高保真大满贯系统的开发过程取决于它们对可靠数据集的验证。为了实现这一目标，我们提出了IBiscape，这是一种模拟基准，其中包括来自异质传感器的数据同步和获取API：立体声 - RGB/DVS，深度，IMU和GPS，以及地面真相场景场景细分和车辆自我摄入量。我们的基准是建立在卡拉模拟器上的，后端是虚幻的引擎，呈现出模拟现实世界的高动态风景。此外，我们提供34个适用于自动驾驶汽车导航的多模式数据集，包括用于场景理解等情况，例如事故等，以及基于与API集成的动态天气模拟类别的广泛框架质量。我们还将第一个校准目标引入了Carla图，以解决CARLA模拟DVS和RGB摄像机的未知失真参数问题。最后，使用IBISCAPE序列，我们评估了四个ORB-SLAM 3系统（单眼RGB，立体RGB，立体声视觉惯性（SVI）和RGB-D）的性能和玄武岩视觉惯性轴测计（VIO）系统，这些系统在模拟的大型大型序列上收集的各种序列 - 规模动态环境。关键字：基准，多模式，数据集，探针，校准，DVS，SLAM

事件摄像机最近在高动力或具有挑战性的照明情况下具有强大的常规摄像头的潜力，因此摄影机最近变得越来越受欢迎。通过同时定位和映射（SLAM）给出了可能受益于事件摄像机的重要问题。但是，为了确保在包含事件的多传感器大满贯上进展，需要新颖的基准序列。我们的贡献是使用包含基于事件的立体声摄像机，常规立体声摄像机，多个深度传感器和惯性测量单元的多传感器设置捕获的第一组基准数据集。该设置是完全硬件同步的，并且经过了准确的外部校准。所有序列都均均均均由高度准确的外部参考设备（例如运动捕获系统）捕获的地面真相数据。各个序列都包括小型和大型环境，并涵盖动态视觉传感器针对的特定挑战。

组合多个传感器使机器人能够最大程度地提高其对环境的感知意识，并增强其对外部干扰的鲁棒性，对机器人导航至关重要。本文提出了可融合的基准测试，这是一个完整的多传感器数据集，具有多种移动机器人序列。本文提出了三项贡献。我们首先推进便携式和通用的多传感器套件，可提供丰富的感官测量值：10Hz激光镜点云，20Hz立体声框架图像，来自立体声事件相机的高速率和异步事件，来自IMU的200Hz惯性读数以及10Hz GPS信号。传感器已经在硬件中暂时同步。该设备轻巧，独立，并为移动机器人提供插件支持。其次，我们通过收集17个序列来构建数据集，该序列通过利用多个机器人平台进行数据收集来涵盖校园上各种环境。一些序列对现有的SLAM算法具有挑战性。第三，我们为将本地化和映射绩效评估提供了基础真理。我们还评估最新的大满贯方法并确定其局限性。该数据集将发布由原始传感器的设置，地面真相，校准数据和评估算法组成：https：//ram-lab.com/file/site/site/multi-sensor-dataset。

同时定位和映射（SLAM）对于自主机器人（例如自动驾驶汽车，自动无人机），3D映射系统和AR/VR应用至关重要。这项工作提出了一个新颖的LIDAR惯性 - 视觉融合框架，称为R $^3 $ LIVE ++，以实现强大而准确的状态估计，同时可以随时重建光线体图。 R $^3 $ LIVE ++由LIDAR惯性探针（LIO）和视觉惯性探测器（VIO）组成，均为实时运行。 LIO子系统利用从激光雷达的测量值重建几何结构（即3D点的位置），而VIO子系统同时从输入图像中同时恢复了几何结构的辐射信息。 r $^3 $ live ++是基于r $^3 $ live开发的，并通过考虑相机光度校准（例如，非线性响应功能和镜头渐滴）和相机的在线估计，进一步提高了本地化和映射的准确性和映射接触时间。我们对公共和私人数据集进行了更广泛的实验，以将我们提出的系统与其他最先进的SLAM系统进行比较。定量和定性结果表明，我们所提出的系统在准确性和鲁棒性方面对其他系统具有显着改善。此外，为了证明我们的工作的可扩展性，{我们基于重建的辐射图开发了多个应用程序，例如高动态范围（HDR）成像，虚拟环境探索和3D视频游戏。}最后，分享我们的发现和我们的发现和为社区做出贡献，我们在GitHub上公开提供代码，硬件设计和数据集：github.com/hku-mars/r3live

