实体链接的目的是在文档中的实体和知识图中的相应实体(KGS)中建立实体提到的链接。以前的工作表明了实体联系的全球一致性的有效性。但是,基于顺序决策的大多数现有全局链接方法侧重于如何利用先前链接的实体来增强后期决策。在这些方法中,提及顺序是固定的,使模型无法根据先前链接的结果调整后续链接目标,这将导致先前的信息不合理地利用。为了解决问题,我们提出了一种新颖的模型,称为Dymen,以通过增强学习基于先前链接的实体动态调整后续链接目标,使模型能够选择可以完全使用先前链接的信息的链接目标。我们通过滑动窗口来提及,以减少加强学习的动作采样空间,并保持提及的语义连贯性。在多个基准数据集上进行的实验表明了所提出的模型的有效性。
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实体链接(EL)是将实体提及在文本中及其相应实体中出现在知识库中的过程。通常基于Wikipedia估算实体的EL特征(例如,先前的概率,相关性评分和实体嵌入)。但是,对于刚刚在新闻中发现的新兴实体(EES)而言,它们可能仍未包含在Wikipedia中。结果,它无法获得Wikipedia和EL模型的EES所需的EL功能,将始终无法将歧义提及与这些EES正确链接,因为它没有其EL功能。为了解决这个问题,在本文中,我们专注于以一般方式为新兴实体学习EL功能的新任务。我们提出了一种名为Stamo的新颖方法,可以自动学习EES的高质量EL功能,该功能仅需要从网络中收集的每个EE的少数标记文档,因为它可以进一步利用隐藏在未标记的数据中的知识。 Stamo主要基于自我训练,这使其与任何EL功能或EL模型都灵活地集成在一起,但也使其很容易遭受由错误标签的数据引起的错误加强问题。我们认为自我训练是相对于EES的EL特征,而不是一些试图将错误标签的数据抛弃的常见自我训练策略,而是提出了内部插槽和斜率优化的多重优化过程,以减轻误差加强问题隐含。我们构建了涉及选定的EE的两个EL数据集,以评估EES获得的EL特征的质量,实验结果表明,我们的方法显着优于其他学习EL特征的基线方法。
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我们提出了一种基于语境化嵌入的单词和实体的全局实体消除歧义(ED)模型。我们的模型基于BERT和培训我们的新培训任务,使模型能够捕获基于Word的本地和基于实体的全局上下文信息。该模型解决了ED作为序列决策任务,有效地使用两种类型的上下文信息。我们在五个标准ED数据集中实现了新的最先进结果:AIDA-CONLL,MSNBC,AQUAINT,ACE2004和WNED-Wiki。我们的源代码和培训的模型检查点可在https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke获得。
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实体歧义(ED)的最新工作通常忽略了结构性知识库(KB)事实,而是依靠有限的KB信息子集,例如实体描述或类型。这限制了实体可以消除歧义的环境范围。为了允许使用所有KB事实以及描述和类型,我们介绍了一个ED模型,该模型通过以完全可区分的方式通过符号知识基础来链接实体。我们的型号平均超过了六个良好的ED数据集的最新基线。通过允许访问所有KB信息,我们的模型较少依赖于基于流行的实体先验,并提高了具有挑战性的Shadowlink数据集(强调不频繁和模棱两可的实体)的性能12.7 F1。
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Coreference resolution (CR) is one of the most challenging areas of natural language processing. This task seeks to identify all textual references to the same real-world entity. Research in this field is divided into coreference resolution and anaphora resolution. Due to its application in textual comprehension and its utility in other tasks such as information extraction systems, document summarization, and machine translation, this field has attracted considerable interest. Consequently, it has a significant effect on the quality of these systems. This article reviews the existing corpora and evaluation metrics in this field. Then, an overview of the coreference algorithms, from rule-based methods to the latest deep learning techniques, is provided. Finally, coreference resolution and pronoun resolution systems in Persian are investigated.
