To date, there are no effective treatments for most neurodegenerative diseases. Knowledge graphs can provide comprehensive and semantic representation for heterogeneous data, and have been successfully leveraged in many biomedical applications including drug repurposing. Our objective is to construct a knowledge graph from literature to study relations between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and chemicals, drugs and dietary supplements in order to identify opportunities to prevent or delay neurodegenerative progression. We collected biomedical annotations and extracted their relations using SemRep via SemMedDB. We used both a BERT-based classifier and rule-based methods during data preprocessing to exclude noise while preserving most AD-related semantic triples. The 1,672,110 filtered triples were used to train with knowledge graph completion algorithms (i.e., TransE, DistMult, and ComplEx) to predict candidates that might be helpful for AD treatment or prevention. Among three knowledge graph completion models, TransE outperformed the other two (MR = 13.45, Hits@1 = 0.306). We leveraged the time-slicing technique to further evaluate the prediction results. We found supporting evidence for most highly ranked candidates predicted by our model which indicates that our approach can inform reliable new knowledge. This paper shows that our graph mining model can predict reliable new relationships between AD and other entities (i.e., dietary supplements, chemicals, and drugs). The knowledge graph constructed can facilitate data-driven knowledge discoveries and the generation of novel hypotheses.
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改善疾病的护理标准是关于更好的治疗方法,反过来依赖于寻找和开发新药。然而,药物发现是一个复杂且昂贵的过程。通过机器学习的方法采用了利用域固有的互连性质的药物发现知识图的创建。基于图形的数据建模,结合知识图形嵌入式提供了更直观的域表示,适用于推理任务,例如预测缺失链路。一个这样的例子将产生对给定疾病的可能相关基因的排名列表,通常被称为目标发现。因此,这是关键的,即这些预测不仅是相关的,而且是生物学上的有意义的。然而,知识图形可以直接偏向,由于集成的底层数据源,或者由于图形构造中的建模选择,其中的一个结果是某些实体可以在拓扑上超越。我们展示了知识图形嵌入模型可能受到这种结构不平衡的影响,导致无论上下文都要高度排名的密集连接实体。我们在不同的数据集,模型和预测任务中提供对此观察的支持。此外,我们展示了如何通过随机,生物学上无意义的信息扰乱图形拓扑结构以人为地改变基因的等级。这表明这种模型可能会受到实体频率而不是在关系中编码的生物学信息的影响,当实体频率不是基础数据的真实反射时,创建问题。我们的结果突出了数据建模选择的重要性,并强调了从业者在解释模型输出和知识图形组合期间时要注意这些问题。
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该药物发现​​和开发过程是一个漫长而昂贵的过程,每次药物平均耗资超过10亿美元,需要10 - 15年的时间。为了减少在整个过程中的高水平流失量,在最近十年中,越来越多地将机器学习方法应用于药物发现和发育的各个阶段,尤其是在最早鉴定可药物疾病基因的阶段。在本文中,我们开发了一种新的张量分解模型,以预测用于治疗疾病的潜在药物靶标(基因或蛋白质)。我们创建了一个三维数据张量,该数据张量由1,048个基因靶标,860个疾病和230,0111111111111111111111111111111的证据属性和临床结果,并使用从开放式目标和药物数据库中提取的数据组成。我们用从药物发现的知识图中学到的基因目标表示丰富了数据,并应用了我们提出的方法来预测看不见的基因靶标和疾病对的临床结果。我们设计了三种评估策略来衡量预测性能,并将几个常用的机器学习分类器与贝叶斯矩阵和张量分解方法进行了基准测试。结果表明,合并知识图嵌入可显着提高预测准确性,并与密集的神经网络一起训练张量分解优于所有其他基线。总而言之,我们的框架结合了两种积极研究的机器学习方法,用于疾病目标识别,即张量分解和知识图表示学习,这可能是在数据驱动的药物发现中进一步探索的有希望的途径。