农业行业不断寻求农业生产中涉及的不同过程的自动化，例如播种，收获和杂草控制。使用移动自主机器人执行这些任务引起了极大的兴趣。耕地面向同时定位和映射（SLAM）系统（移动机器人技术的关键）面临着艰巨的挑战，这是由于视觉上的难度，这是由于高度重复的场景而引起的。近年来，已经开发了几种视觉惯性遗传（VIO）和SLAM系统。事实证明，它们在室内和室外城市环境中具有很高的准确性。但是，在农业领域未正确评估它们。在这项工作中，我们从可耕地上的准确性和处理时间方面评估了最相关的最新VIO系统，以便更好地了解它们在这些环境中的行为。特别是，该评估是在我们的车轮机器人记录的大豆领域记录的传感器数据集中进行的，该田间被公开发行为Rosario数据集。评估表明，环境的高度重复性外观，崎terrain的地形产生的强振动以及由风引起的叶子的运动，暴露了当前最新的VIO和SLAM系统的局限性。我们分析了系统故障并突出观察到的缺点，包括初始化故障，跟踪损失和对IMU饱和的敏感性。最后，我们得出的结论是，即使某些系统（例如Orb-Slam3和S-MSCKF）在其他系统方面表现出良好的结果，但应采取更多改进，以使其在某些申请中的农业领域可靠，例如作物行的土壤耕作和农药喷涂。 。

事件摄像机是运动激活的传感器，可捕获像素级照明的变化，而不是具有固定帧速率的强度图像。与标准摄像机相比，它可以在高速运动和高动态范围场景中提供可靠的视觉感知。但是，当相机和场景之间的相对运动受到限制时，例如在静态状态下，事件摄像机仅输出一点信息甚至噪音。尽管标准相机可以在大多数情况下，尤其是在良好的照明条件下提供丰富的感知信息。这两个相机完全是互补的。在本文中，我们提出了一种具有鲁棒性，高智能和实时优化的基于事件的视觉惯性镜（VIO）方法，具有事件角度，基于线的事件功能和基于点的图像功能。提出的方法旨在利用人为场景中的自然场景和基于线路的功能中的基于点的功能，以通过设计良好设计的功能管理提供更多其他结构或约束信息。公共基准数据集中的实验表明，与基于图像或基于事件的VIO相比，我们的方法可以实现卓越的性能。最后，我们使用我们的方法演示了机上闭环自动驾驶四极管飞行和大规模室外实验。评估的视频在我们的项目网站上介绍：https：//b23.tv/oe3qm6j

在本文中，我们介绍了一个大型数据集，其中包含各种移动映射传感器，该传感器使用以典型的步行速度携带的手持设备收集了近2.2公里，该设备通过牛津大学的新学院近2.2公里。该数据集包括来自两个市售设备的数据 - 立体惯性摄像头和一个多光束3D激光雷达，该镜头还提供惯性测量。此外，我们使用了三脚架安装的调查级LIDAR扫描仪来捕获测试位置的详细毫米准确的3D地图（包含$ \ sim $ \ sim $ 2.9亿点）。使用地图，我们推断出每次雷达扫描的设备位置的6度自由度（DOF）地面真理，以更好地评估LIDAR和视觉定位，映射和重建系统。这个基础真理是该数据集的特殊新颖贡献，我们认为它将实现许多类似数据集缺乏的系统评估。数据集结合了建筑环境，开放空间和植被区域，以测试本地化和映射系统，例如基于视觉的导航，视觉和激光雷达大满贯，3D激光雷达重建以及基于外观的位置识别。该数据集可在以下网址获得：ori.ox.ac.uk/datasets/newer-college-dataset

在本文中，我们展示了一个4.5km步行距离的多摄像头惯性数据集作为向较新的大学数据集的扩展。全局快门多摄像机设备与IMU和LIDAR同步。该数据集还提供了六程度的自由（DOF）地理位作为10Hz的LIDAR频率。描述了三个数据收集，并说明了多相机视觉惯性内径测定的示例使用。该扩展数据集包含小型和狭窄的通道，大规模开放空间以及植被区域来测试本地化和映射系统。此外，一些序列存在具有挑战性的情况，例如突然的照明变化，织地表面和侵略性运动。数据集可用于：https：//ori-drs.github.io/newer-college-dataset

