旨在从非结构化文本中提取结构信息的知识提取（KE）通常会遭受数据稀缺性和新出现的看不见类型，即低资源场景。许多低资源KE的神经方法已广泛研究并取得了令人印象深刻的表现。在本文中，我们在低资源场景中介绍了对KE的文献综述，并将现有作品分为三个范式：（1）利用更高的资源数据，（2）利用更强的模型，（3）利用数据和模型一起。此外，我们描述了有前途的应用，并概述了未来研究的一些潜在方向。我们希望我们的调查能够帮助学术和工业界更好地理解这一领域，激发更多的想法并提高更广泛的应用。

机器学习方法尤其是深度神经网络取得了巨大的成功，但其中许多往往依赖于一些标记的样品进行训练。在真实世界的应用中，我们经常需要通过例如具有新兴预测目标和昂贵的样本注释的动态上下文来解决样本短缺。因此，低资源学习，旨在学习具有足够资源（特别是培训样本）的强大预测模型，现在正在被广泛调查。在所有低资源学习研究中，许多人更喜欢以知识图（kg）的形式利用一些辅助信息，这对于知识表示变得越来越受欢迎，以减少对标记样本的依赖。在这项调查中，我们非常全面地审查了90美元的报纸关于两个主要的低资源学习设置 - 零射击学习（ZSL）的预测，从未出现过训练，而且很少拍摄的学习（FSL）预测的新类仅具有可用的少量标记样本。我们首先介绍了ZSL和FSL研究中使用的KGS以及现有的和潜在的KG施工解决方案，然后系统地分类和总结了KG感知ZSL和FSL方法，将它们划分为不同的范例，例如基于映射的映射，数据增强，基于传播和基于优化的。我们接下来呈现了不同的应用程序，包括计算机视觉和自然语言处理中的kg增强预测任务，还包括kg完成的任务，以及每个任务的一些典型评估资源。我们最终讨论了一些关于新学习和推理范式的方面的一些挑战和未来方向，以及高质量的KGs的建设。

Knowledge graphs (KG) have served as the key component of various natural language processing applications. Commonsense knowledge graphs (CKG) are a special type of KG, where entities and relations are composed of free-form text. However, previous works in KG completion and CKG completion suffer from long-tail relations and newly-added relations which do not have many know triples for training. In light of this, few-shot KG completion (FKGC), which requires the strengths of graph representation learning and few-shot learning, has been proposed to challenge the problem of limited annotated data. In this paper, we comprehensively survey previous attempts on such tasks in the form of a series of methods and applications. Specifically, we first introduce FKGC challenges, commonly used KGs, and CKGs. Then we systematically categorize and summarize existing works in terms of the type of KGs and the methods. Finally, we present applications of FKGC models on prediction tasks in different areas and share our thoughts on future research directions of FKGC.

As an important fine-grained sentiment analysis problem, aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA), aiming to analyze and understand people's opinions at the aspect level, has been attracting considerable interest in the last decade. To handle ABSA in different scenarios, various tasks are introduced for analyzing different sentiment elements and their relations, including the aspect term, aspect category, opinion term, and sentiment polarity. Unlike early ABSA works focusing on a single sentiment element, many compound ABSA tasks involving multiple elements have been studied in recent years for capturing more complete aspect-level sentiment information. However, a systematic review of various ABSA tasks and their corresponding solutions is still lacking, which we aim to fill in this survey. More specifically, we provide a new taxonomy for ABSA which organizes existing studies from the axes of concerned sentiment elements, with an emphasis on recent advances of compound ABSA tasks. From the perspective of solutions, we summarize the utilization of pre-trained language models for ABSA, which improved the performance of ABSA to a new stage. Besides, techniques for building more practical ABSA systems in cross-domain/lingual scenarios are discussed. Finally, we review some emerging topics and discuss some open challenges to outlook potential future directions of ABSA.