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A coreference resolution system is to cluster all mentions that refer to the same entity in a given context. All coreference resolution systems need to tackle two main tasks: one task is to detect all of the potential mentions, and the other is to learn the linking of an antecedent for each possible mention. In this paper, we propose a hybrid rule-neural coreference resolution system based on actor-critic learning, such that it can achieve better coreference performance by leveraging the advantages from both the heuristic rules and a neural conference model. This end-to-end system can also perform both mention detection and resolution by leveraging a joint training algorithm. We experiment on the BERT model to generate input span representations. Our model with the BERT span representation achieves the state-of-the-art performance among the models on the CoNLL-2012 Shared Task English Test Set.
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链接的语音实体旨在识别和消除语言中的命名实体。常规方法严重遭受了不受限制的语音样式和ASR系统产生的嘈杂笔录。在本文中,我们提出了一种名为“知识增强命名实体识别”(KENER)的新颖方法,该方法致力于通过在实体识别阶段无痛地纳入适当的知识来改善鲁棒性,从而改善实体联系的整体性能。肯纳(Kener)首先检索未提及的句子的候选实体,然后利用实体描述作为额外的信息来帮助识别提及。当输入短或嘈杂时,由密集检索模块检索的候选实体特别有用。此外,我们研究了各种数据采样策略和设计有效的损失功能,以提高识别和歧义阶段中检索实体的质量。最后,将与过滤模块的链接作为最终保障措施应用,从而可以过滤出错误认可的提及。我们的系统在NLPCC-2022共享任务2的轨道1中获得第一名,并在轨道1中获得第一名。
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排名模型是信息检索系统的主要组成部分。排名的几种方法是基于传统的机器学习算法,使用一组手工制作的功能。最近,研究人员在信息检索中利用了深度学习模型。这些模型的培训结束于结束,以提取来自RAW数据的特征来排序任务,因此它们克服了手工制作功能的局限性。已经提出了各种深度学习模型,每个模型都呈现了一组神经网络组件,以提取用于排名的特征。在本文中,我们在不同方面比较文献中提出的模型,以了解每个模型的主要贡献和限制。在我们对文献的讨论中,我们分析了有前途的神经元件,并提出了未来的研究方向。我们还显示文档检索和其他检索任务之间的类比,其中排名的项目是结构化文档,答案,图像和视频。
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交叉语言信息检索(CLIR)旨在将以与用户查询不同的语言编写的文档进行排序。不同语言之间的内在差距是CLIR的基本挑战。在本文中,由于多种语言的实体的足够信息,我们将多语言知识图(kg)引入CLIR任务。它被视为“银弹”,同时在查询和文档之间进行显式对齐,并扩大查询的表示。我们提出了一个名为CLIR的模型,为我们的任务提供了分层知识增强(加息)。所提出的模型用多语言BERT编码查询,文档和kg中的文本信息,并在具有分层信息融合机制中将kg信息包含在查询文件匹配过程中。特别是,徒步旅行首先将kg中的实体及其社区集成到具有知识级融合的查询表示中,然后将来自源语言的知识结合起来进一步减轻语言级融合的语言间隙。最后,实验结果表明,徒步旅行达到了最先进的竞争对手的大量改进。
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Neural language representation models such as BERT pre-trained on large-scale corpora can well capture rich semantic patterns from plain text, and be fine-tuned to consistently improve the performance of various NLP tasks. However, the existing pre-trained language models rarely consider incorporating knowledge graphs (KGs), which can provide rich structured knowledge facts for better language understanding. We argue that informative entities in KGs can enhance language representation with external knowledge. In this paper, we utilize both large-scale textual corpora and KGs to train an enhanced language representation model (ERNIE), which can take full advantage of lexical, syntactic, and knowledge information simultaneously. The experimental results have demonstrated that ERNIE achieves significant improvements on various knowledge-driven tasks, and meanwhile is comparable with the state-of-the-art model BERT on other common NLP tasks. The source code and experiment details of this paper can be obtained from https:// github.com/thunlp/ERNIE.