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药物发现和发展是一个复杂和昂贵的过程。正在研究机器学习方法,以帮助提高药物发现管道多个阶段的有效性和速度。其中,使用知识图表(kg)的那些在许多任务中具有承诺,包括药物修复,药物毒性预测和靶基因疾病优先级。在药物发现kg中,包括基因,疾病和药物在内的关键因素被认为是实体,而它们之间的关系表示相互作用。但是,为了构建高质量的KG,需要合适的数据。在这篇综述中,我们详细介绍了适用于构建聚焦KGS的药物发现的公开使用来源。我们的目标是帮助引导机器学习和kg从业者对吸毒者发现领域应用新技术,但是谁可能不熟悉相关的数据来源。通过严格的标准选择数据集,根据包含内部包含的主要信息类型,并基于可以提取的信息来进行分类以构建kg。然后,我们对现有的公共药物发现KGS进行了比较分析,并评估了文献中所选择的激励案例研究。此外,我们还提出了众多和与域及其数据集相关的众多挑战和问题,同时突出了关键的未来研究方向。我们希望本综述将激励KGS在药物发现领域的关键和新兴问题中使用。
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当植物天然产物与药物共容纳时,就会发生药代动力学天然产物 - 药物相互作用(NPDIS)。了解NPDI的机制是防止不良事件的关键。我们构建了一个知识图框架NP-KG,作为迈向药代动力学NPDIS的计算发现的一步。 NP-KG是一个具有生物医学本体论,链接数据和科学文献的全文,由表型知识翻译框架和语义关系提取系统,SEMREP和集成网络和动态推理组成的构建的科学文献的全文。通过路径搜索和元路径发现对药代动力学绿茶和kratom-prug相互作用的案例研究评估NP-KG,以确定与地面真实数据相比的一致性和矛盾信息。完全集成的NP-KG由745,512个节点和7,249,576个边缘组成。 NP-KG的评估导致了一致(绿茶的38.98%,kratom的50%),矛盾(绿茶的15.25%,21.43%,Kratom的21.43%),同等和矛盾的(15.25%)(21.43%,21.43%,21.43% kratom)信息。几种声称的NPDI的潜在药代动力学机制,包括绿茶 - 茶氧化烯,绿茶 - 纳多洛尔,Kratom-Midazolam,Kratom-Quetiapine和Kratom-Venlafaxine相互作用,与已出版的文献一致。 NP-KG是第一个将生物医学本体论与专注于天然产品的科学文献的全文相结合的公斤。我们证明了NP-KG在鉴定涉及酶,转运蛋白和药物的药代动力学相互作用的应用。我们设想NP-KG将有助于改善人机合作,以指导研究人员将来对药代动力学NPDIS进行研究。 NP-KG框架可在https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6814507和https://github.com/sanyabt/np-kg上公开获得。
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在2019年的大流行病(Covid-19)感染SARS-COV-2的小型冠状病病(Covid-19)中,很快就迅速进行了大量的预防和治疗药物研究,但迄今为止,这些努力取得了不成功。我们的目标是利用药物重新淘点的管道优先考虑可重复的药物,系统地整合多个SARS-COV-2和药物相互作用,深图神经网络和基于体外/人口的验证。我们首先通过CTDBase收集涉及Covid-19患者治疗的所有可用药物(n = 3,635)。我们基于病毒诱饵,宿主基因,途径,药物和表型之间的相互作用构建了SARS-COV-2知识图。基于生物相互作用,使用深图神经网络方法来得出候选表示。我们利用临床试验验证药物优先考虑候选药物,然后用它们的遗传谱,体外实验疗效和电子健康记录验证。我们突出了前22名药物,包括阿奇霉素,阿托伐他汀,阿司匹林,对乙酰氨基酚和阿巴替代醇。我们进一步确定了可能协同靶向Covid-19的药物组合。总之,我们证明了广泛的相互作用,深度神经网络和严格验证的整合可以促进Covid-19治疗的候选药物的快速鉴定。这是一个post-poser-review,在科学报告中发布的文章的Pre-Copyedit版本最终经过身份验证版本可在线获取:https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-114758/v1
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Knowledge graph (KG) is used to represent data in terms of entities and structural relations between the entities. This representation can be used to solve complex problems such as recommendation systems and question answering. In this study, a set of candidate drugs for COVID-19 are proposed by using Drug repurposing knowledge graph (DRKG). DRKG is a biological knowledge graph constructed using a vast amount of open source biomedical knowledge to understand the mechanism of compounds and the related biological functions. Node and relation embeddings are learned using knowledge graph embedding models and neural network and attention related models. Different models are used to get the node embedding by changing the objective of the model. These embeddings are later used to predict if a candidate drug is effective to treat a disease or how likely it is for a drug to bind to a protein associated to a disease which can be modelled as a link prediction task between two nodes. RESCAL performed the best on the test dataset in terms of MR, MRR and Hits@3.
