The aim of this work is to introduce MaRF, a novel framework able to synthesize the Martian environment using several collections of images from rover cameras. The idea is to generate a 3D scene of Mars' surface to address key challenges in planetary surface exploration such as: planetary geology, simulated navigation and shape analysis. Although there exist different methods to enable a 3D reconstruction of Mars' surface, they rely on classical computer graphics techniques that incur high amounts of computational resources during the reconstruction process, and have limitations with generalizing reconstructions to unseen scenes and adapting to new images coming from rover cameras. The proposed framework solves the aforementioned limitations by exploiting Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs), a method that synthesize complex scenes by optimizing a continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of images. To speed up the learning process, we replaced the sparse set of rover images with their neural graphics primitives (NGPs), a set of vectors of fixed length that are learned to preserve the information of the original images in a significantly smaller size. In the experimental section, we demonstrate the environments created from actual Mars datasets captured by Curiosity rover, Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter, all of which are available on the Planetary Data System (PDS).

神经辐射字段（NERF）将场景编码为神经表示，使得能够实现新颖视图的照片逼真。然而，RGB图像的成功重建需要在静态条件下拍摄的大量输入视图 - 通常可以为房间尺寸场景的几百个图像。我们的方法旨在将整个房间的小说视图从数量级的图像中合成。为此，我们利用密集的深度前导者来限制NERF优化。首先，我们利用从用于估计相机姿势的运动（SFM）预处理步骤的结构自由提供的稀疏深度数据。其次，我们使用深度完成将这些稀疏点转换为密集的深度图和不确定性估计，用于指导NERF优化。我们的方法使数据有效的新颖观看综合在挑战室内场景中，使用少量为整个场景的18张图像。

我们提出了一种便携式多型摄像头系统，该系统具有专用模型，用于动态场景中的新型视图和时间综合。我们的目标是使用我们的便携式多座相机从任何角度从任何角度出发为动态场景提供高质量的图像。为了实现这种新颖的观点和时间综合，我们开发了一个配备了五个相机的物理多型摄像头，以在时间和空间域中训练神经辐射场（NERF），以进行动态场景。我们的模型将6D坐标（3D空间位置，1D时间坐标和2D观看方向）映射到观看依赖性且随时间变化的发射辐射和体积密度。量渲染用于在指定的相机姿势和时间上渲染光真实的图像。为了提高物理相机的鲁棒性，我们提出了一个摄像机参数优化模块和一个时间框架插值模块，以促进跨时间的信息传播。我们对现实世界和合成数据集进行了实验以评估我们的系统，结果表明，我们的方法在定性和定量上优于替代解决方案。我们的代码和数据集可从https://yuenfuilau.github.io获得。

我们提出了一种基于神经辐射场（NERF）的单个$ 360^\ PANORAMA图像合成新视图的方法。在类似环境中的先前研究依赖于多层感知的邻居插值能力来完成由遮挡引起的丢失区域，这导致其预测中的伪像。我们提出了360Fusionnerf，这是一个半监督的学习框架，我们介绍几何监督和语义一致性，以指导渐进式培训过程。首先，将输入图像重新投影至$ 360^\ Circ $图像，并在其他相机位置提取辅助深度图。除NERF颜色指导外，深度监督还改善了合成视图的几何形状。此外，我们引入了语义一致性损失，鼓励新观点的现实渲染。我们使用预先训练的视觉编码器（例如剪辑）提取这些语义功能，这是一个视觉变压器，经过数以千计的不同2D照片，并通过自然语言监督从网络中挖掘出来。实验表明，我们提出的方法可以在保留场景的特征的同时产生未观察到的区域的合理完成。 360fusionnerf在各种场景中接受培训时，转移到合成结构3D数据集（PSNR〜5％，SSIM〜3％lpips〜13％）时，始终达到最先进的性能，SSIM〜3％LPIPS〜9％）和replica360数据集（PSNR〜8％，SSIM〜2％LPIPS〜18％）。

