近年来，在光场（LF）图像超分辨率（SR）中，深度神经网络（DNN）的巨大进展。但是，现有的基于DNN的LF图像SR方法是在单个固定降解（例如，双学的下采样）上开发的，因此不能应用于具有不同降解的超级溶解实际LF图像。在本文中，我们提出了第一种处理具有多个降解的LF图像SR的方法。在我们的方法中，开发了一个实用的LF降解模型，以近似于真实LF图像的降解过程。然后，降解自适应网络（LF-DANET）旨在将降解之前纳入SR过程。通过对具有多种合成降解的LF图像进行训练，我们的方法可以学会适应不同的降解，同时结合了空间和角度信息。对合成降解和现实世界LFS的广泛实验证明了我们方法的有效性。与现有的最新单一和LF图像SR方法相比，我们的方法在广泛的降解范围内实现了出色的SR性能，并且可以更好地推广到真实的LF图像。代码和模型可在https://github.com/yingqianwang/lf-danet上找到。

光场（LF）摄像机记录了光线的强度和方向，并将3D场景编码为4D LF图像。最近，为各种LF图像处理任务提出了许多卷积神经网络（CNN）。但是，CNN有效地处理LF图像是一项挑战，因为空间和角度信息与不同的差异高度缠绕。在本文中，我们提出了一种通用机制，以将这些耦合信息解开以进行LF图像处理。具体而言，我们首先设计了一类特定领域的卷积，以将LFS与不同的维度解开，然后通过设计特定于任务的模块来利用这些分离的功能。我们的解开机制可以在事先之前很好地纳入LF结构，并有效处理4D LF数据。基于提出的机制，我们开发了三个网络（即distgssr，distgasr和Distgdisp），用于空间超分辨率，角度超分辨率和差异估计。实验结果表明，我们的网络在所有这三个任务上都实现了最先进的性能，这表明了我们解散机制的有效性，效率和一般性。项目页面：https：//yingqianwang.github.io/distglf/。

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based image super-resolution (SR) has exhibited impressive success on known degraded low-resolution (LR) images. However, this type of approach is hard to hold its performance in practical scenarios when the degradation process is unknown. Despite existing blind SR methods proposed to solve this problem using blur kernel estimation, the perceptual quality and reconstruction accuracy are still unsatisfactory. In this paper, we analyze the degradation of a high-resolution (HR) image from image intrinsic components according to a degradation-based formulation model. We propose a components decomposition and co-optimization network (CDCN) for blind SR. Firstly, CDCN decomposes the input LR image into structure and detail components in feature space. Then, the mutual collaboration block (MCB) is presented to exploit the relationship between both two components. In this way, the detail component can provide informative features to enrich the structural context and the structure component can carry structural context for better detail revealing via a mutual complementary manner. After that, we present a degradation-driven learning strategy to jointly supervise the HR image detail and structure restoration process. Finally, a multi-scale fusion module followed by an upsampling layer is designed to fuse the structure and detail features and perform SR reconstruction. Empowered by such degradation-based components decomposition, collaboration, and mutual optimization, we can bridge the correlation between component learning and degradation modelling for blind SR, thereby producing SR results with more accurate textures. Extensive experiments on both synthetic SR datasets and real-world images show that the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance compared to existing methods.

Existing convolutional neural networks (CNN) based image super-resolution (SR) methods have achieved impressive performance on bicubic kernel, which is not valid to handle unknown degradations in real-world applications. Recent blind SR methods suggest to reconstruct SR images relying on blur kernel estimation. However, their results still remain visible artifacts and detail distortion due to the estimation errors. To alleviate these problems, in this paper, we propose an effective and kernel-free network, namely DSSR, which enables recurrent detail-structure alternative optimization without blur kernel prior incorporation for blind SR. Specifically, in our DSSR, a detail-structure modulation module (DSMM) is built to exploit the interaction and collaboration of image details and structures. The DSMM consists of two components: a detail restoration unit (DRU) and a structure modulation unit (SMU). The former aims at regressing the intermediate HR detail reconstruction from LR structural contexts, and the latter performs structural contexts modulation conditioned on the learned detail maps at both HR and LR spaces. Besides, we use the output of DSMM as the hidden state and design our DSSR architecture from a recurrent convolutional neural network (RCNN) view. In this way, the network can alternatively optimize the image details and structural contexts, achieving co-optimization across time. Moreover, equipped with the recurrent connection, our DSSR allows low- and high-level feature representations complementary by observing previous HR details and contexts at every unrolling time. Extensive experiments on synthetic datasets and real-world images demonstrate that our method achieves the state-of-the-art against existing methods. The source code can be found at https://github.com/Arcananana/DSSR.