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Biomedical knowledge graphs (KG) are heterogenous networks consisting of biological entities as nodes and relations between them as edges. These entities and relations are extracted from millions of research papers and unified in a single resource. The goal of biomedical multi-hop question-answering over knowledge graph (KGQA) is to help biologist and scientist to get valuable insights by asking questions in natural language. Relevant answers can be found by first understanding the question and then querying the KG for right set of nodes and relationships to arrive at an answer. To model the question, language models such as RoBERTa and BioBERT are used to understand context from natural language question. One of the challenges in KGQA is missing links in the KG. Knowledge graph embeddings (KGE) help to overcome this problem by encoding nodes and edges in a dense and more efficient way. In this paper, we use a publicly available KG called Hetionet which is an integrative network of biomedical knowledge assembled from 29 different databases of genes, compounds, diseases, and more. We have enriched this KG dataset by creating a multi-hop biomedical question-answering dataset in natural language for testing the biomedical multi-hop question-answering system and this dataset will be made available to the research community. The major contribution of this research is an integrated system that combines language models with KG embeddings to give highly relevant answers to free-form questions asked by biologists in an intuitive interface. Biomedical multi-hop question-answering system is tested on this data and results are highly encouraging.
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由于对高效有效的大数据分析解决方案的需求,医疗保健行业中数据分析的合并已取得了重大进展。知识图(KGS)已在该领域证明了效用,并且植根于许多医疗保健应用程序,以提供更好的数据表示和知识推断。但是,由于缺乏代表性的kg施工分类法,该指定领域中的几种现有方法不足和劣等。本文是第一个提供综合分类法和鸟类对医疗kg建筑的眼光的看法。此外,还对与各种医疗保健背景相关的学术工作中最新的技术进行了彻底的检查。这些技术是根据用于知识提取的方法,知识库和来源的类型以及合并评估协议的方法进行了严格评估的。最后,报道和讨论了文献中的一些研究发现和现有问题,为这个充满活力的地区开放了未来研究的视野。
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自然语言处理(NLP)是一个人工智能领域,它应用信息技术来处理人类语言,在一定程度上理解并在各种应用中使用它。在过去的几年中,该领域已经迅速发展,现在采用了深层神经网络的现代变体来从大型文本语料库中提取相关模式。这项工作的主要目的是调查NLP在药理学领域的最新使用。正如我们的工作所表明的那样,NLP是药理学高度相关的信息提取和处理方法。它已被广泛使用,从智能搜索到成千上万的医疗文件到在社交媒体中找到对抗性药物相互作用的痕迹。我们将覆盖范围分为五个类别,以调查现代NLP方法论,常见的任务,相关的文本数据,知识库和有用的编程库。我们将这五个类别分为适当的子类别,描述其主要属性和想法,并以表格形式进行总结。最终的调查介绍了该领域的全面概述,对从业者和感兴趣的观察者有用。
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人蛋白质组包含一个庞大的相互作用激酶和底物网络。即使某些激酶被证明是治疗靶标的非常有用的,但大多数仍在研究中。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新颖的知识图表示方法,以预测研究研究的新型相互作用伙伴。我们的方法使用通过整合IPTMNET,蛋白质本体论,基因本体论和BIOKG的数据构建的磷蛋白知识图。通过在三元组上进行定向的随机步行,与修改后的Skipgram或CBOW模型一起进行定向的随机步行,从而学习了该知识图中激酶和底物的表示。然后,这些表示形式被用作监督分类模型的输入,以预测研究不细的激酶的新型相互作用。我们还提供了对预测相互作用的后预测分析和对磷酸蛋白质学知识图的消融研究,以了解对研究的激酶的生物学的见解。
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对于人工智能在生物学和药物中产生更大的影响,这是一个至关重要的是,建议都是准确和透明的。在其他域中,已经显示了关于知识图表的多跳推理的神经统计学方法,以产生透明的解释。然而,缺乏研究将其应用于复杂的生物医学数据集和问题。在本文中,探讨了药物发现的方法,以利用其适用性的稳定结论。我们首次系统地将其应用于多种生物医学数据集和具有公平基准比较的推荐任务。发现该方法以平均水平的21.7%优于21.7%,同时产生新颖,生物学相关的解释。
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In this paper we show the surprising effectiveness of a simple observed features model in comparison to latent feature models on two benchmark knowledge base completion datasets, FB15K and WN18. We also compare latent and observed feature models on a more challenging dataset derived from FB15K, and additionally coupled with textual mentions from a web-scale corpus. We show that the observed features model is most effective at capturing the information present for entity pairs with textual relations, and a combination of the two combines the strengths of both model types.
