We present an application of back-propagation networks to handwritten digit recognition. Minimal preprocessing of the data was required, but architecture of the network was highly constrained and specifically designed for the task. The input of the network consists of normalized images of isolated digits. The method has 1 % error rate and about a 9% reject rate on zipcode digits provided

Multilayer Neural Networks trained with the backpropagation algorithm constitute the best example of a successful Gradient-Based Learning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture, Gradient-Based Learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex decision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns such as handwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews various methods applied to handwritten character recognition and compares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task. Convolutional Neural Networks, that are specifically designed to deal with the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other techniques.Real-life document recognition systems are composed of multiple modules including eld extraction, segmentation, recognition, and language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called Graph Transformer Networks (GTN), allows such multi-module systems to be trained globally using Gradient-Based methods so as to minimize an overall performance measure.Two systems for on-line handwriting recognition are described. Experiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the exibility of Graph Transformer Networks.A Graph Transformer Network for reading bank check is also described. It uses Convolutional Neural Network character recognizers combined with global training techniques to provides record accuracy on business and personal checks. It is deployed commercially and reads several million checks per day.

We trained a large, deep convolutional neural network to classify the 1.2 million high-resolution images in the ImageNet LSVRC-2010 contest into the 1000 different classes. On the test data, we achieved top-1 and top-5 error rates of 37.5% and 17.0% which is considerably better than the previous state-of-the-art. The neural network, which has 60 million parameters and 650,000 neurons, consists of five convolutional layers, some of which are followed by max-pooling layers, and three fully-connected layers with a final 1000-way softmax. To make training faster, we used non-saturating neurons and a very efficient GPU implementation of the convolution operation. To reduce overfitting in the fully-connected layers we employed a recently-developed regularization method called "dropout" that proved to be very effective. We also entered a variant of this model in the ILSVRC-2012 competition and achieved a winning top-5 test error rate of 15.3%, compared to 26.2% achieved by the second-best entry.

手写数字识别（HDR）是光学特征识别（OCR）领域中最具挑战性的任务之一。不管语言如何，HDR都存在一些固有的挑战，这主要是由于个人跨个人的写作风格的变化，编写媒介和环境的变化，无法在反复编写任何数字等时保持相同的笔触。除此之外，特定语言数字的结构复杂性可能会导致HDR的模棱两可。多年来，研究人员开发了许多离线和在线HDR管道，其中不同的图像处理技术与传统的机器学习（ML）基于基于的和/或基于深度学习（DL）的体系结构相结合。尽管文献中存在有关HDR的广泛审查研究的证据，例如：英语，阿拉伯语，印度，法尔西，中文等，但几乎没有对孟加拉人HDR（BHDR）的调查，这缺乏对孟加拉语HDR（BHDR）的研究，而这些调查缺乏对孟加拉语HDR（BHDR）的研究。挑战，基础识别过程以及可能的未来方向。在本文中，已经分析了孟加拉语手写数字的特征和固有的歧义，以及二十年来最先进的数据集的全面见解和离线BHDR的方法。此外，还详细讨论了一些涉及BHDR的现实应用特定研究。本文还将作为对离线BHDR背后科学感兴趣的研究人员的汇编，煽动了对相关研究的新途径的探索，这可能会进一步导致在不同应用领域对孟加拉语手写数字进行更好的离线认识。

The aim of this paper is to introduce a new learning procedure for neural networks and to demonstrate that it works well enough on a few small problems to be worth further investigation. The Forward-Forward algorithm replaces the forward and backward passes of backpropagation by two forward passes, one with positive (i.e. real) data and the other with negative data which could be generated by the network itself. Each layer has its own objective function which is simply to have high goodness for positive data and low goodness for negative data. The sum of the squared activities in a layer can be used as the goodness but there are many other possibilities, including minus the sum of the squared activities. If the positive and negative passes could be separated in time, the negative passes could be done offline, which would make the learning much simpler in the positive pass and allow video to be pipelined through the network without ever storing activities or stopping to propagate derivatives.