除了以实体为中心的知识之外，通常组织为知识图（千克），事件也是世界上的必不可少的知识，这触发了活动以kg（ekg）等事件为中心的知识表示形式的春天。它在许多机器学习和人工智能应用中起着越来越重要的作用，例如智能搜索，问答，推荐和文本生成。本文提供了历史，本体实例和应用视图的ekg综合调查。具体而言，要彻底地表征EKG，我们专注于其历史，定义，架构归纳，获取，相关代表图形/系统和应用程序。其中研究了发展过程和趋势。我们进一步总结了透视方向，以促进对EKG的未来研究。

外部知识（A.K.A.侧面信息）在零拍摄学习（ZSL）中起着关键作用，该角色旨在预测从未出现在训练数据中的看不见的类。已被广泛调查了几种外部知识，例如文本和属性，但他们独自受到不完整的语义。因此，一些最近的研究提出了由于其高度富有效力和代表知识的兼容性而使用知识图表（千克）。但是，ZSL社区仍然缺乏用于学习和比较不同外部知识设置和基于不同的KG的ZSL方法的标准基准。在本文中，我们提出了六个资源，涵盖了三个任务，即零拍摄图像分类（ZS-IMGC），零拍摄关系提取（ZS-RE）和零拍KG完成（ZS-KGC）。每个资源都有一个正常的zsl基准标记和包含从文本到属性的kg的kg，从关系知识到逻辑表达式。我们已清楚地介绍了这些资源，包括其建设，统计数据格式和使用情况W.r.t.不同的ZSL方法。更重要的是，我们进行了一项全面的基准研究，具有两个通用和最先进的方法，两种特定方法和一种可解释方法。我们讨论并比较了不同的ZSL范式W.R.T.不同的外部知识设置，并发现我们的资源具有开发更高级ZSL方法的巨大潜力，并为应用KGS进行增强机学习的更多解决方案。所有资源都可以在https://github.com/china-uk-zsl/resources_for_kzsl上获得。

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has been revolutionized by the use of Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) such as BERT. Despite setting new records in nearly every NLP task, PLMs still face a number of challenges including poor interpretability, weak reasoning capability, and the need for a lot of expensive annotated data when applied to downstream tasks. By integrating external knowledge into PLMs, \textit{\underline{K}nowledge-\underline{E}nhanced \underline{P}re-trained \underline{L}anguage \underline{M}odels} (KEPLMs) have the potential to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this paper, we examine KEPLMs systematically through a series of studies. Specifically, we outline the common types and different formats of knowledge to be integrated into KEPLMs, detail the existing methods for building and evaluating KEPLMS, present the applications of KEPLMs in downstream tasks, and discuss the future research directions. Researchers will benefit from this survey by gaining a quick and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in this field.

随着信息技术的快速发展，在线平台已经产生了巨大的文本资源。作为一种特定形式的信息提取（即），事件提取（EE）由于其自动从人类语言提取事件的能力而增加了普及。但是，事件提取有限的文献调查。现有审查工作要么花费很多努力，用于描述各种方法的细节或专注于特定领域。本研究提供了全面概述了最先进的事件提取方法及其从文本的应用程序，包括闭域和开放式事件提取。这项调查的特点是它提供了适度复杂性的概要，避免涉及特定方法的太多细节。本研究侧重于讨论代表作品的常见角色，应用领域，优势和缺点，忽略各个方法的特殊性。最后，我们总结了常见问题，当前解决方案和未来的研究方向。我们希望这项工作能够帮助研究人员和从业者获得最近的事件提取的快速概述。

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) which are trained on large text corpus through the self-supervised learning method, have yielded promising performance on various tasks in Natural Language Processing (NLP). However, though PLMs with huge parameters can effectively possess rich knowledge learned from massive training text and benefit downstream tasks at the fine-tuning stage, they still have some limitations such as poor reasoning ability due to the lack of external knowledge. Incorporating knowledge into PLMs has been tried to tackle these issues. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of Knowledge-Enhanced Pre-trained Language Models (KE-PLMs) to provide a clear insight into this thriving field. We introduce appropriate taxonomies respectively for Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Generation (NLG) to highlight the focus of these two kinds of tasks. For NLU, we take several types of knowledge into account and divide them into four categories: linguistic knowledge, text knowledge, knowledge graph (KG), and rule knowledge. The KE-PLMs for NLG are categorized into KG-based and retrieval-based methods. Finally, we point out some promising future directions of KE-PLMs.

