheme and a carefully designed loss function. Through extensive experiments we demonstrate that our model outperforms well-established baselines by a large margin for few-shot object detection, on multiple datasets and settings. We also present analysis on various aspects of our proposed model, aiming to provide some inspiration for future few-shot detection works.

X-ray imaging technology has been used for decades in clinical tasks to reveal the internal condition of different organs, and in recent years, it has become more common in other areas such as industry, security, and geography. The recent development of computer vision and machine learning techniques has also made it easier to automatically process X-ray images and several machine learning-based object (anomaly) detection, classification, and segmentation methods have been recently employed in X-ray image analysis. Due to the high potential of deep learning in related image processing applications, it has been used in most of the studies. This survey reviews the recent research on using computer vision and machine learning for X-ray analysis in industrial production and security applications and covers the applications, techniques, evaluation metrics, datasets, and performance comparison of those techniques on publicly available datasets. We also highlight some drawbacks in the published research and give recommendations for future research in computer vision-based X-ray analysis.

Consider a scenario in one-shot query-guided object localization where neither an image of the object nor the object category name is available as a query. In such a scenario, a hand-drawn sketch of the object could be a choice for a query. However, hand-drawn crude sketches alone, when used as queries, might be ambiguous for object localization, e.g., a sketch of a laptop could be confused for a sofa. On the other hand, a linguistic definition of the category, e.g., a small portable computer small enough to use in your lap" along with the sketch query, gives better visual and semantic cues for object localization. In this work, we present a multimodal query-guided object localization approach under the challenging open-set setting. In particular, we use queries from two modalities, namely, hand-drawn sketch and description of the object (also known as gloss), to perform object localization. Multimodal query-guided object localization is a challenging task, especially when a large domain gap exists between the queries and the natural images, as well as due to the challenge of combining the complementary and minimal information present across the queries. For example, hand-drawn crude sketches contain abstract shape information of an object, while the text descriptions often capture partial semantic information about a given object category. To address the aforementioned challenges, we present a novel cross-modal attention scheme that guides the region proposal network to generate object proposals relevant to the input queries and a novel orthogonal projection-based proposal scoring technique that scores each proposal with respect to the queries, thereby yielding the final localization results. ...

基于多个实例检测网络（MIDN），大量作品为弱监督对象检测（WSOD）做出了巨大的努力。但是，大多数方法忽略了一个事实，即在训练阶段每个图像中都存在压倒性的负面实例，这会误导培训并使网络落入本地最小值。为了解决这个问题，本文提出了基于硬采样和软采样的在线渐进式实例平衡采样（OPI）算法。该算法包括两个模块：渐进式实例平衡（PIB）模块和渐进式实例重新加权（PIR）模块。 PIB模块结合了随机抽样和iou均衡采样，逐渐地挖掘出硬性实例，同时平衡积极实例和负面实例。 PIR模块进一步利用了分类器得分和相邻的改进，以重新获得使网络关注积极实例的积极实例的权重。 Pascal VOC 2007和2012数据集的广泛实验结果表明，所提出的方法可以显着改善基线，这也可与许多现有的最新结果相媲美。此外，与基线相比，所提出的方法不需要额外的网络参数，并且补充培训开销很小，可以根据实例分类器修补范式轻松地集成到其他方法中。

State-of-the-art object detection networks depend on region proposal algorithms to hypothesize object locations. Advances like SPPnet [1] and Fast R-CNN [2] have reduced the running time of these detection networks, exposing region proposal computation as a bottleneck. In this work, we introduce a Region Proposal Network (RPN) that shares full-image convolutional features with the detection network, thus enabling nearly cost-free region proposals. An RPN is a fully convolutional network that simultaneously predicts object bounds and objectness scores at each position. The RPN is trained end-to-end to generate high-quality region proposals, which are used by Fast R-CNN for detection. We further merge RPN and Fast R-CNN into a single network by sharing their convolutional features-using the recently popular terminology of neural networks with "attention" mechanisms, the RPN component tells the unified network where to look. For the very deep VGG-16 model [3], our detection system has a frame rate of 5fps (including all steps) on a GPU, while achieving state-of-the-art object detection accuracy on PASCAL VOC 2007, 2012, and MS COCO datasets with only 300 proposals per image. In ILSVRC and COCO 2015 competitions, Faster R-CNN and RPN are the foundations of the 1st-place winning entries in several tracks. Code has been made publicly available.