The success of machine learning algorithms generally depends on data representation, and we hypothesize that this is because different representations can entangle and hide more or less the different explanatory factors of variation behind the data. Although specific domain knowledge can be used to help design representations, learning with generic priors can also be used, and the quest for AI is motivating the design of more powerful representation-learning algorithms implementing such priors. This paper reviews recent work in the area of unsupervised feature learning and deep learning, covering advances in probabilistic models, auto-encoders, manifold learning, and deep networks. This motivates longer-term unanswered questions about the appropriate objectives for learning good representations, for computing representations (i.e., inference), and the geometrical connections between representation learning, density estimation and manifold learning.

We have used information-theoretic ideas to derive a class of practical and nearly optimal schemes for adapting the size of a neural network. By removing unimportant weights from a network, several improvements can be expected: better generalization, fewer training examples required, and improved speed of learning and/or classification. The basic idea is to use second-derivative information to make a tradeoff between network complexity and training set error. Experiments confirm the usefulness of the methods on a real-world application.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are currently widely used for many artificial intelligence (AI) applications including computer vision, speech recognition, and robotics. While DNNs deliver state-of-the-art accuracy on many AI tasks, it comes at the cost of high computational complexity. Accordingly, techniques that enable efficient processing of DNNs to improve energy efficiency and throughput without sacrificing application accuracy or increasing hardware cost are critical to the wide deployment of DNNs in AI systems.This article aims to provide a comprehensive tutorial and survey about the recent advances towards the goal of enabling efficient processing of DNNs. Specifically, it will provide an overview of DNNs, discuss various hardware platforms and architectures that support DNNs, and highlight key trends in reducing the computation cost of DNNs either solely via hardware design changes or via joint hardware design and DNN algorithm changes. It will also summarize various development resources that enable researchers and practitioners to quickly get started in this field, and highlight important benchmarking metrics and design considerations that should be used for evaluating the rapidly growing number of DNN hardware designs, optionally including algorithmic co-designs, being proposed in academia and industry.The reader will take away the following concepts from this article: understand the key design considerations for DNNs; be able to evaluate different DNN hardware implementations with benchmarks and comparison metrics; understand the trade-offs between various hardware architectures and platforms; be able to evaluate the utility of various DNN design techniques for efficient processing; and understand recent implementation trends and opportunities.

驱动深度学习成功的反向传播很可能与大脑的学习机制不同。在本文中，我们制定了一项受生物学启发的学习规则，该规则在HEBB著名的建议的想法之后，发现了当地竞争的特征。已经证明，该本地学习规则所学的无监督功能可以作为培训模型，以提高某些监督学习任务的绩效。更重要的是，该本地学习规则使我们能够构建一个与返回传播完全不同的新学习范式，该范式命名为激活学习，其中神经网络的输出激活大致衡量了输入模式的可能性。激活学习能够从几乎没有输入模式的几镜头中学习丰富的本地特征，并且当训练样本的数量相对较小时，比反向传播算法表现出明显更好的性能。这种学习范式统一了无监督的学习，监督的学习和生成模型，并且更安全地抵抗对抗性攻击，为建立一般任务神经网络的某些可能性铺平了道路。

Convolutional Neural Networks define an exceptionally powerful class of models, but are still limited by the lack of ability to be spatially invariant to the input data in a computationally and parameter efficient manner. In this work we introduce a new learnable module, the Spatial Transformer, which explicitly allows the spatial manipulation of data within the network. This differentiable module can be inserted into existing convolutional architectures, giving neural networks the ability to actively spatially transform feature maps, conditional on the feature map itself, without any extra training supervision or modification to the optimisation process. We show that the use of spatial transformers results in models which learn invariance to translation, scale, rotation and more generic warping, resulting in state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, and for a number of classes of transformations.

We propose a novel deep network structure called "Network In Network"(NIN) to enhance model discriminability for local patches within the receptive field. The conventional convolutional layer uses linear filters followed by a nonlinear activation function to scan the input. Instead, we build micro neural networks with more complex structures to abstract the data within the receptive field. We instantiate the micro neural network with a multilayer perceptron, which is a potent function approximator. The feature maps are obtained by sliding the micro networks over the input in a similar manner as CNN; they are then fed into the next layer. Deep NIN can be implemented by stacking mutiple of the above described structure. With enhanced local modeling via the micro network, we are able to utilize global average pooling over feature maps in the classification layer, which is easier to interpret and less prone to overfitting than traditional fully connected layers. We demonstrated the state-of-the-art classification performances with NIN on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100, and reasonable performances on SVHN and MNIST datasets.

