常规的共呈含量对象检测（COSOD）具有很强的假设，即\ enquote {同一组的每个图像中存在一个共同的显着对象}。但是，偏见的假设与一组图像中可能部分或完全不存在共同升压对象相矛盾。我们提出了一种基于随机抽样的广义COSOD训练（GCT）策略，以提炼出对COSOD模型的相互间距间缺失的意识。此外，GCT中固有的随机抽样过程可以生成高质量的不确定性图，我们可以通过该图进一步补充较不容易自信的模型预测，这些预测容易容易定位非共同的显着对象。为了评估COSOD模型的概括能力，我们提出了两个新的测试数据集，即可口可分子和可口可乐，其中一个共同的显着物体部分存在于前者中，并且在后者中完全不存在。广泛的实验表明，我们提出的方法显着提高了COSOD模型在两个新数据集上的概括能力，同时并没有在常规COSOD设置下对其性能产生负面影响。代码可在https://github.com/carlisle-liu/gcosod上找到。

在本文中，我们提出了一个新颖的端到端集团协作学习网络，称为GCONET+，该网络可以有效，有效地（250 fps）识别自然场景中的共呈含量对象。提出的GCONET+基于以下两个基本标准，通过采矿共识表示，实现了共同降低对象检测（COSOD）的新最新性能：1）组内紧凑型，以更好地提高共同空位之间的一致性通过使用我们的新颖组亲和力模块（GAM）捕获其固有共享属性的对象； 2）组间可分离性通过引入我们的新组协作模块（GCM）条件对不一致的共识进行调理，从而有效抑制嘈杂对象对输出的影响。为了进一步提高准确性，我们设计了一系列简单但有效的组件，如下所示：i）在语义级别促进模型学习的经常性辅助分类模块（RACM）； ii）一个置信度增强模块（CEM）帮助模型提高最终预测的质量； iii）基于小组的对称三重态（GST）损失指导模型以学习更多的判别特征。对三个具有挑战性的基准测试（即可口可乐，COSOD3K和COSAL2015）进行了广泛的实验，这表明我们的GCONET+优于现有的12个尖端模型。代码已在https://github.com/zhengpeng7/gconet_plus上发布。

共同定位对象检测（COSOD）旨在模拟人类视觉系统，以发现一组相关图像的常见和显着对象。最近的方法通常开发基于深度学习的模型已大大改善了COSOD任务的性能。但是，仍然需要进一步解决两个主要缺点，1）次优的间形间关系建模； 2）缺乏对图像间可分离性的考虑。在本文中，我们提出了共同空位对象检测变压器（COSFORMER）网络，以从多个图像中捕获显着和常见的视觉模式。通过利用变压器体系结构，提出的方法解决了输入订单的影响，并大大提高了COSOD任务的稳定性。我们还介绍了一个新颖的图像间可分离性概念。我们构建了一种对比度学习方案，以建模图像间的可分离性并学习更多歧视性嵌入空间，以区分真正的常见对象和嘈杂的对象。对三个具有挑战性的基准测试，即可口可乐，COSOD3K和COSAL2015进行了广泛的实验，这表明我们的同构者的表现优于尖端的模型，并实现了新的最先进。我们希望共同体能够激励未来的研究进行更多的视觉共分析任务。

Transformer, which originates from machine translation, is particularly powerful at modeling long-range dependencies. Currently, the transformer is making revolutionary progress in various vision tasks, leading to significant performance improvements compared with the convolutional neural network (CNN) based frameworks. In this paper, we conduct extensive research on exploiting the contributions of transformers for accurate and reliable salient object detection. For the former, we apply transformer to a deterministic model, and explain that the effective structure modeling and global context modeling abilities lead to its superior performance compared with the CNN based frameworks. For the latter, we observe that both CNN and transformer based frameworks suffer greatly from the over-confidence issue, where the models tend to generate wrong predictions with high confidence. To estimate the reliability degree of both CNN- and transformer-based frameworks, we further present a latent variable model, namely inferential generative adversarial network (iGAN), based on the generative adversarial network (GAN). The stochastic attribute of the latent variable makes it convenient to estimate the predictive uncertainty, serving as an auxiliary output to evaluate the reliability of model prediction. Different from the conventional GAN, which defines the distribution of the latent variable as fixed standard normal distribution $\mathcal{N}(0,\mathbf{I})$, the proposed iGAN infers the latent variable by gradient-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), namely Langevin dynamics, leading to an input-dependent latent variable model. We apply our proposed iGAN to both fully and weakly supervised salient object detection, and explain that iGAN within the transformer framework leads to both accurate and reliable salient object detection.

