事实证明,大脑时代是与认知性能和脑部疾病相关的表型。实现准确的脑年龄预测是优化预测的脑时代差异作为生物标志物的必要先决条件。作为一种综合的生物学特征,很难使用特征工程和局部处理的模型来准确利用大脑时代,例如局部卷积和经常性操作,这些操作一次是一次处理一个本地社区。取而代之的是,视觉变形金刚学习斑块令牌的全球专注相互作用,引入了较少的电感偏见和建模长期依赖性。就此而言,我们提出了一个新的网络,用于学习大脑年龄,以全球和局部依赖性解释,其中相应的表示由连续排列的变压器(SPT)和卷积块捕获。 SPT带来了计算效率,并通过从不同视图中连续编码2D切片间接地定位3D空间信息。最后,我们收集了一大批22645名受试者,年龄范围从14到97,我们的网络在一系列深度学习方法中表现最好,在验证集中产生了平均绝对错误(MAE)为2.855,而在独立方面产生了2.911测试集。
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Transformer-based models, capable of learning better global dependencies, have recently demonstrated exceptional representation learning capabilities in computer vision and medical image analysis. Transformer reformats the image into separate patches and realize global communication via the self-attention mechanism. However, positional information between patches is hard to preserve in such 1D sequences, and loss of it can lead to sub-optimal performance when dealing with large amounts of heterogeneous tissues of various sizes in 3D medical image segmentation. Additionally, current methods are not robust and efficient for heavy-duty medical segmentation tasks such as predicting a large number of tissue classes or modeling globally inter-connected tissues structures. Inspired by the nested hierarchical structures in vision transformer, we proposed a novel 3D medical image segmentation method (UNesT), employing a simplified and faster-converging transformer encoder design that achieves local communication among spatially adjacent patch sequences by aggregating them hierarchically. We extensively validate our method on multiple challenging datasets, consisting anatomies of 133 structures in brain, 14 organs in abdomen, 4 hierarchical components in kidney, and inter-connected kidney tumors). We show that UNesT consistently achieves state-of-the-art performance and evaluate its generalizability and data efficiency. Particularly, the model achieves whole brain segmentation task complete ROI with 133 tissue classes in single network, outperforms prior state-of-the-art method SLANT27 ensembled with 27 network tiles, our model performance increases the mean DSC score of the publicly available Colin and CANDI dataset from 0.7264 to 0.7444 and from 0.6968 to 0.7025, respectively.
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我们首次建议使用基于多个实例学习的无卷积变压器模型,称为多个实例神经图像变压器(Minit),以分类T1Weighted(T1W)MRIS。我们首先介绍了为神经图像采用的几种变压器模型。这些模型从输入体积提取非重叠的3D块,并对其线性投影进行多头自我注意。另一方面,Minit将输入MRI的每个非重叠的3D块视为其自己的实例,将其进一步分为非重叠的3D贴片,并在其上计算了多头自我注意力。作为概念验证,我们通过训练模型来评估模型的功效,以确定两个公共数据集的T1W-MRIS:青少年脑认知发展(ABCD)和青少年酒精和神经发展联盟(NCANDA)(NCANDA) 。博学的注意力图突出了有助于识别脑形态计量学性别差异的体素。该代码可在https://github.com/singlaayush/minit上找到。
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计算机辅助医学图像分割已广泛应用于诊断和治疗,以获得靶器官和组织的形状和体积的临床有用信息。在过去的几年中,基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的方法(例如,U-Net)占主导地位,但仍遭受了不足的远程信息捕获。因此,最近的工作提出了用于医学图像分割任务的计算机视觉变压器变体,并获得了有希望的表现。这种变压器通过计算配对贴片关系来模拟远程依赖性。然而,它们促进了禁止的计算成本,尤其是在3D医学图像(例如,CT和MRI)上。在本文中,我们提出了一种称为扩张变压器的新方法,该方法在本地和全球范围内交替捕获的配对贴片关系进行自我关注。灵感来自扩张卷积核,我们以扩张的方式进行全球自我关注,扩大接收领域而不增加所涉及的斑块,从而降低计算成本。基于这种扩展变压器的设计,我们构造了一个用于3D医学图像分割的U形编码器解码器分层体系结构。 Synapse和ACDC数据集的实验表明,我们的D-Ager Model从头开始培训,以低计算成本从划痕训练,优于各种竞争力的CNN或基于变压器的分段模型,而不耗时的每训练过程。
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变形金刚占据了自然语言处理领域,最近影响了计算机视觉区域。在医学图像分析领域中,变压器也已成功应用于全栈临床应用,包括图像合成/重建,注册,分割,检测和诊断。我们的论文旨在促进变压器在医学图像分析领域的认识和应用。具体而言,我们首先概述了内置在变压器和其他基本组件中的注意机制的核心概念。其次,我们回顾了针对医疗图像应用程序量身定制的各种变压器体系结构,并讨论其局限性。在这篇综述中,我们调查了围绕在不同学习范式中使用变压器,提高模型效率及其与其他技术的耦合的关键挑战。我们希望这篇评论可以为读者提供医学图像分析领域的读者的全面图片。
