自动驾驶的语义细分应在各种野外环境中具有鲁棒性。由于缺乏带注释的夜间图像和带有足够注释的白天图像的较大域间隙,夜间语义细分尤其具有挑战性。在本文中,我们为夜间语义分割提出了一个新型的基于GPS的培训框架。给定与白天和夜间图像的GPS对齐的对,我们执行跨域对应关系匹配以获得像素级伪监督。此外,我们在白天视频帧之间进行流量估计,并应用基于GPS的缩放量表以获取另一个像素级的伪监督。使用这些伪内的置信图,我们训练一个夜间语义分割网络,而无需夜间图像的任何注释。实验结果证明了该方法对几个夜间语义分割数据集的有效性。我们的源代码可在https://github.com/jimmy9704/gps-glass上获得。
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关于驾驶场景图像的语义细分对于自动驾驶至关重要。尽管在白天图像上已经实现了令人鼓舞的性能,但由于暴露不足和缺乏标记的数据,夜间图像的性能不那么令人满意。为了解决这些问题,我们提出了一个称为双图像自动学习过滤器(拨号过滤器)的附加模块,以改善夜间驾驶条件下的语义分割,旨在利用不同照明下驾驶场景图像的内在特征。拨盘滤波器由两个部分组成,包括图像自适应处理模块(IAPM)和可学习的引导过滤器(LGF)。使用拨号过滤器,我们设计了无监督和有监督的框架,用于夜间驾驶场景细分,可以以端到端的方式进行培训。具体而言,IAPM模块由一个带有一组可区分图像过滤器的小型卷积神经网络组成,可以自适应地增强每个图像,以更好地相对于不同的照明。 LGF用于增强分割网络的输出以获得最终的分割结果。拨号过滤器轻巧有效,可以在白天和夜间图像中轻松应用它们。我们的实验表明,Dail过滤器可以显着改善ACDC_Night和Nightcity数据集的监督细分性能,而它展示了有关无监督的夜间夜间语义细分的最新性能,在黑暗的苏黎世和夜间驾驶测试床上。
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由于在不良视觉条件下记录的图像的密集像素级语义注释缺乏,因此对此类图像的语义分割的无监督域适应性(UDA)引起了兴趣。 UDA适应了在正常条件下训练的模型,以适应目标不利条件域。同时,多个带有驾驶场景的数据集提供了跨多个条件的相同场景的相应图像,这可以用作域适应的弱监督。我们提出了重新设计,这是对基于自训练的UDA方法的通用扩展,该方法利用了这些跨域对应关系。重新调整由两个步骤组成:(1)使用不确定性意识到的密度匹配网络将正常条件图像与相应的不良条件图像对齐,以及(2)使用自适应标签校正机制来完善不良预测,并使用正常预测。我们设计自定义模块,以简化这两个步骤,并在几个不良条件基准(包括ACDC和Dark Zurich)上设置域自适应语义分割的新技术。该方法不引入额外的训练参数,只有在训练期间最少的计算开销 - 可以用作撤离扩展,以改善任何给定的基于自我训练的UDA方法。代码可从https://github.com/brdav/refign获得。
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在本文中,我们解决了一次性分段的单次无监督域适应(OSUDA)的问题,其中分段器在训练期间只看到一个未标记的目标图像。在这种情况下,传统的无监督域适应模型通常失败,因为它们不能适应目标域,以具有过度拟合到一个(或几个)目标样本。为了解决这个问题,现有的OSUDA方法通常集成了一种样式传输模块,基于未标记的目标样本执行域随机化,可以在训练期间探讨目标样本周围的多个域。然而,这种样式传输模块依赖于一组额外的图像作为预训练的样式参考,并且还增加了对域适应的内存需求。在这里,我们提出了一种新的奥德达方法,可以有效地缓解这种计算负担。具体而言,我们将多个样式混合层集成到分段器中,该分段器播放样式传输模块的作用,以在不引入任何学习参数的情况下使源图像进行体现。此外,我们提出了一种剪辑的原型匹配(PPM)方法来加权考虑源像素在监督训练期间的重要性,以缓解负适应。实验结果表明,我们的方法在单次设置下的两个常用基准上实现了新的最先进的性能,并且比所有比较方法更有效。
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在自动驾驶中,学习可以适应各种环境条件的分割模型至关重要。特别是,具有严重的照明变化的复制是一种推动的需求,因为在日光数据上培训的模型将在夜间训练。在本文中,我们研究了域自适应夜间语义分割(DANS)的问题,旨在学习具有标有日间数据集和未标记的数据集的判别夜间模型,包括粗略对齐的日夜图像对。为此,我们提出了一种新的双向混合(Bi-Mix)框架,用于疏浚,这可以有助于图像平移和分割适应过程。具体地,在图像翻译阶段中,Bi-Mix利用日夜图像对的知识来提高夜间图像致密的质量。另一方面,在分段适应阶段,双混合有效地桥接白天和夜间域之间的分布差距,以使模型适应夜间域。在这两个过程中,双混合简单地通过混合两个样本而无需额外的超参数来操作,因此易于实施。暗苏黎世和夜间驾驶数据集的广泛实验展示了所提出的双组合的优势,并表明我们的方法在丹盘中获得最先进的表现。我们的代码可在https://github.com/ygjwd12345/bimix上获得。