突发超级分辨率（SR）提供了从低质量图像恢复丰富细节的可能性。然而，由于实际应用中的低分辨率（LR）图像具有多种复杂和未知的降级，所以现有的非盲（例如，双臂）设计的网络通常导致恢复高分辨率（HR）图像的严重性能下降。此外，处理多重未对准的嘈杂的原始输入也是具有挑战性的。在本文中，我们解决了从现代手持设备获取的原始突发序列重建HR图像的问题。中央观点是一个内核引导策略，可以用两个步骤解决突发SR：内核建模和HR恢复。前者估计来自原始输入的突发内核，而后者基于估计的内核预测超分辨图像。此外，我们引入了内核感知可变形对准模块，其可以通过考虑模糊的前沿而有效地对准原始图像。对综合和现实世界数据集的广泛实验表明，所提出的方法可以在爆发SR问题中对最先进的性能进行。

This paper explores the problem of reconstructing high-resolution light field (LF) images from hybrid lenses, including a high-resolution camera surrounded by multiple low-resolution cameras. The performance of existing methods is still limited, as they produce either blurry results on plain textured areas or distortions around depth discontinuous boundaries. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel end-to-end learning-based approach, which can comprehensively utilize the specific characteristics of the input from two complementary and parallel perspectives. Specifically, one module regresses a spatially consistent intermediate estimation by learning a deep multidimensional and cross-domain feature representation, while the other module warps another intermediate estimation, which maintains the high-frequency textures, by propagating the information of the high-resolution view. We finally leverage the advantages of the two intermediate estimations adaptively via the learned attention maps, leading to the final high-resolution LF image with satisfactory results on both plain textured areas and depth discontinuous boundaries. Besides, to promote the effectiveness of our method trained with simulated hybrid data on real hybrid data captured by a hybrid LF imaging system, we carefully design the network architecture and the training strategy. Extensive experiments on both real and simulated hybrid data demonstrate the significant superiority of our approach over state-of-the-art ones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first end-to-end deep learning method for LF reconstruction from a real hybrid input. We believe our framework could potentially decrease the cost of high-resolution LF data acquisition and benefit LF data storage and transmission.

盲级超分辨率（SR）旨在从低分辨率（LR）图像中恢复高质量的视觉纹理，通常通过下采样模糊内核和添加剂噪声来降解。由于现实世界中复杂的图像降解的挑战，此任务非常困难。现有的SR方法要么假定预定义的模糊内核或固定噪声，这限制了这些方法在具有挑战性的情况下。在本文中，我们提出了一个用于盲目超级分辨率（DMSR）的降解引导的元修复网络，该网络促进了真实病例的图像恢复。 DMSR由降解提取器和元修复模块组成。萃取器估计LR输入中的降解，并指导元恢复模块以预测恢复参数的恢复参数。 DMSR通过新颖的降解一致性损失和重建损失共同优化。通过这样的优化，DMSR在三个广泛使用的基准上以很大的边距优于SOTA。一项包括16个受试者的用户研究进一步验证了现实世界中的盲目SR任务中DMSR的优势。

为了在盲图超级分辨率（SR）上取得有希望的结果，一些尝试利用低分辨率（LR）图像来预测内核并改善SR性能。但是，由于不可用的现实世界模糊内核，这些监督的内核预测（SKP）方法是不切实际的。尽管提出了一些无监督的降解预测（UDP）方法来绕过此问题，但\ textIt {contercestency}之间的降解嵌入和SR功能之间仍然具有挑战性。通过探索降解嵌入与SR功能之间的相关性，我们观察到共同学习内容和降解感知功能是最佳的。基于此观察结果，提出了一个名为CDSR的内容和退化的SR网络。具体而言，CDSR包含三个新建立的模块：（1）将基于重量的编码器（LPE）应用于共同提取内容和降解功能； （2）采用基于域查询的基于注意力的模块（DQA）来适应不一致； （3）基于密码的空格压缩模块（CSC），可以抑制冗余信息。对几个基准测试的广泛实验表明，即使与最先进的SKP方法相比，提议的CDSR的表现都优于现有的UDP模型，并在PSNR和SSIM上实现竞争性能。