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表面缺陷检测是确保工业产品质量的极其至关重要的步骤。如今,基于编码器架构的卷积神经网络(CNN)在各种缺陷检测任务中取得了巨大的成功。然而,由于卷积的内在局部性,它们通常在明确建模长距离相互作用时表现出限制,这对于复杂情况下的像素缺陷检测至关重要,例如杂乱的背景和难以辨认的伪缺陷。最近的变压器尤其擅长学习全球图像依赖性,但对于详细的缺陷位置所需的本地结构信息有限。为了克服上述局限性,我们提出了一个有效的混合变压器体系结构,称为缺陷变压器(faft),用于表面缺陷检测,该检测将CNN和Transferaler纳入统一模型,以协作捕获本地和非本地关系。具体而言,在编码器模块中,首先采用卷积茎块来保留更详细的空间信息。然后,贴片聚合块用于生成具有四个层次结构的多尺度表示形式,每个层次结构之后分别是一系列的feft块,该块分别包括用于本地位置编码的本地位置块,一个轻巧的多功能自我自我 - 注意与良好的计算效率建模多尺度的全球上下文关系,以及用于功能转换和进一步位置信息学习的卷积馈送网络。最后,提出了一个简单但有效的解码器模块,以从编码器中的跳过连接中逐渐恢复空间细节。与其他基于CNN的网络相比,三个数据集上的广泛实验证明了我们方法的优势和效率。
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作为新一代神经体系结构的变形金刚在自然语言处理和计算机视觉方面表现出色。但是,现有的视觉变形金刚努力使用有限的医学数据学习,并且无法概括各种医学图像任务。为了应对这些挑战,我们将Medformer作为数据量表变压器呈现为可推广的医学图像分割。关键设计结合了理想的电感偏差,线性复杂性的层次建模以及以空间和语义全局方式以线性复杂性的关注以及多尺度特征融合。 Medformer可以在不预训练的情况下学习微小至大规模的数据。广泛的实验表明,Medformer作为一般分割主链的潜力,在三个具有多种模式(例如CT和MRI)和多样化的医学靶标(例如,健康器官,疾病,疾病组织和肿瘤)的三个公共数据集上优于CNN和视觉变压器。我们将模型和评估管道公开可用,为促进广泛的下游临床应用提供固体基线和无偏比较。
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在过去的十年中,卷积神经网络(Convnets)主导了医学图像分析领域。然而,发现脉搏的性能仍然可以受到它们无法模拟图像中体素之间的远程空间关系的限制。最近提出了众多视力变压器来解决哀悼缺点,在许多医学成像应用中展示最先进的表演。变压器可以是用于图像配准的强烈候选者,因为它们的自我注意机制能够更精确地理解移动和固定图像之间的空间对应。在本文中,我们呈现透射帧,一个用于体积医学图像配准的混合变压器-Cromnet模型。我们还介绍了三种变速器的变形,具有两个散晶变体,确保了拓扑保存的变形和产生良好校准的登记不确定性估计的贝叶斯变体。使用来自两个应用的体积医学图像的各种现有的登记方法和变压器架构进行广泛验证所提出的模型:患者间脑MRI注册和幻影到CT注册。定性和定量结果表明,传输和其变体导致基线方法的实质性改进,展示了用于医学图像配准的变压器的有效性。
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在神经影像分析中,功能磁共振成像(fMRI)可以很好地评估没有明显结构病变的脑疾病的大脑功能变化。到目前为止,大多数基于研究的FMRI研究将功能连接性作为疾病分类的基本特征。但是,功能连接通常是根据感兴趣的预定义区域的时间序列计算的,并忽略了每个体素中包含的详细信息,这可能会导致诊断模型的性能恶化。另一个方法论上的缺点是训练深模型的样本量有限。在这项研究中,我们提出了Brainformer,这是一种用于单个FMRI体积的脑疾病分类的一般混合变压器架构,以充分利用素食细节,并具有足够的数据尺寸和尺寸。脑形形式是通过对每个体素内的局部提示进行建模的3D卷积,并捕获两个全球注意力障碍的遥远地区之间的全球关系。局部和全局线索通过单流模型在脑形中汇总。为了处理多站点数据,我们提出了一个归一化层,以将数据标准化为相同的分布。最后,利用一种基于梯度的定位图可视化方法来定位可能的疾病相关生物标志物。我们在五个独立获取的数据集上评估了脑形形成器,包括Abide,ADNI,MPILMBB,ADHD-200和ECHO,以及自闭症疾病,阿尔茨海默氏病,抑郁症,注意力缺陷多动障碍和头痛疾病。结果证明了脑形对多种脑疾病的诊断的有效性和普遍性。脑形物可以在临床实践中促进基于神经成像的精确诊断,并激励FMRI分析中的未来研究。代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/ziyaozhangforpcl/brainformer。
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在医学图像分割任务中,脑肿瘤分割仍然是一个挑战。随着变压器在各种计算机视觉任务中的应用,变压器块显示了在全球空间中学习长距离依赖性的能力,这是与CNN互补的。在本文中,我们提出了一个新型的基于变压器的生成对抗网络,以自动分割具有多模式MRI的脑肿瘤。我们的架构由一个发电机和一个歧视器组成,这些发电机和歧视器接受了最小游戏进度的培训。发电机基于典型的“ U形”编码器架构,其底层由带有Resnet的变压器块组成。此外,发电机还接受了深度监督技术的培训。我们设计的鉴别器是一个基于CNN的网络,具有多尺度$ L_ {1} $损失,事实证明,这对于医学语义图像分割是有效的。为了验证我们方法的有效性,我们对BRATS2015数据集进行了实验,比以前的最新方法实现了可比或更好的性能。
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Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNNs) with contracting and expanding paths have shown prominence for the majority of medical image segmentation applications since the past decade. In FCNNs, the encoder plays an integral role by learning both global and local features and contextual representations which can be utilized for semantic output prediction by the decoder. Despite their success, the locality of convolutional layers in FCNNs, limits the capability of learning long-range spatial dependencies. Inspired by the recent success of transformers for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in long-range sequence learning, we reformulate the task of volumetric (3D) medical image segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction problem. We introduce a novel architecture, dubbed as UNEt TRansformers (UNETR), that utilizes a transformer as the encoder to learn sequence representations of the input volume and effectively capture the global multi-scale information, while also following the successful "U-shaped" network design for the encoder and decoder. The transformer encoder is directly connected to a decoder via skip connections at different resolutions to compute the final semantic segmentation output. We have validated the performance of our method on the Multi Atlas Labeling Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV) dataset for multiorgan segmentation and the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) dataset for brain tumor and spleen segmentation tasks. Our benchmarks demonstrate new state-of-the-art performance on the BTCV leaderboard. Code: https://monai.io/research/unetr
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目的:在手术规划之前,CT图像中肝血管的分割是必不可少的,并引起了医学图像分析界的广泛兴趣。由于结构复杂,对比度背景下,自动肝脏血管分割仍然特别具有挑战性。大多数相关的研究采用FCN,U-Net和V-Net变体作为骨干。然而,这些方法主要集中在捕获多尺度局部特征,这可能导致由于卷积运营商有限的地区接收领域而产生错误分类的体素。方法:我们提出了一种强大的端到端血管分割网络,通过将SWIN变压器扩展到3D并采用卷积和自我关注的有效组合,提出了一种被称为电感偏置的多头注意船网(IBIMHAV-NET)的稳健端到端血管分割网络。在实践中,我们介绍了Voxel-Wise嵌入而不是修补程序嵌入,以定位精确的肝脏血管素,并采用多尺度卷积运营商来获得局部空间信息。另一方面,我们提出了感应偏置的多头自我关注,其学习从初始化的绝对位置嵌入的归纳偏置相对位置嵌入嵌入。基于此,我们可以获得更可靠的查询和键矩阵。为了验证我们模型的泛化,我们测试具有不同结构复杂性的样本。结果:我们对3Dircadb数据集进行了实验。四种测试病例的平均骰子和敏感性为74.8%和77.5%,超过现有深度学习方法的结果和改进的图形切割方法。结论:拟议模型IBIMHAV-Net提供一种具有交错架构的自动,精确的3D肝血管分割,可更好地利用CT卷中的全局和局部空间特征。它可以进一步扩展到其他临床数据。
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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with U-shaped architectures have dominated medical image segmentation, which is crucial for various clinical purposes. However, the inherent locality of convolution makes CNNs fail to fully exploit global context, essential for better recognition of some structures, e.g., brain lesions. Transformers have recently proven promising performance on vision tasks, including semantic segmentation, mainly due to their capability of modeling long-range dependencies. Nevertheless, the quadratic complexity of attention makes existing Transformer-based models use self-attention layers only after somehow reducing the image resolution, which limits the ability to capture global contexts present at higher resolutions. Therefore, this work introduces a family of models, dubbed Factorizer, which leverages the power of low-rank matrix factorization for constructing an end-to-end segmentation model. Specifically, we propose a linearly scalable approach to context modeling, formulating Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as a differentiable layer integrated into a U-shaped architecture. The shifted window technique is also utilized in combination with NMF to effectively aggregate local information. Factorizers compete favorably with CNNs and Transformers in terms of accuracy, scalability, and interpretability, achieving state-of-the-art results on the BraTS dataset for brain tumor segmentation and ISLES'22 dataset for stroke lesion segmentation. Highly meaningful NMF components give an additional interpretability advantage to Factorizers over CNNs and Transformers. Moreover, our ablation studies reveal a distinctive feature of Factorizers that enables a significant speed-up in inference for a trained Factorizer without any extra steps and without sacrificing much accuracy. The code and models are publicly available at https://github.com/pashtari/factorizer.