即使在几个例子中，人类能够学会识别新物品。相比之下，培训基于深度学习的对象探测器需要大量的注释数据。为避免需求获取和注释这些大量数据，但很少拍摄的对象检测旨在从目标域中的新类别的少数对象实例中学习。在本调查中，我们在几次拍摄对象检测中概述了本领域的状态。我们根据培训方案和建筑布局分类方法。对于每种类型的方法，我们描述了一般的实现以及提高新型类别性能的概念。在适当的情况下，我们在这些概念上给出短暂的外卖，以突出最好的想法。最终，我们介绍了常用的数据集及其评估协议，并分析了报告的基准结果。因此，我们强调了评估中的共同挑战，并确定了这种新兴对象检测领域中最有前景的电流趋势。

We present a method for detecting objects in images using a single deep neural network. Our approach, named SSD, discretizes the output space of bounding boxes into a set of default boxes over different aspect ratios and scales per feature map location. At prediction time, the network generates scores for the presence of each object category in each default box and produces adjustments to the box to better match the object shape. Additionally, the network combines predictions from multiple feature maps with different resolutions to naturally handle objects of various sizes. SSD is simple relative to methods that require object proposals because it completely eliminates proposal generation and subsequent pixel or feature resampling stages and encapsulates all computation in a single network. This makes SSD easy to train and straightforward to integrate into systems that require a detection component. Experimental results on the PASCAL VOC, COCO, and ILSVRC datasets confirm that SSD has competitive accuracy to methods that utilize an additional object proposal step and is much faster, while providing a unified framework for both training and inference. For 300 × 300 input, SSD achieves 74.3% mAP 1 on VOC2007 test at 59 FPS on a Nvidia Titan X and for 512 × 512 input, SSD achieves 76.9% mAP, outperforming a comparable state-of-the-art Faster R-CNN model. Compared to other single stage methods, SSD has much better accuracy even with a smaller input image size. Code is available at: https://github.com/weiliu89/caffe/tree/ssd .

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

学习准确的对象探测器通常需要具有精确对象边界框的大规模培训数据。但是，标记此类数据是昂贵且耗时的。随着众包标签过程和对象的歧义可能会引起嘈杂的边界盒注释，对象探测器将遭受退化的训练数据。在这项工作中，我们旨在应对使用不准确的边界框来学习健壮对象探测器的挑战。受到以下事实的启发：本地化精度在分类精度不准确的框中显着遭受不准确的框架的影响，我们建议将分类作为用于完善定位结果的指导信号。具体而言，通过将对象视为一袋实例，我们引入了一种对象感知的多个实例学习方法（OA-MIL），其中具有对象感知的实例选择和对象感知实例扩展。前者旨在选择准确的培训实例，而不是直接使用不准确的框注释。后者的重点是生成高质量的选择实例。关于合成嘈杂数据集的广泛实验（即嘈杂的Pascal VOC和MS-Coco）和真正的嘈杂小麦头数据集证明了我们OA-MIL的有效性。代码可从https://github.com/cxliu0/oa-mil获得。

用于对象检测的注释边界框很昂贵，耗时且容易出错。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个基于DITR的框架，该框架旨在在部分注释的密集场景数据集中明确完成丢失的注释。这减少了注释场景中的每个对象实例，从而降低注释成本。完成DETR解码器中的对象查询，并使用图像中对象的补丁信息。结合匹配损失，它可以有效地找到与输入补丁相似的对象并完成丢失的注释。我们表明，我们的框架优于最先进的方法，例如软采样和公正的老师，同时可以与这些方法一起使用以进一步提高其性能。我们的框架对下游对象探测器的选择也不可知。我们显示了多个流行探测器的性能改进，例如在多个密集的场景数据集中更快的R-CNN，CASCADE R-CNN，CENTERNET2和可变形的DETR。

什么构成一个物体？这是计算机愿景中的长期问题。为了实现这一目标，已经开发了许多基于学习的基于学习的方法来得分对象。但是，它们通常不会划过新域和未经看不见的对象。在本文中，我们倡导现有方法缺乏由人类可理解的语义管理的自上而下的监督信号。为了弥合这一差距，我们探索了已经用对齐的图像文本对培训的多模态视觉变压器（MVIT）。我们对各个域和新型对象的广泛实验显示了MVITS的最先进的性能，以使图像中的通用对象本地化。基于这些发现，我们使用多尺度特征处理和可变形的自我关注来开发一种高效且灵活的MVIT架构，可以自适应地生成给定特定语言查询的提议。我们展示了MVIT提案在各种应用中的重要性，包括开放世界对象检测，突出和伪装对象检测，监督和自我监督的检测任务。此外，MVITS提供了具有可理解文本查询的增强的交互性。代码：https://git.io/j1hpy。