The International Workshop on Reading Music Systems (WoRMS) is a workshop that tries to connect researchers who develop systems for reading music, such as in the field of Optical Music Recognition, with other researchers and practitioners that could benefit from such systems, like librarians or musicologists. The relevant topics of interest for the workshop include, but are not limited to: Music reading systems; Optical music recognition; Datasets and performance evaluation; Image processing on music scores; Writer identification; Authoring, editing, storing and presentation systems for music scores; Multi-modal systems; Novel input-methods for music to produce written music; Web-based Music Information Retrieval services; Applications and projects; Use-cases related to written music. These are the proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Reading Music Systems, held in Alicante on the 23rd of July 2021.

We show how to use "complementary priors" to eliminate the explainingaway effects that make inference difficult in densely connected belief nets that have many hidden layers. Using complementary priors, we derive a fast, greedy algorithm that can learn deep, directed belief networks one layer at a time, provided the top two layers form an undirected associative memory. The fast, greedy algorithm is used to initialize a slower learning procedure that fine-tunes the weights using a contrastive version of the wake-sleep algorithm. After fine-tuning, a network with three hidden layers forms a very good generative model of the joint distribution of handwritten digit images and their labels. This generative model gives better digit classification than the best discriminative learning algorithms. The low-dimensional manifolds on which the digits lie are modeled by long ravines in the free-energy landscape of the top-level associative memory, and it is easy to explore these ravines by using the directed connections to display what the associative memory has in mind.

Deep neural nets with a large number of parameters are very powerful machine learning systems. However, overfitting is a serious problem in such networks. Large networks are also slow to use, making it difficult to deal with overfitting by combining the predictions of many different large neural nets at test time. Dropout is a technique for addressing this problem. The key idea is to randomly drop units (along with their connections) from the neural network during training. This prevents units from co-adapting too much. During training, dropout samples from an exponential number of different "thinned" networks. At test time, it is easy to approximate the effect of averaging the predictions of all these thinned networks by simply using a single unthinned network that has smaller weights. This significantly reduces overfitting and gives major improvements over other regularization methods. We show that dropout improves the performance of neural networks on supervised learning tasks in vision, speech recognition, document classification and computational biology, obtaining state-of-the-art results on many benchmark data sets.

该项目附带了OCR（光学字符识别）的技术，包括计算机科学的各种研究侧面。该项目是拍摄一个字符的图片并处理它以识别像人类大脑一样的那样的角色识别各个数字。该项目包含图像处理技术的深刻思想和机器学习的大研究领域以及机器学习的建筑块，称为神经网络。该项目有两种不同的部分。培训部分通过提供各种类似的角色来训练孩子的想法，但不是完全相同，并说明它们的输出就是这样。就像这个想法一样，人们必须用这么多角色训练新建的神经网络。此部分包含一些新的算法，它是自我创建和升级的作为项目需要。测试部分包含一个新数据集的测试。这部分始终在培训部分之后。第一个必须教孩子如何认识到这个角色。然后一个人必须参加测试是否给予了正确的答案或者不是。如果没有，如果给出新的数据集和新条目，必须培训他更加努力。就像那个必须也要测试算法。有许多部分统计建模和优化技术，该技术进入了需要大量建模的统计数据概念，如优化器技术和过滤过程，其中过滤或算法后面的数学和预测是如何之一或其实际需要的最终对预测模型创造的预测。机器学习算法由预测和编程概念构建。