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Camouflaged objects are seamlessly blended in with their surroundings, which brings a challenging detection task in computer vision. Optimizing a convolutional neural network (CNN) for camouflaged object detection (COD) tends to activate local discriminative regions while ignoring complete object extent, causing the partial activation issue which inevitably leads to missing or redundant regions of objects. In this paper, we argue that partial activation is caused by the intrinsic characteristics of CNN, where the convolution operations produce local receptive fields and experience difficulty to capture long-range feature dependency among image regions. In order to obtain feature maps that could activate full object extent, keeping the segmental results from being overwhelmed by noisy features, a novel framework termed Cross-Model Detail Querying network (DQnet) is proposed. It reasons the relations between long-range-aware representations and multi-scale local details to make the enhanced representation fully highlight the object regions and eliminate noise on non-object regions. Specifically, a vanilla ViT pretrained with self-supervised learning (SSL) is employed to model long-range dependencies among image regions. A ResNet is employed to enable learning fine-grained spatial local details in multiple scales. Then, to effectively retrieve object-related details, a Relation-Based Querying (RBQ) module is proposed to explore window-based interactions between the global representations and the multi-scale local details. Extensive experiments are conducted on the widely used COD datasets and show that our DQnet outperforms the current state-of-the-arts.
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变压器是一种基于关注的编码器解码器架构,彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。灵感来自这一重大成就,最近在将变形式架构调整到计算机视觉(CV)领域的一些开创性作品,这已经证明了他们对各种简历任务的有效性。依靠竞争力的建模能力,与现代卷积神经网络相比在本文中,我们已经为三百不同的视觉变压器进行了全面的审查,用于三个基本的CV任务(分类,检测和分割),提出了根据其动机,结构和使用情况组织这些方法的分类。 。由于培训设置和面向任务的差异,我们还在不同的配置上进行了评估了这些方法,以便于易于和直观的比较而不是各种基准。此外,我们已经揭示了一系列必不可少的,但可能使变压器能够从众多架构中脱颖而出,例如松弛的高级语义嵌入,以弥合视觉和顺序变压器之间的差距。最后,提出了三个未来的未来研究方向进行进一步投资。
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最近,已经开发了各种视觉变压器作为对远程依赖性建模的能力。在当前的基于变压器的主骨用于医疗图像分割的骨架中,卷积层被纯变压器替换,或者将变压器添加到最深的编码器中以学习全球环境。但是,从规模的角度来看,主要有两个挑战:(1)尺度内问题:在每个尺度中提取局部全球线索所缺乏的现有方法,这可能会影响小物体的信号传播; (2)尺度间问题:现有方法未能从多个量表中探索独特的信息,这可能会阻碍表示尺寸,形状和位置广泛的对象的表示形式学习。为了解决这些局限性,我们提出了一个新颖的骨干,即比例尺形式,具有两个吸引人的设计:(1)尺度上的尺度内变压器旨在将基于CNN的本地功能与每个尺度中的基于变压器的全球线索相结合,在行和列的全局依赖项上可以通过轻巧的双轴MSA提取。 (2)一种简单有效的空间感知尺度变压器旨在以多个尺度之间的共识区域相互作用,该区域可以突出跨尺度依赖性并解决复杂量表的变化。对不同基准测试的实验结果表明,我们的尺度形式的表现优于当前最新方法。该代码可公开可用:https://github.com/zjugivelab/scaleformer。
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Over the years, Machine Learning models have been successfully employed on neuroimaging data for accurately predicting brain age. Deviations from the healthy brain aging pattern are associated to the accelerated brain aging and brain abnormalities. Hence, efficient and accurate diagnosis techniques are required for eliciting accurate brain age estimations. Several contributions have been reported in the past for this purpose, resorting to different data-driven modeling methods. Recently, deep