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我们考虑文档级实体链接(EL)的任务,在该任务中,对实体的一致决定对整个文档进行共同提及很重要。我们旨在利用文档本身中提及的明确“连接”:我们建议将EL任务加入Coreference解决方案(CoreF)。这是对相关作品的补充,这些工作是利用(i)隐式文档信息(例如,实体提及或通用语言模型之间的潜在关系)或(ii)候选链接之间的联系(例如,从外部知识库中推断出)。具体而言,我们集群提及通过核心链接的,并为所有聚类提及的一个EL强制执行一个EL。后者的约束通过加入EL候选人名单来获得这样的群集提及,从而增加了覆盖范围的额外好处。我们将CoreF+EL问题提出为有向树的结构化预测任务,并使用全球标准化的模型来解决它。与独立对应物相比,两个数据集上的实验结果表明,CoreF和EL任务的提升高达 +5%F1得分。对于一部分硬案例,由于个人提及在其候选实体列表中缺乏正确的EL,我们的准确性提高了50%。
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我们介绍了精致的,这是一种有效的端到端实体链接模型,该模型使用精细的实体类型和实体描述来执行链接。该模型执行提及的检测,细粒实体键入以及单个向前传球中文档中所有提及的实体歧义,使其比现有方法快60倍以上。精制还超过了标准实体链接数据集的最先进性能,平均比3.7 F1。该模型能够将其推广到大规模的知识库,例如Wikidata(其实体是Wikipedia的15倍)和零拍的实体链接。速度,准确性和规模的结合使精制成为从网络规模数据集中提取实体的有效且具有成本效益的系统,该数据集已成功部署该模型。我们的代码和预培训模型可在https://github.com/alexa/refined上找到
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The target of a coreference resolution system is to cluster all mentions that refer to the same entity in a given context. All coreference resolution systems need to solve two subtasks; one task is to detect all of the potential mentions, and the other is to learn the linking of an antecedent for each possible mention. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning actor-critic-based neural coreference resolution system, which can achieve both mention detection and mention clustering by leveraging an actor-critic deep reinforcement learning technique and a joint training algorithm. We experiment on the BERT model to generate different input span representations. Our model with the BERT span representation achieves the state-of-the-art performance among the models on the CoNLL-2012 Shared Task English Test Set.
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Complex knowledge base question answering can be achieved by converting questions into sequences of predefined actions. However, there is a significant semantic and structural gap between natural language and action sequences, which makes this conversion difficult. In this paper, we introduce an alignment-enhanced complex question answering framework, called ALCQA, which mitigates this gap through question-to-action alignment and question-to-question alignment. We train a question rewriting model to align the question and each action, and utilize a pretrained language model to implicitly align the question and KG artifacts. Moreover, considering that similar questions correspond to similar action sequences, we retrieve top-k similar question-answer pairs at the inference stage through question-to-question alignment and propose a novel reward-guided action sequence selection strategy to select from candidate action sequences. We conduct experiments on CQA and WQSP datasets, and the results show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods and obtains a 9.88\% improvements in the F1 metric on CQA dataset. Our source code is available at https://github.com/TTTTTTTTy/ALCQA.
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Transformer, originally devised for natural language processing, has also attested significant success in computer vision. Thanks to its super expressive power, researchers are investigating ways to deploy transformers to reinforcement learning (RL) and the transformer-based models have manifested their potential in representative RL benchmarks. In this paper, we collect and dissect recent advances on transforming RL by transformer (transformer-based RL or TRL), in order to explore its development trajectory and future trend. We group existing developments in two categories: architecture enhancement and trajectory optimization, and examine the main applications of TRL in robotic manipulation, text-based games, navigation and autonomous driving. For architecture enhancement, these methods consider how to apply the powerful transformer structure to RL problems under the traditional RL framework, which model agents and environments much more precisely than deep RL methods, but they are still limited by the inherent defects of traditional RL algorithms, such as bootstrapping and "deadly triad". For trajectory optimization, these methods treat RL problems as sequence modeling and train a joint state-action model over entire trajectories under the behavior cloning framework, which are able to extract policies from static datasets and fully use the long-sequence modeling capability of the transformer. Given these advancements, extensions and challenges in TRL are reviewed and proposals about future direction are discussed. We hope that this survey can provide a detailed introduction to TRL and motivate future research in this rapidly developing field.