Generative Knowledge Graph Construction (KGC) refers to those methods that leverage the sequence-to-sequence framework for building knowledge graphs, which is flexible and can be adapted to widespread tasks. In this study, we summarize the recent compelling progress in generative knowledge graph construction. We present the advantages and weaknesses of each paradigm in terms of different generation targets and provide theoretical insight and empirical analysis. Based on the review, we suggest promising research directions for the future. Our contributions are threefold: (1) We present a detailed, complete taxonomy for the generative KGC methods; (2) We provide a theoretical and empirical analysis of the generative KGC methods; (3) We propose several research directions that can be developed in the future.

Recent years have witnessed the resurgence of knowledge engineering which is featured by the fast growth of knowledge graphs. However, most of existing knowledge graphs are represented with pure symbols, which hurts the machine's capability to understand the real world. The multi-modalization of knowledge graphs is an inevitable key step towards the realization of human-level machine intelligence. The results of this endeavor are Multi-modal Knowledge Graphs (MMKGs). In this survey on MMKGs constructed by texts and images, we first give definitions of MMKGs, followed with the preliminaries on multi-modal tasks and techniques. We then systematically review the challenges, progresses and opportunities on the construction and application of MMKGs respectively, with detailed analyses of the strength and weakness of different solutions. We finalize this survey with open research problems relevant to MMKGs.

知识基础问题回答（KBQA）旨在通过知识库（KB）回答问题。早期研究主要集中于回答有关KB的简单问题，并取得了巨大的成功。但是，他们在复杂问题上的表现远非令人满意。因此，近年来，研究人员提出了许多新颖的方法，研究了回答复杂问题的挑战。在这项调查中，我们回顾了KBQA的最新进展，重点是解决复杂问题，这些问题通常包含多个主题，表达复合关系或涉及数值操作。详细说明，我们从介绍复杂的KBQA任务和相关背景开始。然后，我们描述用于复杂KBQA任务的基准数据集，并介绍这些数据集的构建过程。接下来，我们提出两个复杂KBQA方法的主流类别，即基于语义解析的方法（基于SP）的方法和基于信息检索的方法（基于IR）。具体而言，我们通过流程设计说明了他们的程序，并讨论了它们的主要差异和相似性。之后，我们总结了这两类方法在回答复杂问题时会遇到的挑战，并解释了现有工作中使用的高级解决方案和技术。最后，我们结论并讨论了与复杂的KBQA有关的几个有希望的方向，以进行未来的研究。

Mathematical reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence and is applicable in various fields, including science, engineering, finance, and everyday life. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems capable of solving math problems and proving theorems has garnered significant interest in the fields of machine learning and natural language processing. For example, mathematics serves as a testbed for aspects of reasoning that are challenging for powerful deep learning models, driving new algorithmic and modeling advances. On the other hand, recent advances in large-scale neural language models have opened up new benchmarks and opportunities to use deep learning for mathematical reasoning. In this survey paper, we review the key tasks, datasets, and methods at the intersection of mathematical reasoning and deep learning over the past decade. We also evaluate existing benchmarks and methods, and discuss future research directions in this domain.