综合照片 - 现实图像和视频是计算机图形的核心，并且是几十年的研究焦点。传统上，使用渲染算法（如光栅化或射线跟踪）生成场景的合成图像，其将几何形状和材料属性的表示为输入。统称，这些输入定义了实际场景和呈现的内容，并且被称为场景表示（其中场景由一个或多个对象组成）。示例场景表示是具有附带纹理的三角形网格（例如，由艺术家创建），点云（例如，来自深度传感器），体积网格（例如，来自CT扫描）或隐式曲面函数（例如，截短的符号距离）字段）。使用可分辨率渲染损耗的观察结果的这种场景表示的重建被称为逆图形或反向渲染。神经渲染密切相关，并将思想与经典计算机图形和机器学习中的思想相结合，以创建用于合成来自真实观察图像的图像的算法。神经渲染是朝向合成照片现实图像和视频内容的目标的跨越。近年来，我们通过数百个出版物显示了这一领域的巨大进展，这些出版物显示了将被动组件注入渲染管道的不同方式。这种最先进的神经渲染进步的报告侧重于将经典渲染原则与学习的3D场景表示结合的方法，通常现在被称为神经场景表示。这些方法的一个关键优势在于它们是通过设计的3D-一致，使诸如新颖的视点合成捕获场景的应用。除了处理静态场景的方法外，我们还涵盖了用于建模非刚性变形对象的神经场景表示...

Point of View & TimeFigure 1: We propose D-NeRF, a method for synthesizing novel views, at an arbitrary point in time, of dynamic scenes with complex non-rigid geometries. We optimize an underlying deformable volumetric function from a sparse set of input monocular views without the need of ground-truth geometry nor multi-view images. The figure shows two scenes under variable points of view and time instances synthesised by the proposed model.

We introduce a method to render Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) in real time using PlenOctrees, an octree-based 3D representation which supports view-dependent effects. Our method can render 800×800 images at more than 150 FPS, which is over 3000 times faster than conventional NeRFs. We do so without sacrificing quality while preserving the ability of NeRFs to perform free-viewpoint rendering of scenes with arbitrary geometry and view-dependent effects. Real-time performance is achieved by pre-tabulating the NeRF into a PlenOctree. In order to preserve viewdependent effects such as specularities, we factorize the appearance via closed-form spherical basis functions. Specifically, we show that it is possible to train NeRFs to predict a spherical harmonic representation of radiance, removing the viewing direction as an input to the neural network. Furthermore, we show that PlenOctrees can be directly optimized to further minimize the reconstruction loss, which leads to equal or better quality compared to competing methods. Moreover, this octree optimization step can be used to reduce the training time, as we no longer need to wait for the NeRF training to converge fully. Our real-time neural rendering approach may potentially enable new applications such as 6-DOF industrial and product visualizations, as well as next generation AR/VR systems. PlenOctrees are amenable to in-browser rendering as well; please visit the project page for the interactive online demo, as well as video and code: https://alexyu. net/plenoctrees.

We present a method that achieves state-of-the-art results for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes by optimizing an underlying continuous volumetric scene function using a sparse set of input views. Our algorithm represents a scene using a fully-connected (nonconvolutional) deep network, whose input is a single continuous 5D coordinate (spatial location (x, y, z) and viewing direction (θ, φ)) and whose output is the volume density and view-dependent emitted radiance at that spatial location. We synthesize views by querying 5D coordinates along camera rays and use classic volume rendering techniques to project the output colors and densities into an image. Because volume rendering is naturally differentiable, the only input required to optimize our representation is a set of images with known camera poses. We describe how to effectively optimize neural radiance fields to render photorealistic novel views of scenes with complicated geometry and appearance, and demonstrate results that outperform prior work on neural rendering and view synthesis. View synthesis results are best viewed as videos, so we urge readers to view our supplementary video for convincing comparisons.

神经辐射场（NERF）最近在新型视图合成中取得了令人印象深刻的结果。但是，以前的NERF作品主要关注以对象为中心的方案。在这项工作中，我们提出了360ROAM，这是一种新颖的场景级NERF系统，可以实时合成大型室内场景的图像并支持VR漫游。我们的系统首先从多个输入$ 360^\ circ $图像构建全向神经辐射场360NERF。然后，我们逐步估算一个3D概率的占用图，该概率占用图代表了空间密度形式的场景几何形状。跳过空的空间和上采样占据的体素本质上可以使我们通过以几何学意识的方式使用360NERF加速量渲染。此外，我们使用自适应划分和扭曲策略来减少和调整辐射场，以进一步改进。从占用地图中提取的场景的平面图可以为射线采样提供指导，并促进现实的漫游体验。为了显示我们系统的功效，我们在各种场景中收集了$ 360^\ Circ $图像数据集并进行广泛的实验。基线之间的定量和定性比较说明了我们在复杂室内场景的新型视图合成中的主要表现。