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The network trained for domain adaptation is prone to bias toward the easy-to-transfer classes. Since the ground truth label on the target domain is unavailable during training, the bias problem leads to skewed predictions, forgetting to predict hard-to-transfer classes. To address this problem, we propose Cross-domain Moving Object Mixing (CMOM) that cuts several objects, including hard-to-transfer classes, in the source domain video clip and pastes them into the target domain video clip. Unlike image-level domain adaptation, the temporal context should be maintained to mix moving objects in two different videos. Therefore, we design CMOM to mix with consecutive video frames, so that unrealistic movements are not occurring. We additionally propose Feature Alignment with Temporal Context (FATC) to enhance target domain feature discriminability. FATC exploits the robust source domain features, which are trained with ground truth labels, to learn discriminative target domain features in an unsupervised manner by filtering unreliable predictions with temporal consensus. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches through extensive experiments. In particular, our model reaches mIoU of 53.81% on VIPER to Cityscapes-Seq benchmark and mIoU of 56.31% on SYNTHIA-Seq to Cityscapes-Seq benchmark, surpassing the state-of-the-art methods by large margins.
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了解驾驶场景中的雾图像序列对于自主驾驶至关重要,但是由于难以收集和注释不利天气的现实世界图像,这仍然是一项艰巨的任务。最近,自我训练策略被认为是无监督域适应的强大解决方案,通过生成目标伪标签并重新训练模型,它迭代地将模型从源域转化为目标域。但是,选择自信的伪标签不可避免地会遭受稀疏与准确性之间的冲突,这两者都会导致次优模型。为了解决这个问题,我们利用了驾驶场景的雾图图像序列的特征,以使自信的伪标签致密。具体而言,基于顺序图像数据的局部空间相似性和相邻时间对应的两个发现,我们提出了一种新型的目标域驱动的伪标签扩散(TDO-DIF)方案。它采用超像素和光学流来识别空间相似性和时间对应关系,然后扩散自信但稀疏的伪像标签,或者是由流量链接的超像素或时间对应对。此外,为了确保扩散像素的特征相似性,我们在模型重新训练阶段引入了局部空间相似性损失和时间对比度损失。实验结果表明,我们的TDO-DIF方案有助于自适应模型在两个公共可用的天然雾化数据集(超过雾气的Zurich and Forggy驾驶)上实现51.92%和53.84%的平均跨工会(MIOU),这超过了最态度ART无监督的域自适应语义分割方法。可以在https://github.com/velor2012/tdo-dif上找到模型和数据。
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我们提出了一种用于语义分割的新型无监督域适应方法,该方法将训练的模型概括为源图像和相应的地面真相标签到目标域。域自适应语义分割的关键是学习域,不变和判别特征,而无需目标地面真相标签。为此,我们提出了一个双向像素 - 型对比型学习框架,该框架可最大程度地减少同一对象类特征的类内变化,同时无论域,无论域如何,都可以最大程度地提高不同阶层的阶层变化。具体而言,我们的框架将像素级特征与目标和源图像中同一对象类的原型保持一致(即分别为正面对),将它们设置为不同的类别(即负对),并执行对齐和分离在源图像中具有像素级特征的另一个方向的过程,目标图像中的原型。跨域匹配鼓励域不变特征表示,而双向像素 - 型对应对应关系汇总了同一对象类的特征,提供了歧视性特征。为了建立对比度学习的训练对,我们建议使用非参数标签转移(即跨不同域的像素 - 型对应关系,就可以生成目标图像的动态伪标签。我们还提出了一种校准方法,以补偿训练过程中逐渐补偿原型的阶级域偏差。
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深度神经网络(DNN)极大地促进了语义分割中的性能增益。然而,训练DNN通常需要大量的像素级标记数据,这在实践中收集昂贵且耗时。为了减轻注释负担,本文提出了一种自组装的生成对抗网络(SE-GAN)利用语义分割的跨域数据。在SE-GaN中,教师网络和学生网络构成用于生成语义分割图的自组装模型,与鉴别器一起形成GaN。尽管它很简单,我们发现SE-GaN可以显着提高对抗性训练的性能,提高模型的稳定性,这是由大多数普遍培训的方法共享的常见障碍。我们理论上分析SE-GaN并提供$ \ Mathcal o(1 / \ sqrt {n})$泛化绑定($ n $是培训样本大小),这表明控制了鉴别者的假设复杂性,以提高概括性。因此,我们选择一个简单的网络作为鉴别器。两个标准设置中的广泛和系统实验表明,该方法显着优于最新的最先进的方法。我们模型的源代码即将推出。