在本文中，我们提出了一个新型模型，用于同时稳定的共同检测（COSOD）和对象共裂（Coseg）。为了准确地检测共同水平（分割），核心问题是井井有条模拟图像组之间的图像间关系。一些方法设计了复杂的模块，例如复发性神经网络（RNN），以解决此问题。但是，对订单敏感的问题是RNN的主要缺点，它严重影响了拟议的COSOD（COSEG）模型的稳定性。在本文中，受基于RNN的模型的启发，我们首先提出了一个多路稳定的复发单元（MSRU），其中包含虚拟订单机制（DOM）和复发单元（RU）。我们提出的MSRU不仅有助于COSOD（COSEG）模型捕获强大的图像间关系，还可以降低订单敏感性，从而导致更稳定的推理和训练过程。 {此外，我们设计了一个跨顺序对比损失（COCL），可以通过关闭从不同输入订单生成的功能嵌入来进一步解决订单敏感问题。}我们在五个广泛使用的COSOD数据集（COCA，COOCA，COSOD3K，，，COSOD3K， COSAL2015，ICOSEG和MSRC）以及三个广泛使用的数据集（Internet，Icoseg和Pascal-Voc）用于对象进行分割，性能证明了与最先进的ART（SOTA）相比，提出的方法的优越性方法。

现有突出物体检测模型的成功依赖于大像素标记的训练数据集。如何，收集这样的数据集不仅耗时，而且非常昂贵。为了减少标签负担，我们研究半监督的突出物体检测，并通过识别具有较小自信预测的像素来将其作为未标记的数据集像素级置信度估计问题。具体地，我们在有效的潜在空间探索之前引入了一种新的潜在变量模型，以获得有效的潜伏空间探索，导致更可靠的置信度图。通过拟议的策略，未标记的图像可以有效地参与模型培训。实验结果表明，与原始培训数据集仅有1/16的注释，与最先进的完全监督模型相比，所提出的解决方案实现了竞争性能。

显着对象检测（SOD）在图像分析中具有若干应用。基于深度学习的SOD方法是最有效的，但它们可能会错过具有相似颜色的前景部分。为了规避问题，我们介绍了一个后处理方法，名为\ Texit {SuperPixel Materionity}（Sess）的后期处理方法，其交替地执行两个操作，以便显着完成：基于对象的SuperPixel分段和基于SuperPixel的显着性估算。 Sess使用输入显着图来估算超像素描绘的种子，并在前景和背景中定义超顶盒查询。新的显着性图是由查询和超像素之间的颜色相似性产生的。对于给定数量的迭代的过程重复，使得所有产生的显着性图通过蜂窝自动机组合成单个。最后，使用其平均值合并后处理和初始映射。我们展示SES可以始终如一地，并在五个图像数据集上一致而大大提高三种基于深度学习的SOD方法的结果。

Preys in the wild evolve to be camouflaged to avoid being recognized by predators. In this way, camouflage acts as a key defence mechanism across species that is critical to survival. To detect and segment the whole scope of a camouflaged object, camouflaged object detection (COD) is introduced as a binary segmentation task, with the binary ground truth camouflage map indicating the exact regions of the camouflaged objects. In this paper, we revisit this task and argue that the binary segmentation setting fails to fully understand the concept of camouflage. We find that explicitly modeling the conspicuousness of camouflaged objects against their particular backgrounds can not only lead to a better understanding about camouflage, but also provide guidance to designing more sophisticated camouflage techniques. Furthermore, we observe that it is some specific parts of camouflaged objects that make them detectable by predators. With the above understanding about camouflaged objects, we present the first triple-task learning framework to simultaneously localize, segment, and rank camouflaged objects, indicating the conspicuousness level of camouflage. As no corresponding datasets exist for either the localization model or the ranking model, we generate localization maps with an eye tracker, which are then processed according to the instance level labels to generate our ranking-based training and testing dataset. We also contribute the largest COD testing set to comprehensively analyse performance of the COD models. Experimental results show that our triple-task learning framework achieves new state-of-the-art, leading to a more explainable COD network. Our code, data, and results are available at: \url{https://github.com/JingZhang617/COD-Rank-Localize-and-Segment}.