在本文中，我们为复杂场景进行了高效且强大的深度学习解决方案。在我们的方法中，3D场景表示为光场，即，一组光线，每组在到达图像平面时具有相应的颜色。对于高效的新颖视图渲染，我们采用了光场的双面参数化，其中每个光线的特征在于4D参数。然后，我们将光场配向作为4D函数，即将4D坐标映射到相应的颜色值。我们训练一个深度完全连接的网络以优化这种隐式功能并记住3D场景。然后，特定于场景的模型用于综合新颖视图。与以前需要密集的视野的方法不同，需要密集的视野采样来可靠地呈现新颖的视图，我们的方法可以通过采样光线来呈现新颖的视图并直接从网络查询每种光线的颜色，从而使高质量的灯场呈现稀疏集合训练图像。网络可以可选地预测每光深度，从而使诸如自动重新焦点的应用。我们的小说视图合成结果与最先进的综合结果相当，甚至在一些具有折射和反射的具有挑战性的场景中优越。我们在保持交互式帧速率和小的内存占地面积的同时实现这一点。

我们提出了X-NERF，这是一种基于神经辐射场公式，从具有不同光谱敏感性的相机捕获的跨光谱场景表示的新颖方法，给出了从具有不同光谱灵敏度的相机捕获的图像。X-NERF在训练过程中优化了整个光谱的相机姿势，并利用归一化的跨设备坐标（NXDC）从任意观点呈现不同模态的图像，这些观点是对齐的，并以相同的分辨率对齐。在16个前面的场景上进行的实验，具有颜色，多光谱和红外图像，证实了X-NERF在建模跨光谱场景表示方面的有效性。

We present a learning-based method for synthesizing novel views of complex scenes using only unstructured collections of in-the-wild photographs. We build on Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF), which uses the weights of a multilayer perceptron to model the density and color of a scene as a function of 3D coordinates. While NeRF works well on images of static subjects captured under controlled settings, it is incapable of modeling many ubiquitous, real-world phenomena in uncontrolled images, such as variable illumination or transient occluders. We introduce a series of extensions to NeRF to address these issues, thereby enabling accurate reconstructions from unstructured image collections taken from the internet. We apply our system, dubbed NeRF-W, to internet photo collections of famous landmarks, and demonstrate temporally consistent novel view renderings that are significantly closer to photorealism than the prior state of the art.

Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), a new novel view synthesis with implicit scene representation has taken the field of Computer Vision by storm. As a novel view synthesis and 3D reconstruction method, NeRF models find applications in robotics, urban mapping, autonomous navigation, virtual reality/augmented reality, and more. Since the original paper by Mildenhall et al., more than 250 preprints were published, with more than 100 eventually being accepted in tier one Computer Vision Conferences. Given NeRF popularity and the current interest in this research area, we believe it necessary to compile a comprehensive survey of NeRF papers from the past two years, which we organized into both architecture, and application based taxonomies. We also provide an introduction to the theory of NeRF based novel view synthesis, and a benchmark comparison of the performance and speed of key NeRF models. By creating this survey, we hope to introduce new researchers to NeRF, provide a helpful reference for influential works in this field, as well as motivate future research directions with our discussion section.

本文提出了一种用等值的全向图像重建神经辐射场的方法。带有辐射场的隐式神经场景表示可以在有限的空间区域内连续重建场景的3D形状。但是，培训商用PC硬件的完全隐式表示需要大量时间和计算资源（15 $ \ sim $ 20小时每场景20小时）。因此，我们提出了一种显着加速此过程的方法（每个场景20 $ \ sim $ 40分钟）。我们采用特征体素，而不是使用辐射场重建的光线的完全隐式表示，而是在张量中包含密度和颜色特征的特征体素。考虑全向等值输入和相机布局，我们使用球形素化来表示表示而不是立方表示。我们的体素化方法可以平衡内部场景和外部场景的重建质量。此外，我们在颜色特征上采用了与轴对准的位置编码方法，以提高总图像质量。我们的方法可以在随机摄像头姿势上实现满足合成数据集的经验性能。此外，我们使用包含复杂几何形状并实现最先进性能的真实场景测试我们的方法。我们的代码和完整数据集将与纸质出版物同时发布。