Recent years have witnessed the unprecedented success of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in single image super-resolution (SISR). However, existing CNN-based SISR methods mostly assume that a low-resolution (LR) image is bicubicly downsampled from a high-resolution (HR) image, thus inevitably giving rise to poor performance when the true degradation does not follow this assumption. Moreover, they lack scalability in learning a single model to nonblindly deal with multiple degradations. To address these issues, we propose a general framework with dimensionality stretching strategy that enables a single convolutional super-resolution network to take two key factors of the SISR degradation process, i.e., blur kernel and noise level, as input. Consequently, the super-resolver can handle multiple and even spatially variant degradations, which significantly improves the practicability. Extensive experimental results on synthetic and real LR images show that the proposed convolutional super-resolution network not only can produce favorable results on multiple degradations but also is computationally efficient, providing a highly effective and scalable solution to practical SISR applications.

基于CNN的大多数超分辨率（SR）方法假设降解是已知的（\ eg，bicubic）。当降解与假设不同时，这些方法将遭受严重的性能下降。因此，一些方法试图通过多种降解的复杂组合来培训SR网络，以涵盖实际的降解空间。为了适应多个未知降解，引入显式降解估计器实际上可以促进SR性能。然而，以前的显式降解估计方法通常可以通过对地面模糊内核的监督来预测高斯的模糊，并且估计错误可能导致SR失败。因此，有必要设计一种可以提取隐式歧视性降解表示的方法。为此，我们提出了一个基于元学习的区域退化意识SR网络（MRDA），包括元学习网络（MLN），降级提取网络（DEN）和区域退化意识SR Network（RDAN）。为了处理缺乏地面污染的降解，我们使用MLN在几次迭代后快速适应特定的复合物降解并提取隐式降解信息。随后，教师网络MRDA $ _ {T} $旨在进一步利用MLN为SR提取的降解信息。但是，MLN需要在配对的低分辨率（LR）和相应的高分辨率（HR）图像上进行迭代，这在推理阶段不可用。因此，我们采用知识蒸馏（KD）来使学生网络学会直接提取与LR图像的老师相同的隐式退化表示（IDR）。

Real-world image super-resolution (RISR) has received increased focus for improving the quality of SR images under unknown complex degradation. Existing methods rely on the heavy SR models to enhance low-resolution (LR) images of different degradation levels, which significantly restricts their practical deployments on resource-limited devices. In this paper, we propose a novel Dynamic Channel Splitting scheme for efficient Real-world Image Super-Resolution, termed DCS-RISR. Specifically, we first introduce the light degradation prediction network to regress the degradation vector to simulate the real-world degradations, upon which the channel splitting vector is generated as the input for an efficient SR model. Then, a learnable octave convolution block is proposed to adaptively decide the channel splitting scale for low- and high-frequency features at each block, reducing computation overhead and memory cost by offering the large scale to low-frequency features and the small scale to the high ones. To further improve the RISR performance, Non-local regularization is employed to supplement the knowledge of patches from LR and HR subspace with free-computation inference. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of DCS-RISR on different benchmark datasets. Our DCS-RISR not only achieves the best trade-off between computation/parameter and PSNR/SSIM metric, and also effectively handles real-world images with different degradation levels.

尽管目前基于深度学习的方法在盲目的单图像超分辨率（SISR）任务中已获得了有希望的表现，但其中大多数主要集中在启发式上构建多样化的网络体系结构，并更少强调对Blur之间的物理发电机制的明确嵌入内核和高分辨率（HR）图像。为了减轻这个问题，我们提出了一个模型驱动的深神经网络，称为blind SISR。具体而言，为了解决经典的SISR模型，我们提出了一种简单的效果迭代算法。然后，通过将所涉及的迭代步骤展开到相应的网络模块中，我们自然构建了KXNET。所提出的KXNET的主要特异性是整个学习过程与此SISR任务的固有物理机制完全合理地集成在一起。因此，学习的模糊内核具有清晰的物理模式，并且模糊内核和HR图像之间的相互迭代过程可以很好地指导KXNET沿正确的方向发展。关于合成和真实数据的广泛实验很好地证明了我们方法的卓越准确性和一般性超出了当前代表性的最先进的盲目SISR方法。代码可在：\ url {https://github.com/jiahong-fu/kxnet}中获得。

Informative features play a crucial role in the single image super-resolution task. Channel attention has been demonstrated to be effective for preserving information-rich features in each layer. However, channel attention treats each convolution layer as a separate process that misses the correlation among different layers. To address this problem, we propose a new holistic attention network (HAN), which consists of a layer attention module (LAM) and a channel-spatial attention module (CSAM), to model the holistic interdependencies among layers, channels, and positions. Specifically, the proposed LAM adaptively emphasizes hierarchical features by considering correlations among layers. Meanwhile, CSAM learns the confidence at all the positions of each channel to selectively capture more informative features. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed HAN performs favorably against the state-ofthe-art single image super-resolution approaches.