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The development of deep neural networks has improved representation learning in various domains, including textual, graph structural, and relational triple representations. This development opened the door to new relation extraction beyond the traditional text-oriented relation extraction. However, research on the effectiveness of considering multiple heterogeneous domain information simultaneously is still under exploration, and if a model can take an advantage of integrating heterogeneous information, it is expected to exhibit a significant contribution to many problems in the world. This thesis works on Drug-Drug Interactions (DDIs) from the literature as a case study and realizes relation extraction utilizing heterogeneous domain information. First, a deep neural relation extraction model is prepared and its attention mechanism is analyzed. Next, a method to combine the drug molecular structure information and drug description information to the input sentence information is proposed, and the effectiveness of utilizing drug molecular structures and drug descriptions for the relation extraction task is shown. Then, in order to further exploit the heterogeneous information, drug-related items, such as protein entries, medical terms and pathways are collected from multiple existing databases and a new data set in the form of a knowledge graph (KG) is constructed. A link prediction task on the constructed data set is conducted to obtain embedding representations of drugs that contain the heterogeneous domain information. Finally, a method that integrates the input sentence information and the heterogeneous KG information is proposed. The proposed model is trained and evaluated on a widely used data set, and as a result, it is shown that utilizing heterogeneous domain information significantly improves the performance of relation extraction from the literature.
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自动问题应答(QA)系统的目的是以时间有效的方式向用户查询提供答案。通常在数据库(或知识库)或通常被称为语料库的文件集合中找到答案。在过去的几十年里,收购知识的扩散,因此生物医学领域的新科学文章一直是指数增长。因此,即使对于领域专家,也难以跟踪域中的所有信息。随着商业搜索引擎的改进,用户可以在某些情况下键入其查询并获得最相关的一小组文档,以及在某些情况下从文档中的相关片段。但是,手动查找所需信息或答案可能仍然令人疑惑和耗时。这需要开发高效的QA系统,该系统旨在为用户提供精确和精确的答案提供了生物医学领域的自然语言问题。在本文中,我们介绍了用于开发普通域QA系统的基本方法,然后彻底调查生物医学QA系统的不同方面,包括使用结构化数据库和文本集合的基准数据集和几种提出的方​​法。我们还探讨了当前系统的局限性,并探索潜在的途径以获得进一步的进步。
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生物医学研究正在以这种指数速度增长,科学家,研究人员和从业者不再能够应对该领域发表的文献的数量。文献中提出的知识需要以这种方式系统化,可以轻松找到声明和假设,访问和验证。知识图可以为文献提供这样的语义知识表示框架。然而,为了构建知识图形,有必要以生物医学实体之间的关系形式提取知识并使两个实体和关系类型进行正常化。在本文中,我们展示并比较了少数基于规则和基于机器学习的(天真的贝叶斯,随机森林作为传统机器学习方法和T5基础的示例,作为现代深层学习的示例)可扩展关系从生物医学中提取的方法集成到知识图中的文献。我们研究了如何为不平衡和相当小的数据集进行弹性,显示T5模型,由于其在大型C4数据集以及不平衡数据上进行预培训,因此T5模型处理得好的小型数据集。最佳执行模型是T5模型在平衡数据上进行微调,报告F1分数为0.88。