Event cameras that asynchronously output low-latency event streams provide great opportunities for state estimation under challenging situations. Despite event-based visual odometry having been extensively studied in recent years, most of them are based on monocular and few research on stereo event vision. In this paper, we present ESVIO, the first event-based stereo visual-inertial odometry, which leverages the complementary advantages of event streams, standard images and inertial measurements. Our proposed pipeline achieves temporal tracking and instantaneous matching between consecutive stereo event streams, thereby obtaining robust state estimation. In addition, the motion compensation method is designed to emphasize the edge of scenes by warping each event to reference moments with IMU and ESVIO back-end. We validate that both ESIO (purely event-based) and ESVIO (event with image-aided) have superior performance compared with other image-based and event-based baseline methods on public and self-collected datasets. Furthermore, we use our pipeline to perform onboard quadrotor flights under low-light environments. A real-world large-scale experiment is also conducted to demonstrate long-term effectiveness. We highlight that this work is a real-time, accurate system that is aimed at robust state estimation under challenging environments.

同时本地化和映射（SLAM）正在现实世界应用中部署，但是在许多常见情况下，许多最先进的解决方案仍然在困难。进步的SLAM研究的关键是高质量数据集的可用性以及公平透明的基准测试。为此，我们创建了Hilti-Oxford数据集，以将最新的SLAM系统推向其极限。该数据集面临着各种挑战，从稀疏和常规的建筑工地到17世纪的新古典建筑，并具有细节和弯曲的表面。为了鼓励多模式的大满贯方法，我们设计了一个具有激光雷达，五个相机和IMU（惯性测量单元）的数据收集平台。为了对精度和鲁棒性至关重要的任务进行基准测试量算法，我们实施了一种新颖的地面真相收集方法，使我们的数据集能够以毫米精度准确地测量SLAM姿势错误。为了进一步确保准确性，我们平台的外部设备通过微米精确的扫描仪进行了验证，并使用硬件时间同步在线管理时间校准。我们数据集的多模式和多样性吸引了大量的学术和工业研究人员进入第二版《希尔蒂·斯拉姆挑战赛》，该挑战于2022年6月结束。挑战的结果表明，尽管前三名团队可以实现准确性在某些序列中的2厘米或更高的速度中，性能以更困难的序列下降。

a) Stereo input: trajectory and sparse reconstruction of an urban environment with multiple loop closures. (b) RGB-D input: keyframes and dense pointcloud of a room scene with one loop closure. The pointcloud is rendered by backprojecting the sensor depth maps from estimated keyframe poses. No fusion is performed.

This paper presents ORB-SLAM3, the first system able to perform visual, visual-inertial and multi-map SLAM with monocular, stereo and RGB-D cameras, using pin-hole and fisheye lens models.The first main novelty is a feature-based tightly-integrated visual-inertial SLAM system that fully relies on Maximum-a-Posteriori (MAP) estimation, even during the IMU initialization phase. The result is a system that operates robustly in real time, in small and large, indoor and outdoor environments, and is two to ten times more accurate than previous approaches.The second main novelty is a multiple map system that relies on a new place recognition method with improved recall. Thanks to it, ORB-SLAM3 is able to survive to long periods of poor visual information: when it gets lost, it starts a new map that will be seamlessly merged with previous maps when revisiting mapped areas. Compared with visual odometry systems that only use information from the last few seconds, ORB-SLAM3 is the first system able to reuse in all the algorithm stages all previous information. This allows to include in bundle adjustment co-visible keyframes, that provide high parallax observations boosting accuracy, even if they are widely separated in time or if they come from a previous mapping session.Our experiments show that, in all sensor configurations, ORB-SLAM3 is as robust as the best systems available in the literature, and significantly more accurate. Notably, our stereo-inertial SLAM achieves an average accuracy of 3.5 cm in the EuRoC drone and 9 mm under quick hand-held motions in the room of TUM-VI dataset, a setting representative of AR/VR scenarios. For the benefit of the community we make public the source code.