Recent progress on salient object detection is substantial, benefiting mostly from the explosive development of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Semantic segmentation and salient object detection algorithms developed lately have been mostly based on Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNs). There is still a large room for improvement over the generic FCN models that do not explicitly deal with the scale-space problem. Holistically-Nested Edge Detector (HED) provides a skip-layer structure with deep supervision for edge and boundary detection, but the performance gain of HED on saliency detection is not obvious. In this paper, we propose a new salient object detection method by introducing short connections to the skip-layer structures within the HED architecture. Our framework takes full advantage of multi-level and multi-scale features extracted from FCNs, providing more advanced representations at each layer, a property that is critically needed to perform segment detection. Our method produces state-of-theart results on 5 widely tested salient object detection benchmarks, with advantages in terms of efficiency (0.08 seconds per image), effectiveness, and simplicity over the existing algorithms. Beyond that, we conduct an exhaustive analysis on the role of training data on performance. Our experimental results provide a more reasonable and powerful training set for future research and fair comparisons.

Fully supervised salient object detection (SOD) has made considerable progress based on expensive and time-consuming data with pixel-wise annotations. Recently, to relieve the labeling burden while maintaining performance, some scribble-based SOD methods have been proposed. However, learning precise boundary details from scribble annotations that lack edge information is still difficult. In this paper, we propose to learn precise boundaries from our designed synthetic images and labels without introducing any extra auxiliary data. The synthetic image creates boundary information by inserting synthetic concave regions that simulate the real concave regions of salient objects. Furthermore, we propose a novel self-consistent framework that consists of a global integral branch (GIB) and a boundary-aware branch (BAB) to train a saliency detector. GIB aims to identify integral salient objects, whose input is the original image. BAB aims to help predict accurate boundaries, whose input is the synthetic image. These two branches are connected through a self-consistent loss to guide the saliency detector to predict precise boundaries while identifying salient objects. Experimental results on five benchmarks demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art weakly supervised SOD methods and further narrows the gap with the fully supervised methods.

Fully convolutional neural networks (FCNs) have shown their advantages in the salient object detection task. However, most existing FCNs-based methods still suffer from coarse object boundaries. In this paper, to solve this problem, we focus on the complementarity between salient edge information and salient object information. Accordingly, we present an edge guidance network (EGNet) for salient object detection with three steps to simultaneously model these two kinds of complementary information in a single network. In the first step, we extract the salient object features by a progressive fusion way. In the second step, we integrate the local edge information and global location information to obtain the salient edge features. Finally, to sufficiently leverage these complementary features, we couple the same salient edge features with salient object features at various resolutions. Benefiting from the rich edge information and location information in salient edge features, the fused features can help locate salient objects, especially their boundaries more accurately. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods on six widely used datasets without any pre-processing and post-processing. The source code is available at http: //mmcheng.net/egnet/.

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have substantially improved the state-of-the-art in salient object detection. However, training DNNs requires costly pixel-level annotations. In this paper, we leverage the observation that imagelevel tags provide important cues of foreground salient objects, and develop a weakly supervised learning method for saliency detection using image-level tags only. The Foreground Inference Network (FIN) is introduced for this challenging task. In the first stage of our training method, FIN is jointly trained with a fully convolutional network (FCN) for image-level tag prediction. A global smooth pooling layer is proposed, enabling FCN to assign object category tags to corresponding object regions, while FIN is capable of capturing all potential foreground regions with the predicted saliency maps. In the second stage, FIN is fine-tuned with its predicted saliency maps as ground truth. For refinement of ground truth, an iterative Conditional Random Field is developed to enforce spatial label consistency and further boost performance.Our method alleviates annotation efforts and allows the usage of existing large scale training sets with image-level tags. Our model runs at 60 FPS, outperforms unsupervised ones with a large margin, and achieves comparable or even superior performance than fully supervised counterparts.

Recent advances in self-supervised visual representation learning have paved the way for unsupervised methods tackling tasks such as object discovery and instance segmentation. However, discovering objects in an image with no supervision is a very hard task; what are the desired objects, when to separate them into parts, how many are there, and of what classes? The answers to these questions depend on the tasks and datasets of evaluation. In this work, we take a different approach and propose to look for the background instead. This way, the salient objects emerge as a by-product without any strong assumption on what an object should be. We propose FOUND, a simple model made of a single $conv1\times1$ initialized with coarse background masks extracted from self-supervised patch-based representations. After fast training and refining these seed masks, the model reaches state-of-the-art results on unsupervised saliency detection and object discovery benchmarks. Moreover, we show that our approach yields good results in the unsupervised semantic segmentation retrieval task. The code to reproduce our results is available at https://github.com/valeoai/FOUND.