过去十年来，人们对人工智能（AI）的兴趣激增几乎完全由人工神经网络（ANN）的进步驱动。尽管ANN为许多以前棘手的问题设定了最先进的绩效，但它们需要大量的数据和计算资源进行培训，并且由于他们采用了监督的学习，他们通常需要知道每个培训示例的正确标记的响应，并限制它们对现实世界域的可扩展性。尖峰神经网络（SNN）是使用更多类似脑部神经元的ANN的替代方法，可以使用无监督的学习来发现输入数据中的可识别功能，而又不知道正确的响应。但是，SNN在动态稳定性方面挣扎，无法匹配ANN的准确性。在这里，我们展示了SNN如何克服文献中发现的许多缺点，包括为消失的尖峰问题提供原则性解决方案，以优于所有现有的浅SNN，并等于ANN的性能。它在使用无标记的数据和仅1/50的训练时期使用无监督的学习时完成了这一点（标记数据仅用于最终的简单线性读数层）。该结果使SNN成为可行的新方法，用于使用未标记的数据集快速，准确，有效，可解释的机器学习。

这是一门专门针对STEM学生开发的介绍性机器学习课程。我们的目标是为有兴趣的读者提供基础知识，以在自己的项目中使用机器学习，并将自己熟悉术语作为进一步阅读相关文献的基础。在这些讲义中，我们讨论受监督，无监督和强化学习。注释从没有神经网络的机器学习方法的说明开始，例如原理分析，T-SNE，聚类以及线性回归和线性分类器。我们继续介绍基本和先进的神经网络结构，例如密集的进料和常规神经网络，经常性的神经网络，受限的玻尔兹曼机器，（变性）自动编码器，生成的对抗性网络。讨论了潜在空间表示的解释性问题，并使用梦和对抗性攻击的例子。最后一部分致力于加强学习，我们在其中介绍了价值功能和政策学习的基本概念。

人类行动识别是计算机视觉中的重要应用领域。它的主要目的是准确地描述人类的行为及其相互作用，从传感器获得的先前看不见的数据序列中。识别，理解和预测复杂人类行动的能力能够构建许多重要的应用，例如智能监视系统，人力计算机界面，医疗保健，安全和军事应用。近年来，计算机视觉社区特别关注深度学习。本文使用深度学习技术的视频分析概述了当前的动作识别最新识别。我们提出了识别人类行为的最重要的深度学习模型，并分析它们，以提供用于解决人类行动识别问题的深度学习算法的当前进展，以突出其优势和缺点。基于文献中报道的识别精度的定量分析，我们的研究确定了动作识别中最新的深层体系结构，然后为该领域的未来工作提供当前的趋势和开放问题。

在本文中，为波斯语音识别提出了用于信息定位的基于CNN的结构。研究表明，在哺乳动物的原发性听觉皮层和中脑中某些神经元的接收场的光谱量矩形可塑性使本地化设施改善了识别性能。在过去的几年中，使用HMMS，TDNNS，CNNS和LSTM-RNNS的方法的空间或时间不可超数属性，已经完成了许多工作来在ASR系统中定位时间频率信息。但是，这些模型中的大多数具有较大的参数量，并且训练具有挑战性。为此，我们提出了一种称为时频卷积的麦克斯神经网络（TFCMNN）的结构，其中并行时间域和频域1D-CMNN同时且独立地应用于频谱图，然后将其输出置于串联并置于串联并施加了串联并应用于频谱图。共同连接到完全连接的Maxout网络进行分类。为了提高这种结构的性能，我们使用了新开发的方法和模型，例如辍学，麦克斯特和体重归一化。在FARSDAT数据集上设计和实现了两组实验，以评估与常规1D-CMNN模型相比，该模型的性能。根据实验结果，TFCMNN模型的平均识别得分比常规1D-CMNN模型的平均值高约1.6％。此外，TFCMNN模型的平均训练时间比传统模型的平均训练时间低约17小时。因此，正如其他来源所证明的那样，ASR系统中的时频定位提高了系统的准确性并加快了训练过程。

We present an integrated framework for using Convolutional Networks for classification, localization and detection. We show how a multiscale and sliding window approach can be efficiently implemented within a ConvNet. We also introduce a novel deep learning approach to localization by learning to predict object boundaries. Bounding boxes are then accumulated rather than suppressed in order to increase detection confidence. We show that different tasks can be learned simultaneously using a single shared network. This integrated framework is the winner of the localization task of the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge 2013 (ILSVRC2013) and obtained very competitive results for the detection and classifications tasks. In post-competition work, we establish a new state of the art for the detection task. Finally, we release a feature extractor from our best model called OverFeat.