In this paper, we present a novel benchmark for the evaluation of RGB-D SLAM systems. We recorded a large set of image sequences from a Microsoft Kinect with highly accurate and time-synchronized ground truth camera poses from a motion capture system. The sequences contain both the color and depth images in full sensor resolution (640 × 480) at video frame rate (30 Hz). The ground-truth trajectory was obtained from a motion-capture system with eight high-speed tracking cameras (100 Hz). The dataset consists of 39 sequences that were recorded in an office environment and an industrial hall. The dataset covers a large variety of scenes and camera motions. We provide sequences for debugging with slow motions as well as longer trajectories with and without loop closures. Most sequences were recorded from a handheld Kinect with unconstrained 6-DOF motions but we also provide sequences from a Kinect mounted on a Pioneer 3 robot that was manually navigated through a cluttered indoor environment. To stimulate the comparison of different approaches, we provide automatic evaluation tools both for the evaluation of drift of visual odometry systems and the global pose error of SLAM systems. The benchmark website [1] contains all data, detailed descriptions of the scenes, specifications of the data formats, sample code, and evaluation tools.

The field of autonomous mobile robots has undergone dramatic advancements over the past decades. Despite achieving important milestones, several challenges are yet to be addressed. Aggregating the achievements of the robotic community as survey papers is vital to keep the track of current state-of-the-art and the challenges that must be tackled in the future. This paper tries to provide a comprehensive review of autonomous mobile robots covering topics such as sensor types, mobile robot platforms, simulation tools, path planning and following, sensor fusion methods, obstacle avoidance, and SLAM. The urge to present a survey paper is twofold. First, autonomous navigation field evolves fast so writing survey papers regularly is crucial to keep the research community well-aware of the current status of this field. Second, deep learning methods have revolutionized many fields including autonomous navigation. Therefore, it is necessary to give an appropriate treatment of the role of deep learning in autonomous navigation as well which is covered in this paper. Future works and research gaps will also be discussed.

In this paper, we present a novel visual SLAM and long-term localization benchmark for autonomous driving in challenging conditions based on the large-scale 4Seasons dataset. The proposed benchmark provides drastic appearance variations caused by seasonal changes and diverse weather and illumination conditions. While significant progress has been made in advancing visual SLAM on small-scale datasets with similar conditions, there is still a lack of unified benchmarks representative of real-world scenarios for autonomous driving. We introduce a new unified benchmark for jointly evaluating visual odometry, global place recognition, and map-based visual localization performance which is crucial to successfully enable autonomous driving in any condition. The data has been collected for more than one year, resulting in more than 300 km of recordings in nine different environments ranging from a multi-level parking garage to urban (including tunnels) to countryside and highway. We provide globally consistent reference poses with up to centimeter-level accuracy obtained from the fusion of direct stereo-inertial odometry with RTK GNSS. We evaluate the performance of several state-of-the-art visual odometry and visual localization baseline approaches on the benchmark and analyze their properties. The experimental results provide new insights into current approaches and show promising potential for future research. Our benchmark and evaluation protocols will be available at https://www.4seasons-dataset.com/.

在过去的几年中，同时定位和映射（SLAM）的研究取得了出色的进步。如今，SLAM系统正在从学术到现实世界的应用过渡。但是，这种过渡在准确性和鲁棒性方面提出了新的挑战。为了开发可以解决这些挑战的新的SLAM系统，需要新的包含尖端硬件和现实情况的数据集。我们提出了HILTI SLAM挑战数据集。我们的数据集包含室内序列，实验室，建筑环境以及建筑工地和停车区的室外序列。所有这些序列的特征是无特征区域和不同的照明条件，这些条件在现实世界中典型，并对在密封实验室环境中开发的算法构成了巨大的挑战。每个序列都提供了准确的稀疏地面真相，以毫米水平为毫米。用于记录数据的传感器平台包括许多视觉，激光雷达和惯性传感器，它们在空间和时间上进行了校准。该数据集的目的是促进传感器融合的研究，以开发可以在需要高准确性和鲁棒性（例如在施工环境中）部署的SLAM算法。许多学术和工业团体在HILTI SLAM挑战中的拟议数据集上测试了他们的SLAM系统。本文总结的挑战结果表明，拟议的数据集是准备在现实世界中部署的新SLAM算法开发的重要资产。