虽然单图像超分辨率（SISR）方法在单次降级方面取得了巨大成功，但它们仍然在实际情况下具有多重降低效果的性能下降。最近，已经探索了一些盲人和非盲模范，已经探讨了多重降级。然而，这些方法通常在训练和测试数据之间的分布换档方面显着降低。为此，我们第一次提出了一个条件元网络框架（命名CMDSR），这有助于SR框架了解如何适应输入分布的变化。我们使用所提出的ConditionNet在任务级别提取劣化，该条件将用于调整基本SR网络（BaseNet）的参数。具体而言，我们的框架的ConditionNet首先从支撑集中学习劣化，该支持集由来自相同任务的一系列劣化图像补丁组成。然后，Adaptive BaseNet根据条件特征迅速移动其参数。此外，为了更好地提取劣化，我们提出了一个任务对比损失，以减少内部任务距离，并增加任务级别功能之间的交叉任务距离。在没有预定义的降级地图，我们的盲框可以进行一个参数更新，以产生相当大的SR结果。广泛的实验证明了CMDSR在各种盲，甚至是非盲方法上的有效性。柔性基座结构还揭示了CMDSR可以是大系列SISR模型的一般框架。

在本文中，我们提出了一项医疗措施，以赋予超级分辨率生成对抗网络（AID-SRGAN），以实现二线图像超分辨率。首先，我们提出了一种医学实践降解模型，该模型考虑了除了减少采样以外的各种退化因素。据我们所知，这是针对射线照相图像提出的第一个复合降解模型。此外，我们提出了AID-SRGAN，它可以同时降低并产生高分辨率（HR）X光片。在此模型中，我们将注意力机制引入了Denoising模块中，以使其对复杂的降解更加健壮。最后，SR模块使用“清洁”低分辨率（LR）X光片重建HR X光片。此外，我们提出了一种单独的接头训练方法来训练模型，并进行了广泛的实验，以表明所提出的方法优于其对应物。例如，我们提出的方法可实现$ 31.90 $的PSNR，比例为$ 4 \ times $，比最近的工作SPSR [16]高7.05美元\％$ $ $。我们的数据集和代码将在以下网址提供：https：//github.com/yongsongh/aidsrgan-miccai2022。

最近，已经开发了许多算法来解决光场超分辨率（LFSR）的问题，即超声分辨率的低分辨率光场，以获得高分辨率视图。尽管提供了令人鼓舞的结果，但这些方法都是基于卷积的，并且在副孔径图像的全局关系模型中自然弱，这必然是表征光场的固有结构。在本文中，我们通过将LFSR视为序列到序列重建任务，提出了一种基于变压器的新型制剂。特别地，我们的模型将每个垂直或水平角度视图的子孔图像视为序列，并通过空间角局部增强的自我关注层在每个序列内建立远程几何依赖性，其维护每个的局部性子光圈图像也是如此。此外，为了更好地恢复图像细节，我们通过利用光场的梯度图来引导序列学习来提出细节保存的变压器（称为DPT）。 DPT由两个分支组成，每个分支机构与变压器相关联，用于从原始或梯度图像序列学习。这两个分支机构最终融合以获得重建的综合特征表示。评估在许多光场数据集中进行，包括现实世界场景和合成数据。该方法与其他最先进的方案相比，实现了卓越的性能。我们的代码可公开提供：https://github.com/bitszwang/dpt。