事件参数提取（EAE）的目的是从文本中提取具有给定角色的参数，这些参数已在自然语言处理中得到广泛研究。以前的大多数作品在具有专用神经体系结构的特定EAE数据集中取得了良好的性能。鉴于，这些架构通常很难适应具有各种注释模式或格式的新数据集/方案。此外，他们依靠大规模标记的数据进行培训，由于大多数情况下的标签成本高，因此无法获得培训。在本文中，我们提出了一个具有变异信息瓶颈的多格式转移学习模型，该模型利用了信息，尤其是新数据集中EAE现有数据集中的常识。具体而言，我们引入了一个共享特定的及时框架，以从具有不同格式的数据集中学习格式共享和格式特定的知识。为了进一步吸收EAE的常识并消除无关的噪音，我们将变异信息瓶颈整合到我们的体系结构中以完善共享表示。我们在三个基准数据集上进行了广泛的实验，并在EAE上获得新的最先进的性能。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

We propose P4E, an identify-and-localize event detection framework that integrates the best of few-shot prompting and structured prediction. Our framework decomposes event detection into an identification task and a localization task. For the identification task, which we formulate as multi-label classification, we leverage cloze-based prompting to align our objective with the pre-training task of language models, allowing our model to quickly adapt to new event types. We then employ an event type-agnostic sequence labeling model to localize the event trigger conditioned on the identification output. This heterogeneous model design allows P4E to quickly learn new event types without sacrificing the ability to make structured predictions. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed design, and P4E shows superior performance for few-shot event detection on benchmark datasets FewEvent and MAVEN and comparable performance to SOTA for fully-supervised event detection on ACE.

The spread of rumors along with breaking events seriously hinders the truth in the era of social media. Previous studies reveal that due to the lack of annotated resources, rumors presented in minority languages are hard to be detected. Furthermore, the unforeseen breaking events not involved in yesterday's news exacerbate the scarcity of data resources. In this work, we propose a novel zero-shot framework based on prompt learning to detect rumors falling in different domains or presented in different languages. More specifically, we firstly represent rumor circulated on social media as diverse propagation threads, then design a hierarchical prompt encoding mechanism to learn language-agnostic contextual representations for both prompts and rumor data. To further enhance domain adaptation, we model the domain-invariant structural features from the propagation threads, to incorporate structural position representations of influential community response. In addition, a new virtual response augmentation method is used to improve model training. Extensive experiments conducted on three real-world datasets demonstrate that our proposed model achieves much better performance than state-of-the-art methods and exhibits a superior capacity for detecting rumors at early stages.

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

由于低资源域名，新任务以及需要大量培训数据的大规模神经网络的普及，最近，数据增强最近看到了对NLP的兴趣增加。尽管最近的高潮，但由于语言数据的离散性质所带来的挑战，这一领域仍然相对望远欠了。在本文中，我们通过以结构化方式概述文献来展示对NLP的全面和统一对NLP的数据。我们首先介绍和激励NLP的数据增强，然后讨论主要的方法论代表性方法。接下来，我们突出显示用于流行NLP应用程序和任务的技术。我们通过概述当前挑战和未来研究的指示来结束。总体而言，我们的论文旨在澄清现有文学的景观，以便NLP的数据增强，并激励该领域的其他工作。我们还提供了一个GitHub存储库，纸张列表将在https://github.com/styfeng/dataaug4nlp上不断更新

Controllable Text Generation (CTG) is emerging area in the field of natural language generation (NLG). It is regarded as crucial for the development of advanced text generation technologies that are more natural and better meet the specific constraints in practical applications. In recent years, methods using large-scale pre-trained language models (PLMs), in particular the widely used transformer-based PLMs, have become a new paradigm of NLG, allowing generation of more diverse and fluent text. However, due to the lower level of interpretability of deep neural networks, the controllability of these methods need to be guaranteed. To this end, controllable text generation using transformer-based PLMs has become a rapidly growing yet challenging new research hotspot. A diverse range of approaches have emerged in the recent 3-4 years, targeting different CTG tasks which may require different types of controlled constraints. In this paper, we present a systematic critical review on the common tasks, main approaches and evaluation methods in this area. Finally, we discuss the challenges that the field is facing, and put forward various promising future directions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey paper to summarize CTG techniques from the perspective of PLMs. We hope it can help researchers in related fields to quickly track the academic frontier, providing them with a landscape of the area and a roadmap for future research.