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在大量标记培训数据的监督下,视频语义细分取得了巨大进展。但是,域自适应视频分割,可以通过从标记的源域对未标记的目标域进行调整来减轻数据标记约束,这很大程度上被忽略了。我们设计了时间伪监督(TPS),这是一种简单有效的方法,探讨了从未标记的目标视频学习有效表示的一致性培训的想法。与在空间空间中建立一致性的传统一致性训练不同,我们通过在增强视频框架之间执行模型一致性来探索时空空间中的一致性训练,这有助于从更多样化的目标数据中学习。具体来说,我们设计了跨框架伪标签,以从以前的视频帧中提供伪监督,同时从增强的当前视频帧中学习。跨框架伪标签鼓励网络产生高确定性预测,从而有效地通过跨框架增强来促进一致性训练。对多个公共数据集进行的广泛实验表明,与最先进的ART相比,TPS更容易实现,更稳定,并且可以实现卓越的视频细分精度。
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无监督的域适应性(UDA)旨在使在标记的源域上训练的模型适应未标记的目标域。在本文中,我们提出了典型的对比度适应(PROCA),这是一种无监督域自适应语义分割的简单有效的对比度学习方法。以前的域适应方法仅考虑跨各个域的阶级内表示分布的对齐,而阶层间结构关系的探索不足,从而导致目标域上的对齐表示可能不像在源上歧视的那样容易歧视。域了。取而代之的是,ProCA将类间信息纳入班级原型,并采用以班级为中心的分布对齐进行适应。通过将同一类原型与阳性和其他类原型视为实现以集体为中心的分配对齐方式的负面原型,Proca在经典领域适应任务上实现了最先进的性能,{\ em i.e. text {and} synthia $ \ to $ cityScapes}。代码可在\ href {https://github.com/jiangzhengkai/proca} {proca}获得代码
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Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is a promising task freeing people from heavy annotation work. However, domain discrepancies in low-level image statistics and high-level contexts compromise the segmentation performance over the target domain. A key idea to tackle this problem is to perform both image-level and feature-level adaptation jointly. Unfortunately, there is a lack of such unified approaches for UDA tasks in the existing literature. This paper proposes a novel UDA pipeline for semantic segmentation that unifies image-level and feature-level adaptation. Concretely, for image-level domain shifts, we propose a global photometric alignment module and a global texture alignment module that align images in the source and target domains in terms of image-level properties. For feature-level domain shifts, we perform global manifold alignment by projecting pixel features from both domains onto the feature manifold of the source domain; and we further regularize category centers in the source domain through a category-oriented triplet loss and perform target domain consistency regularization over augmented target domain images. Experimental results demonstrate that our pipeline significantly outperforms previous methods. In the commonly tested GTA5$\rightarrow$Cityscapes task, our proposed method using Deeplab V3+ as the backbone surpasses previous SOTA by 8%, achieving 58.2% in mIoU.