neural networks (also referred to as deep learning) have become prevalent in manifold neuroimaging studies, including brain age estimation. In this review, we offer a comprehensive analysis of the literature related to the adoption of deep learning for brain age estimation with neuroimaging data. We detail and analyze different deep learning architectures used for this application, pausing at research works published to date quantitatively exploring their application. We also examine different brain age estimation frameworks, comparatively exposing their advantages and weaknesses. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook towards future directions that should be followed by prospective studies. The ultimate goal of this paper is to establish a common and informed reference for newcomers and experienced researchers willing to approach brain age estimation by using deep learning models
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大多数现有的RGB-D突出物体检测方法利用卷积操作并构建复杂的交织融合结构来实现跨模型信息集成。卷积操作的固有局部连接将基于卷积的方法的性能进行了限制到天花板的性能。在这项工作中,我们从全球信息对齐和转换的角度重新思考此任务。具体地,所提出的方法(Transcmd)级联几个跨模型集成单元来构造基于自上而下的变换器的信息传播路径(TIPP)。 Transcmd将多尺度和多模态特征集成作为序列到序列上下文传播和内置于变压器上的更新过程。此外,考虑到二次复杂性W.R.T.输入令牌的数量,我们设计了具有可接受的计算成本的修补程序令牌重新嵌入策略(Ptre)。七个RGB-D SOD基准数据集上的实验结果表明,在配备TIPP时,简单的两流编码器 - 解码器框架可以超越最先进的基于CNN的方法。
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变压器在计算机视觉中的成功吸引了医学成像社区越来越多的关注。特别是对于医学图像细分,已经介绍了许多基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和变压器的出色混合体系结构,并取得了令人印象深刻的性能。但是,将模块化变压器嵌入CNN中的大多数方法都难以发挥其全部潜力。在本文中,我们提出了一种新型的医学图像分割的混合体系结构,称为Phtrans,该架构可与主要构建基块中的变形金刚和CNN杂交,以产生来自全球和本地特征的层次结构表示,并适应性地汇总它们,旨在完全利用其优势以获得更好的优势。细分性能。具体而言,phtrans遵循U形编码器编码器设计,并在深层阶段引入平行的Hybird模块,其中卷积块和经过修改的3D SWIN变压器分别学习本地特征和全局依赖性,然后统一尺寸,统一尺寸输出以实现特征聚合。超出颅库和自动化心脏诊断挑战数据集以外的多ATLA标签的广泛实验结果证实了其有效性,始终超过了最先进的方法。该代码可在以下网址获得:https://github.com/lseventeen/phtrans。
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We present in this paper a new architecture, named Convolutional vision Transformer (CvT), that improves Vision Transformer (ViT) in performance and efficiency by introducing convolutions into ViT to yield the best of both designs. This is accomplished through two primary modifications: a hierarchy of Transformers containing a new convolutional token embedding, and a convolutional Transformer block leveraging a convolutional projection. These changes introduce desirable properties of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to the ViT architecture (i.e. shift, scale, and distortion invariance) while maintaining the merits of Transformers (i.e. dynamic attention, global context, and better generalization). We validate CvT by conducting extensive experiments, showing that this approach achieves state-of-the-art performance over other Vision Transformers and ResNets on ImageNet-1k, with fewer parameters and lower FLOPs. In addition, performance gains are maintained when pretrained on larger datasets (e.g. ImageNet-22k) and fine-tuned to downstream tasks. Pretrained on ImageNet-22k, our CvT-W24 obtains a top-1 accuracy of 87.7% on the ImageNet-1k val set. Finally, our results show that the positional encoding, a crucial component in existing Vision Transformers, can be safely removed in our model, simplifying the design for higher resolution vision tasks. Code will be released at https: //github.com/leoxiaobin/CvT.
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