视频突出对象检测旨在在视频中找到最具视觉上的对象。为了探索时间依赖性，现有方法通常是恢复性的神经网络或光学流量。然而，这些方法需要高计算成本，并且往往会随着时间的推移积累不准确性。在本文中，我们提出了一种带有注意模块的网络，以学习视频突出物体检测的对比特征，而没有高计算时间建模技术。我们开发了非本地自我关注方案，以捕获视频帧中的全局信息。共注意配方用于结合低级和高级功能。我们进一步应用了对比学学习以改善来自相同视频的前景区域对的特征表示，并将前景 - 背景区域对被推除在潜在的空间中。帧内对比损失有助于将前景和背景特征分开，并且帧间的对比损失提高了时间的稠度。我们对多个基准数据集进行广泛的实验，用于视频突出对象检测和无监督的视频对象分割，并表明所提出的方法需要较少的计算，并且对最先进的方法进行有利地执行。

Deep Convolutional Neural Networks have been adopted for salient object detection and achieved the state-of-the-art performance. Most of the previous works however focus on region accuracy but not on the boundary quality. In this paper, we propose a predict-refine architecture, BASNet, and a new hybrid loss for Boundary-Aware Salient object detection. Specifically, the architecture is composed of a densely supervised Encoder-Decoder network and a residual refinement module, which are respectively in charge of saliency prediction and saliency map refinement. The hybrid loss guides the network to learn the transformation between the input image and the ground truth in a three-level hierarchy -pixel-, patch-and map-level -by fusing Binary Cross Entropy (BCE), Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) and Intersectionover-Union (IoU) losses. Equipped with the hybrid loss, the proposed predict-refine architecture is able to effectively segment the salient object regions and accurately predict the fine structures with clear boundaries. Experimental results on six public datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods both in terms of regional and boundary evaluation measures. Our method runs at over 25 fps on a single GPU. The code is available at: https://github.com/NathanUA/BASNet.

尽管当前的显着对象检测（SOD）作品已经取得了重大进展，但在预测的显着区域的完整性方面，它们受到限制。我们在微观和宏观水平上定义了完整性的概念。具体而言，在微观层面上，该模型应突出显示属于某个显着对象的所有部分。同时，在宏观层面上，模型需要在给定图像中发现所有显着对象。为了促进SOD的完整性学习，我们设计了一个新颖的完整性认知网络（ICON），该网络探讨了学习强大完整性特征的三个重要组成部分。 1）与现有模型不同，该模型更多地集中在功能可区分性上，我们引入了各种功能集合（DFA）组件，以汇总具有各种接受场（即内核形状和背景）的特征，并增加了功能多样性。这种多样性是挖掘积分显着物体的基础。 2）基于DFA功能，我们引入了一个完整性通道增强（ICE）组件，其目标是增强功能通道，以突出积分显着对象，同时抑制其他分心的对象。 3）提取增强功能后，采用零件整体验证（PWV）方法来确定零件和整个对象特征是否具有很强的一致性。这样的部分协议可以进一步改善每个显着对象的微观完整性。为了证明我们图标的有效性，对七个具有挑战性的基准进行了全面的实验。我们的图标在广泛的指标方面优于基线方法。值得注意的是，我们的图标在六个数据集上的平均假阴影（FNR）（FNR）方面，相对于以前的最佳模型的相对改善约为10％。代码和结果可在以下网址获得：https：//github.com/mczhuge/icon。

360 {\ deg}场景中基于图像的显着对象检测（ISOD）对于理解和应用全景信息非常重要。但是，由于缺乏大型，复杂，高分辨率且标记良好的数据集，对360 {\ deg} ISOD的研究尚未被广泛探索。为此，我们构建了一个大型360 {\ deg} ISOD数据集，具有对象级像素的依次投影（ERP），其中包含不少于2K分辨率的丰富全景场景，并且是360 {最大的数据集，是最大的数据集{ \ deg} ISOD据我们所知。通过观察数据，我们发现当前的方法在全景方案中面临三个重大挑战：不同的失真度，不连续的边缘效应和可变的对象量表。受到人类观察过程的启发，我们提出了一种基于样本自适应视图变压器（SAVT）模块的视图显着对象检测方法，并带有两个子模块，以减轻这些问题。具体而言，子模块视图变压器（VT）基于不同种类的变换，在不同视图下学习各种特征，并增强模型的变形，边缘效果和对象量表的特征耐受性。此外，亚模块样品自适应融合（SAF）是根据各种样品特征调整不同变换分支的权重，并使转换的增强功能更适当地融合。 20种最先进的ISOD方法的基准结果表明，构造的数据集非常具有挑战性。此外，详尽的实验验证了所提出的方法是实际的，并且表现优于最先进的方法。