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本文提出FogAdapt,一种用于密集有雾场景的语义细分域的新方法。虽然已经针对显着的研究来减少语义分割中的域移位,但对具有恶劣天气条件的场景的适应仍然是一个开放的问题。由于天气状况,如雾,烟雾和雾度,加剧了域移位的场景的可见性,从而使得在这种情况下进行了无监督的适应性。我们提出了一种自熵和多尺度信息增强的自我监督域适应方法(FOGADAPT),以最大限度地减少有雾场景分割的域移位。由经验证据支持,雾密度的增加导致分割概率的高自熵性,我们引入了基于自熵的损耗功能来引导适应方法。此外,在不同的图像尺度上获得的推论由不确定性组合并加权,以生成目标域的尺度不变伪标签。这些规模不变的伪标签对可见性和比例变化具有鲁棒性。我们在真正的雾景场景中评估了真正的清晰天气场景模型,适应和综合非雾图像到真正的雾场景适应情景。我们的实验表明,FogAdapt在有雾图像的语义分割中的目前最先进的情况下显着优异。具体而言,通过考虑标准设置与最先进的(SOTA)方法相比,FogaDATK在Foggy苏黎世上获得3.8%,有雾的驾驶密集为6.0%,而在Miou的雾化驾驶的3.6%,在Miou,在MiOOP中改编为有雾的苏黎世。
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5级自动驾驶汽车自主权需要一个强大的视觉感知系统,可以在任何视觉条件下解析输入图像。但是,现有的语义分段数据集是由正常条件下捕获的图像主导,或者规模小。为了解决这个问题,我们引入了ACDC,具有对应于培训和测试原种视觉条件的语义分段方法的不利条件数据集。 ACDC由一组大型4006个图像组成,它在四个常见的不利条件之间同样分布:雾,夜间,雨和雪。每个不利条件图像具有高质量的细像素级语义注释,在正常条件下采取的相同场景的相应图像,以及区分清晰和不确定的语义内容的图像内区域之间的二进制掩模。因此,ACDC支持标准语义分割,新引入的不确定性感知语义分割。详细的实证研究表明,ACDC对最先进的监督和无人监督和无监督的方法的挑战,并表明了我们数据集在转向该领域的进展方面的价值。我们的数据集和基准是公开可用的。
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In unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), a model trained on source data (e.g. synthetic) is adapted to target data (e.g. real-world) without access to target annotation. Most previous UDA methods struggle with classes that have a similar visual appearance on the target domain as no ground truth is available to learn the slight appearance differences. To address this problem, we propose a Masked Image Consistency (MIC) module to enhance UDA by learning spatial context relations of the target domain as additional clues for robust visual recognition. MIC enforces the consistency between predictions of masked target images, where random patches are withheld, and pseudo-labels that are generated based on the complete image by an exponential moving average teacher. To minimize the consistency loss, the network has to learn to infer the predictions of the masked regions from their context. Due to its simple and universal concept, MIC can be integrated into various UDA methods across different visual recognition tasks such as image classification, semantic segmentation, and object detection. MIC significantly improves the state-of-the-art performance across the different recognition tasks for synthetic-to-real, day-to-nighttime, and clear-to-adverse-weather UDA. For instance, MIC achieves an unprecedented UDA performance of 75.9 mIoU and 92.8% on GTA-to-Cityscapes and VisDA-2017, respectively, which corresponds to an improvement of +2.1 and +3.0 percent points over the previous state of the art. The implementation is available at https://github.com/lhoyer/MIC.