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Machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a long-standing topic in natural language processing (NLP). The MRC task aims to answer a question based on the given context. Recently studies focus on multi-hop MRC which is a more challenging extension of MRC, which to answer a question some disjoint pieces of information across the context are required. Due to the complexity and importance of multi-hop MRC, a large number of studies have been focused on this topic in recent years, therefore, it is necessary and worth reviewing the related literature. This study aims to investigate recent advances in the multi-hop MRC approaches based on 31 studies from 2018 to 2022. In this regard, first, the multi-hop MRC problem definition will be introduced, then 31 models will be reviewed in detail with a strong focus on their multi-hop aspects. They also will be categorized based on their main techniques. Finally, a fine-grain comprehensive comparison of the models and techniques will be presented.
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从学术文章中自动提取资金信息为行业和研究社区增添了重要价值,例如基于收到的资金进行资助组织,研究人员和大学的研究成果,并支持开放访问政策。识别和链接资金实体的两个主要挑战是:(i)知识库(KB)的稀疏图结构,这使得基于图的常用实体链接方法的资金域链接方法,(ii)KB中的缺失实体,这(与最近的零拍方法不同)需要标记实体提及没有KB条目为零。我们提出了一个可以执行零预测并克服数据稀缺问题的实体链接模型。我们的模型建立在基于变压器的提及检测和双重编码模型的基础上,以执行实体链接。我们表明,我们的模型表现优于现有基线。
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文档级关系提取(RE)旨在确定整个文档中实体之间的关系。它需要复杂的推理能力来综合各种知识,例如核心和常识。大规模知识图(kgs)包含大量现实世界事实,并可以为文档级别提供宝贵的知识。在本文中,我们提出了一个实体知识注入框架,以增强当前的文档级RE模型。具体而言,我们将核心蒸馏引入注入核心知识,并具有更一般的核心推理能力。我们还采用代表对帐来注入事实知识,并将kg表示形式汇总到统一空间中。两个基准数据集的实验验证了我们实体知识注入框架的概括,并对多个文档级RE模型的一致改进。
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由于知识图(kgs)的不完整,旨在预测kgs中未观察到的关系的零照片链接预测(ZSLP)引起了研究人员的最新兴趣。一个常见的解决方案是将关系的文本特征(例如表面名称或文本描述)用作辅助信息,以弥合所见关系和看不见的关系之间的差距。当前方法学习文本中每个单词令牌的嵌入。这些方法缺乏稳健性,因为它们遭受了量不足(OOV)的问题。同时,建立在字符n-grams上的模型具有为OOV单词生成表达式表示的能力。因此,在本文中,我们提出了一个为零链接预测(HNZSLP)的层次N-gram框架,该框架考虑了ZSLP的关系n-gram之间的依赖项。我们的方法通过首先在表面名称上构造层次n-gram图来进行起作用,以模拟导致表面名称的N-gram的组织结构。然后,将基于变压器的革兰amtransformer呈现,以建模层次n-gram图,以构建ZSLP的关系嵌入。实验结果表明,提出的HNZSLP在两个ZSLP数据集上实现了最先进的性能。
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在视觉上丰富的文件(VRD)上的结构化文本理解是文档智能的重要组成部分。由于VRD中的内容和布局的复杂性,结构化文本理解是一项有挑战性的任务。大多数现有的研究将此问题与两个子任务结尾:实体标记和实体链接,这需要整体地了解令牌和段级别的文档的上下文。但是,很少的工作已经关注有效地从不同层次提取结构化数据的解决方案。本文提出了一个名为structext的统一框架,它对于处理两个子任务是灵活的,有效的。具体地,基于变压器,我们引入了一个段令牌对齐的编码器,以处理不同粒度水平的实体标记和实体链接任务。此外,我们设计了一种具有三个自我监督任务的新型预训练策略,以学习更丰富的代表性。 Structext使用现有屏蔽的视觉语言建模任务和新句子长度预测和配对框方向任务,以跨文本,图像和布局结合多模态信息。我们评估我们在分段级别和令牌级别的结构化文本理解的方法,并表明它优于最先进的同行,在Funsd,Srie和Ephoie数据集中具有显着优越的性能。
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