我们建议使用以光源方向为条件的神经辐射场（NERF）的扩展来解决多视光度立体声问题。我们神经表示的几何部分预测表面正常方向，使我们能够理解局部表面反射率。我们的神经表示的外观部分被分解为神经双向反射率函数（BRDF），作为拟合过程的一部分学习，阴影预测网络（以光源方向为条件），使我们能够对明显的BRDF进行建模。基于物理图像形成模型的诱导偏差的学到的组件平衡使我们能够远离训练期间观察到的光源和查看器方向。我们证明了我们在多视光学立体基准基准上的方法，并表明可以通过NERF的神经密度表示可以获得竞争性能。

In this paper, we propose the first-ever real benchmark thought for evaluating Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) and, in general, Neural Rendering (NR) frameworks. We design and implement an effective pipeline for scanning real objects in quantity and effortlessly. Our scan station is built with less than 500$ hardware budget and can collect roughly 4000 images of a scanned object in just 5 minutes. Such a platform is used to build ScanNeRF, a dataset characterized by several train/val/test splits aimed at benchmarking the performance of modern NeRF methods under different conditions. Accordingly, we evaluate three cutting-edge NeRF variants on it to highlight their strengths and weaknesses. The dataset is available on our project page, together with an online benchmark to foster the development of better and better NeRFs.

Google Research Basecolor Metallic Roughness Normal Multi-View Images NeRD Volume Decomposed BRDF Relighting & View synthesis Textured MeshFigure 1: Neural Reflectance Decomposition for Relighting. We encode multiple views of an object under varying or fixed illumination into the NeRD volume.We decompose each given image into geometry, spatially-varying BRDF parameters and a rough approximation of the incident illumination in a globally consistent manner. We then extract a relightable textured mesh that can be re-rendered under novel illumination conditions in real-time.

In this paper, we present a novel and effective framework, named 4K-NeRF, to pursue high fidelity view synthesis on the challenging scenarios of ultra high resolutions, building on the methodology of neural radiance fields (NeRF). The rendering procedure of NeRF-based methods typically relies on a pixel wise manner in which rays (or pixels) are treated independently on both training and inference phases, limiting its representational ability on describing subtle details especially when lifting to a extremely high resolution. We address the issue by better exploring ray correlation for enhancing high-frequency details benefiting from the use of geometry-aware local context. Particularly, we use the view-consistent encoder to model geometric information effectively in a lower resolution space and recover fine details through the view-consistent decoder, conditioned on ray features and depths estimated by the encoder. Joint training with patch-based sampling further facilitates our method incorporating the supervision from perception oriented regularization beyond pixel wise loss. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons with modern NeRF methods demonstrate that our method can significantly boost rendering quality for retaining high-frequency details, achieving the state-of-the-art visual quality on 4K ultra-high-resolution scenario. Code Available at \url{https://github.com/frozoul/4K-NeRF}

Creating realistic virtual assets is a time-consuming process: it usually involves an artist designing the object, then spending a lot of effort on tweaking its appearance. Intricate details and certain effects, such as subsurface scattering, elude representation using real-time BRDFs, making it impossible to fully capture the appearance of certain objects. Inspired by the recent progress of neural rendering, we propose an approach for capturing real-world objects in everyday environments faithfully and fast. We use a novel neural representation to reconstruct volumetric effects, such as translucent object parts, and preserve photorealistic object appearance. To support real-time rendering without compromising rendering quality, our model uses a grid of features and a small MLP decoder that is transpiled into efficient shader code with interactive framerates. This leads to a seamless integration of the proposed neural assets with existing mesh environments and objects. Thanks to the use of standard shader code rendering is portable across many existing hardware and software systems.

https://video-nerf.github.io Figure 1. Our method takes a single casually captured video as input and learns a space-time neural irradiance field. (Top) Sample frames from the input video. (Middle) Novel view images rendered from textured meshes constructed from depth maps. (Bottom) Our results rendered from the proposed space-time neural irradiance field.