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我们建议利用模拟的潜力,以域的概括方式对现实世界自动驾驶场景的语义分割。对分割网络进行了训练,没有任何目标域数据,并在看不见的目标域进行了测试。为此,我们提出了一种新的域随机化和金字塔一致性的方法,以学习具有高推广性的模型。首先,我们建议使用辅助数据集以视觉外观的方式随机将合成图像随机化,以有效地学习域不变表示。其次,我们进一步在不同的“风格化”图像和图像中实施了金字塔一致性,以分别学习域不变和规模不变的特征。关于从GTA和合成对城市景观,BDD和Mapillary的概括进行了广泛的实验;而我们的方法比最新技术取得了卓越的成果。值得注意的是,我们的概括结果与最先进的模拟域适应方法相比甚至更好,甚至比在训练时访问目标域数据的结果。
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Recent deep networks achieved state of the art performance on a variety of semantic segmentation tasks. Despite such progress, these models often face challenges in real world "wild tasks" where large difference between labeled training/source data and unseen test/target data exists. In particular, such difference is often referred to as "domain gap", and could cause significantly decreased performance which cannot be easily remedied by further increasing the representation power. Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) seeks to overcome such problem without target domain labels. In this paper, we propose a novel UDA framework based on an iterative self-training (ST) procedure, where the problem is formulated as latent variable loss minimization, and can be solved by alternatively generating pseudo labels on target data and re-training the model with these labels. On top of ST, we also propose a novel classbalanced self-training (CBST) framework to avoid the gradual dominance of large classes on pseudo-label generation, and introduce spatial priors to refine generated labels. Comprehensive experiments show that the proposed methods achieve state of the art semantic segmentation performance under multiple major UDA settings.⋆ indicates equal contribution.
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We consider the problem of unsupervised domain adaptation in semantic segmentation. A key in this campaign consists in reducing the domain shift, i.e., enforcing the data distributions of the two domains to be similar. One of the common strategies is to align the marginal distribution in the feature space through adversarial learning. However, this global alignment strategy does not consider the category-level joint distribution. A possible consequence of such global movement is that some categories which are originally well aligned between the source and target may be incorrectly mapped, thus leading to worse segmentation results in target domain. To address this problem, we introduce a category-level adversarial network, aiming to enforce local semantic consistency during the trend of global alignment. Our idea is to take a close look at the category-level joint distribution and align each class with an adaptive adversarial loss. Specifically, we reduce the weight of the adversarial loss for category-level aligned features while increasing the adversarial force for those poorly aligned. In this process, we decide how well a feature is category-level aligned between source and target by a co-training approach. In two domain adaptation tasks, i.e., GTA5 → Cityscapes and SYN-THIA → Cityscapes, we validate that the proposed method matches the state of the art in segmentation accuracy.
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本文提出了一种新颖的像素级分布正则化方案(DRSL),用于自我监督的语义分割域的适应性。在典型的环境中,分类损失迫使语义分割模型贪婪地学习捕获类间变化的表示形式,以确定决策(类)边界。由于域的转移,该决策边界在目标域中未对齐,从而导致嘈杂的伪标签对自我监督域的适应性产生不利影响。为了克服这一限制,以及捕获阶层间变化,我们通过类感知的多模式分布学习(MMDL)捕获了像素级内的类内变化。因此,捕获阶层内变化所需的信息与阶层间歧视所需的信息明确分开。因此,捕获的功能更具信息性,导致伪噪声低的伪标记。这种分离使我们能够使用前者的基于跨凝结的自学习,在判别空间和多模式分布空间中进行单独的对齐。稍后,我们通过明确降低映射到同一模式的目标和源像素之间的距离来提出一种新型的随机模式比对方法。距离度量标签上计算出的距离度量损失,并从多模式建模头部反向传播,充当与分割头共享的基本网络上的正常化程序。关于合成到真实域的适应设置的全面实验的结果,即GTA-V/Synthia to CityScapes,表明DRSL的表现优于许多现有方法(MIOU的最小余量为2.3%和2.5%,用于MIOU,而合成的MIOU到CityScapes)。
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Convolutional neural network-based approaches for semantic segmentation rely on supervision with pixel-level ground truth, but may not generalize well to unseen image domains. As the labeling process is tedious and labor intensive, developing algorithms that can adapt source ground truth labels to the target domain is of great interest. In this paper, we propose an adversarial learning method for domain adaptation in the context of semantic segmentation. Considering semantic segmentations as structured outputs that contain spatial similarities between the source and target domains, we adopt adversarial learning in the output space. To further enhance the adapted model, we construct a multi-level adversarial network to effectively perform output space domain adaptation at different feature levels. Extensive experiments and ablation study are conducted under various domain adaptation settings, including synthetic-to-real and cross-city scenarios. We show that the proposed method performs favorably against the stateof-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and visual quality.
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