Blind image super-resolution (Blind-SR) aims to recover a high-resolution (HR) image from its corresponding low-resolution (LR) input image with unknown degradations. Most of the existing works design an explicit degradation estimator for each degradation to guide SR. However, it is infeasible to provide concrete labels of multiple degradation combinations (\eg, blur, noise, jpeg compression) to supervise the degradation estimator training. In addition, these special designs for certain degradation, such as blur, impedes the models from being generalized to handle different degradations. To this end, it is necessary to design an implicit degradation estimator that can extract discriminative degradation representation for all degradations without relying on the supervision of degradation ground-truth. In this paper, we propose a Knowledge Distillation based Blind-SR network (KDSR). It consists of a knowledge distillation based implicit degradation estimator network (KD-IDE) and an efficient SR network. To learn the KDSR model, we first train a teacher network: KD-IDE$_{T}$. It takes paired HR and LR patches as inputs and is optimized with the SR network jointly. Then, we further train a student network KD-IDE$_{S}$, which only takes LR images as input and learns to extract the same implicit degradation representation (IDR) as KD-IDE$_{T}$. In addition, to fully use extracted IDR, we design a simple, strong, and efficient IDR based dynamic convolution residual block (IDR-DCRB) to build an SR network. We conduct extensive experiments under classic and real-world degradation settings. The results show that KDSR achieves SOTA performance and can generalize to various degradation processes. The source codes and pre-trained models will be released.

极度依赖于从划痕的模型的降级或优化的降解或优化的迭代估计，现有的盲超分辨率（SR）方法通常是耗时和效率较低，因为退化的估计从盲初始化进行并且缺乏可解释降解前沿。为了解决它，本文提出了一种使用端到端网络的盲SR的过渡学习方法，没有任何额外的推断中的额外迭代，并探讨了未知降级的有效表示。首先，我们分析并证明降解的过渡性作为可解释的先前信息，以间接推断出未知的降解模型，包括广泛使用的添加剂和卷曲降解。然后，我们提出了一种新颖的过渡性学习方法，用于盲目超分辨率（TLSR），通过自适应地推断过渡转换功能来解决未知的降级而没有推断的任何迭代操作。具体地，端到端TLSR网络包括一定程度的过渡性（点）估计网络，同一性特征提取网络和过渡学习模块。对盲人SR任务的定量和定性评估表明，拟议的TLSR实现了优异的性能，并且对最先进的盲人SR方法的复杂性较少。该代码可在github.com/yuanfeihuang/tlsr获得。

近年来，由于SR数据集的开发和相应的实际SR方法，真实的图像超分辨率（SR）已取得了令人鼓舞的结果。相比之下，真实视频SR领域落后，尤其是对于真实的原始视频。考虑到原始图像SR优于SRGB图像SR，我们构建了一个真实世界的原始视频SR（Real-Rawvsr）数据集，并提出了相应的SR方法。我们利用两个DSLR摄像机和一个梁切口来同时捕获具有2倍，3倍和4倍大型的高分辨率（LR）和高分辨率（HR）原始视频。我们的数据集中有450对视频对，场景从室内到室外各不相同，包括相机和对象运动在内的动作。据我们所知，这是第一个现实世界的RAW VSR数据集。由于原始视频的特征是拜耳模式，因此我们提出了一个两分支网络，该网络既涉及包装的RGGB序列和原始的拜耳模式序列，又涉及两个分支，并且两个分支相互互补。经过提出的共对象，相互作用，融合和重建模块后，我们生成了相应的HR SRGB序列。实验结果表明，所提出的方法优于原始或SRGB输入的基准实体和合成视频SR方法。我们的代码和数据集可在https://github.com/zmzhang1998/real-rawvsr上找到。

捕获场景的空间和角度信息的光场（LF）成像无疑是有利于许多应用。尽管已经提出了用于LF采集的各种技术，但是在角度和空间上实现的既仍然是技术挑战。本文，提出了一种基于学习的方法，其应用于3D末面图像（EPI）以重建高分辨率LF。通过2级超分辨率框架，所提出的方法有效地解决了各种LF超分辨率（SR）问题，即空间SR，Angular SR和角空间SR。虽然第一阶段向Up-Sample EPI体积提供灵活的选择，但是由新型EPI体积的细化网络（EVRN）组成的第二阶段，基本上提高了高分辨率EPI体积的质量。从7个发布的数据集的90个挑战合成和实际灯田场景的广泛评估表明，所提出的方法优于空间和角度超分辨率问题的大型延伸的最先进的方法，即平均值峰值信号到噪声比为2.0 dB，1.4 dB和3.14 dB的空间SR $ \ Times 2 $，Spatial SR $ \ Times 4 $和Angular SR。重建的4D光场展示了所有透视图像的平衡性能分布，与先前的作品相比，卓越的视觉质量。