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各种网络的部署(例如,事物互联网(IOT)和移动网络),数据库(例如,营养表和食品组成数据库)和社交媒体(例如,Instagram和Twitter)产生大量的多型食品数据,这在食品科学和工业中起着关键作用。然而,由于众所周知的数据协调问题,这些多源食品数据显示为信息孤岛,导致难以充分利用这些食物数据。食物知识图表提供了统一和标准化的概念术语及其结构形式的关系,因此可以将食物信息孤单转换为更可重复使用的全球数量数字连接的食物互联网以使各种应用有益。据我们所知,这是食品科学与工业中食品知识图表的第一个全面审查。我们首先提供知识图表的简要介绍,然后主要从食物分类,食品本体到食品知识图表的进展。粮食知识图表的代表性应用将在新的配方开发,食品可追溯性,食物数据可视化,个性化饮食推荐,食品搜索和质询回答,视觉食品对象识别,食品机械智能制造方面来概述。我们还讨论了该领域的未来方向,例如食品供应链系统和人类健康的食品知识图,这应该得到进一步的研究。他们的巨大潜力将吸引更多的研究努力,将食物知识图形应用于食品科学和工业领域。
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Covid-19上的知识图(KGS)已建立在加速Covid-19的研究过程中。然而,KGs总是不完整,特别是新建造的Covid-19公斤。链路预测任务旨在预测(e,r,t)或(h,r,e)的丢失实体,其中H和t是某些实体,E是需要预测的实体,R是关系。这项任务还有可能解决Covid-19相关的KGS的不完全问题。虽然已经提出了各种知识图形嵌入(KGE)方法的链路预测任务,但这些现有方法遭受了使用单个评分函数的限制,这不能捕获Covid-19 Kgs的丰富特征。在这项工作中,我们提出了利用多个评分函数来提取来自现有三元组的更多特征的MDistmult模型。我们在CCKS2020 Covid-19抗病毒药物知识图(CADKG)上采用实验。实验结果表明,我们的MDistmult在CADKG数据集上的链路预测任务中实现了最先进的性能
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学术知识图(KGS)提供了代表科学出版物编码的知识的丰富的结构化信息来源。随着出版的科学文学的庞大,包括描述科学概念的过多的非均匀实体和关系,这些公斤本质上是不完整的。我们呈现Exbert,一种利用预先训练的变压器语言模型来执行学术知识图形完成的方法。我们将知识图形的三元组模型为文本并执行三重分类(即,属于KG或不属于KG)。评估表明,在三重分类,链路预测和关系预测的任务中,Exbert在三个学术kg完成数据集中表现出其他基线。此外,我们将两个学术数据集作为研究界的资源,从公共公共公报和在线资源中收集。
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Drug repositioning holds great promise because it can reduce the time and cost of new drug development. While drug repositioning can omit various R&D processes, confirming pharmacological effects on biomolecules is essential for application to new diseases. Biomedical explainability in a drug repositioning model can support appropriate insights in subsequent in-depth studies. However, the validity of the XAI methodology is still under debate, and the effectiveness of XAI in drug repositioning prediction applications remains unclear. In this study, we propose GraphIX, an explainable drug repositioning framework using biological networks, and quantitatively evaluate its explainability. GraphIX first learns the network weights and node features using a graph neural network from known drug indication and knowledge graph that consists of three types of nodes (but not given node type information): disease, drug, and protein. Analysis of the post-learning features showed that node types that were not known to the model beforehand are distinguished through the learning process based on the graph structure. From the learned weights and features, GraphIX then predicts the disease-drug association and calculates the contribution values of the nodes located in the neighborhood of the predicted disease and drug. We hypothesized that the neighboring protein node to which the model gave a high contribution is important in understanding the actual pharmacological effects. Quantitative evaluation of the validity of protein nodes' contribution using a real-world database showed that the high contribution proteins shown by GraphIX are reasonable as a mechanism of drug action. GraphIX is a framework for evidence-based drug discovery that can present to users new disease-drug associations and identify the protein important for understanding its pharmacological effects from a large and complex knowledge base.
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