完全监督的显着对象检测（SOD）方法取得了长足的进步，但是这种方法通常依赖大量的像素级注释，这些注释耗时且耗时。在本文中，我们专注于混合标签下的新的弱监督SOD任务，其中监督标签包括传统无监督方法生成的大量粗标签和少量的真实标签。为了解决此任务中标签噪声和数量不平衡问题的问题，我们设计了一个新的管道框架，采用三种复杂的培训策略。在模型框架方面，我们将任务分解为标签细化子任务和显着对象检测子任务，它们相互合作并交替训练。具体而言，R-NET设计为配备有指导和聚合机制的搅拌机的两流编码器模型（BGA），旨在纠正更可靠的伪标签的粗标签，而S-NET是可更换的。由当前R-NET生成的伪标签监督的SOD网络。请注意，我们只需要使用训练有素的S-NET进行测试。此外，为了确保网络培训的有效性和效率，我们设计了三种培训策略，包括替代迭代机制，小组智慧的增量机制和信誉验证机制。五个草皮基准的实验表明，我们的方法在定性和定量上都针对弱监督/无监督/无监督的方法实现了竞争性能。

RGB热点对象检测（SOD）结合了两个光谱，以分段图像中的视觉明显区域。大多数现有方法都使用边界图来学习锋利的边界。这些方法忽略了孤立的边界像素与其他自信像素之间的相互作用，从而导致了次优性能。为了解决这个问题，我们为基于SWIN Transformer的RGB-T SOD提出了一个职位感知关系学习网络（PRLNET）。 PRLNET探索像素之间的距离和方向关系，以增强阶层内的紧凑性和类间的分离，从而产生具有清晰边界和均匀区域的显着对象掩模。具体而言，我们开发了一个新颖的签名距离辅助模块（SDMAM）来改善编码器特征表示，该模块考虑了边界邻域中不同像素的距离关系。然后，我们使用定向字段（FRDF）设计一种功能改进方法，该方法通过利用明显对象内部的功能来纠正边界邻域的特征。 FRDF利用对象像素之间的方向信息有效地增强了显着区域的阶层紧凑性。此外，我们构成了一个纯变压器编码器 - 模块网络，以增强RGB-T SOD的多光谱特征表示。最后，我们对三个公共基准数据集进行了定量和定性实验。结果表明，我们所提出的方法的表现优于最新方法。

现有的基于深度学习（基于DL的）无监督的显着对象检测（USOD）方法基于传统显着性方法和预处理深网的先验知识，在图像中学习显着信息。但是，这些方法采用了一种简单的学习策略来训练深层网络，因此无法将培训样本的“隐藏”信息正确地纳入学习过程。此外，对于分割对象至关重要的外观信息仅在网络训练过程后用作后处理。为了解决这两个问题，我们提出了一个新颖的外观引导的细心自进度学习框架，以无视显着对象检测。提出的框架将自定进度的学习（SPL）和外观指导集成到统一的学习框架中。具体而言，对于第一期，我们提出了一个细心的自进度学习（ASPL）范式，该范式以有意义的命令组织培训样本，以逐步挖掘更详细的显着性信息。我们的ASPL促进了我们的框架，能够自动产生软关注权重，以纯粹的自学方式衡量训练样本的学习难度。对于第二期，我们提出了一个外观指南模块（AGM），该模块将每个像素作为显着性边界的概率的局部外观对比，并通过最大化概率找到目标对象的潜在边界。此外，我们通过汇总其他模态数据的外观向量，例如深度图，热图像或光流，将框架进一步扩展到其他多模式SOD任务。关于RGB，RGB-D，RGB-T和视频SOD基准的广泛实验证明，我们的框架可以针对现有的USOD方法实现最新性能，并且与最新的监督SOD方法相当。