A monocular visual-inertial system (VINS), consisting of a camera and a low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU), forms the minimum sensor suite for metric six degreesof-freedom (DOF) state estimation. However, the lack of direct distance measurement poses significant challenges in terms of IMU processing, estimator initialization, extrinsic calibration, and nonlinear optimization. In this work, we present VINS-Mono: a robust and versatile monocular visual-inertial state estimator. Our approach starts with a robust procedure for estimator initialization and failure recovery. A tightly-coupled, nonlinear optimization-based method is used to obtain high accuracy visual-inertial odometry by fusing pre-integrated IMU measurements and feature observations. A loop detection module, in combination with our tightly-coupled formulation, enables relocalization with minimum computation overhead. We additionally perform four degrees-of-freedom pose graph optimization to enforce global consistency. We validate the performance of our system on public datasets and real-world experiments and compare against other state-of-the-art algorithms. We also perform onboard closed-loop autonomous flight on the MAV platform and port the algorithm to an iOS-based demonstration. We highlight that the proposed work is a reliable, complete, and versatile system that is applicable for different applications that require high accuracy localization. We open source our implementations for both PCs 1 and iOS mobile devices 2 .

我们提供了一种基于因子图优化的多摄像性视觉惯性内径系统，该系统通过同时使用所有相机估计运动，同时保留固定的整体特征预算。我们专注于在挑战环境中的运动跟踪，例如狭窄的走廊，具有侵略性动作的黑暗空间，突然的照明变化。这些方案导致传统的单眼或立体声测量失败。在理论上，使用额外的相机跟踪运动，但它会导致额外的复杂性和计算负担。为了克服这些挑战，我们介绍了两种新的方法来改善多相机特征跟踪。首先，除了从一体相机移动到另一个相机时，我们连续地跟踪特征的代替跟踪特征。这提高了准确性并实现了更紧凑的因子图表示。其次，我们选择跨摄像机的跟踪功能的固定预算，以降低反向结束优化时间。我们发现，使用较小的信息性功能可以保持相同的跟踪精度。我们所提出的方法使用由IMU和四个摄像机（前立体网和两个侧面）组成的硬件同步装置进行广泛测试，包括：地下矿，大型开放空间，以及带狭窄楼梯和走廊的建筑室内设计。与立体声最新的视觉惯性内径测量方法相比，我们的方法将漂移率，相对姿势误差，高达80％的翻译和旋转39％降低。

本文通过讨论参加了为期三年的SubT竞赛的六支球队的不同大满贯策略和成果，报道了地下大满贯的现状。特别是，本文有四个主要目标。首先，我们审查团队采用的算法，架构和系统；特别重点是以激光雷达以激光雷达为中心的SLAM解决方案（几乎所有竞争中所有团队的首选方法），异质的多机器人操作（包括空中机器人和地面机器人）和现实世界的地下操作（从存在需要处理严格的计算约束的晦涩之处）。我们不会回避讨论不同SubT SLAM系统背后的肮脏细节，这些系统通常会从技术论文中省略。其次，我们通过强调当前的SLAM系统的可能性以及我们认为与一些良好的系统工程有关的范围来讨论该领域的成熟度。第三，我们概述了我们认为是基本的开放问题，这些问题可能需要进一步的研究才能突破。最后，我们提供了在SubT挑战和相关工作期间生产的开源SLAM实现和数据集的列表，并构成了研究人员和从业人员的有用资源。

Compared to regular cameras, Dynamic Vision Sensors or Event Cameras can output compact visual data based on a change in the intensity in each pixel location asynchronously. In this paper, we study the application of current image-based SLAM techniques to these novel sensors. To this end, the information in adaptively selected event windows is processed to form motion-compensated images. These images are then used to reconstruct the scene and estimate the 6-DOF pose of the camera. We also propose an inertial version of the event-only pipeline to assess its capabilities. We compare the results of different configurations of the proposed algorithm against the ground truth for sequences of two publicly available event datasets. We also compare the results of the proposed event-inertial pipeline with the state-of-the-art and show it can produce comparable or more accurate results provided the map estimate is reliable.