用于评估有条件自然语言生成的传统自动化指标使用单个生成的文本和最佳匹配的金标准地面真相文本之间的成对比较。当有多个基础真相可用时，分数将使用参考中的平均或最大操作进行汇总。尽管这种方法在地面真相数据中的多样性（即有条件文本的分布的分散）可以归因于噪声，例如自动语音识别中，但在地面上的多样性的情况下，它不允许进行强有力的评估。真理代表模型的信号。在这项工作中，我们认为现有的指标不适合诸如视觉描述或摘要之类的域，而地面真理在语义上是多样的，并且这些字幕中的多样性捕获了有关上下文的有用的其他信息。我们提出了一种新的范式，用于对条件语言生成模型的多键入评估以及一个新的指标家族，该指标家族使用每种少量样本集比较参考和模型生成的字幕集的分布。我们通过视觉描述中的案例研究证明了方法的实用性：我们在其中证明现有模型优化了单描述质量而不是多样性，并获得了对采样方法和温度影响如何描述质量和多样性的一些见解。

图像字幕是当前的研究任务，用于使用场景中的对象及其关系来描述图像内容。为了应对这项任务，使用了两个重要的研究领域，人为的视觉和自然语言处理。在图像字幕中，就像在任何计算智能任务中一样，性能指标对于知道方法的性能（或坏）至关重要。近年来，已经观察到，基于n-gram的经典指标不足以捕获语义和关键含义来描述图像中的内容。为了衡量或不进行最新指标的集合，在本手稿中，我们对使用众所周知的COCO数据集进行了对几种图像字幕指标的评估以及它们之间的比较。为此，我们设计了两种情况。 1）一组人工构建字幕，以及2）比较某些最先进的图像字幕方法的比较。我们试图回答问题：当前的指标是否有助于制作高质量的标题？实际指标如何相互比较？指标真正测量什么？

连接视觉和语言在生成智能中起着重要作用。因此，已经致力于图像标题的大型研究工作，即用句法和语义有意义的句子描述图像。从2015年开始，该任务通常通过由Visual Encoder组成的管道和文本生成的语言模型来解决任务。在这些年来，两种组件通过对象区域，属性，介绍多模态连接，完全关注方法和伯特早期融合策略的利用而显着发展。但是，无论令人印象深刻的结果，图像标题的研究还没有达到结论性答案。这项工作旨在提供图像标题方法的全面概述，从视觉编码和文本生成到培训策略，数据集和评估度量。在这方面，我们量化地比较了许多相关的最先进的方法来确定架构和培训策略中最有影响力的技术创新。此外，讨论了问题的许多变体及其开放挑战。这项工作的最终目标是作为理解现有文献的工具，并突出显示计算机视觉和自然语言处理的研究领域的未来方向可以找到最佳的协同作用。

视频标题的当前度量主要基于参考和候选字幕之间的文本级别比较。然而，它们具有一些不可能的缺点，例如，它们不能在没有参考的情况下处理视频，并且由于视频到文本的一对多性质和忽视视觉相关性的一对多性质，它们可能导致偏见的评估。从人类评估者的观点来看，高质量的标题应与提供的视频一致，但不一定类似于文字或语义中的参考。灵感来自人类评估，我们提出了Emscore（基于匹配的分数），是视频字幕的一种新颖的无参考度量，其直接测量视频和候选字幕之间的相似性。受益于最近的大规模预训练模型的发展，我们利用了一个良好的预先训练的视觉语言模型来提取用于计算Emscore的视觉和语言嵌入。具体地，Emscore将粗粒（视频和标题）和细粒度（帧和单词）水平的匹配分数组合，这将考虑到视频的整体理解和详细特征。此外，考虑到潜在的信息增益，Emscore可以灵活地扩展到人类标记的参考可用的条件。最后但并非最不重要的是，我们收集Vatex-eval和ActivityNet-Foil数据集以系统地评估现有的度量标准。 Vatex-emp实验表明，Emscore具有更高的人类相关性和较低的参考依赖性。 ActivityNet-Foil实验验证Emscore可以有效地识别“幻觉”标题。将释放数据集以促进视频标题度量的开发。代码可在：https://github.com/shiyaya/emcore。

在这项工作中，我们专注于改善图像捕获生成系统生成的字幕。我们提出了一种新型的重新排列方法，该方法利用视觉声音措施来确定最大程度地捕获图像中视觉信息的理想标题。我们的重新级别使用了信念修订框架（Blok等，2003），通过明确利用所描绘的标题和视觉上下文之间的语义相关性来校准顶级字幕的原始可能性。我们的实验证明了我们方法的实用性，我们观察到我们的重新级别可以增强典型的图像捕获系统的性能，而无需进行任何额外的培训或微调。

There is considerable interest in the task of automatically generating image captions. However, evaluation is challenging. Existing automatic evaluation metrics are primarily sensitive to n-gram overlap, which is neither necessary nor sufficient for the task of simulating human judgment. We hypothesize that semantic propositional content is an important component of human caption evaluation, and propose a new automated caption evaluation metric defined over scene graphs coined SPICE. Extensive evaluations across a range of models and datasets indicate that SPICE captures human judgments over model-generated captions better than other automatic metrics (e.g., system-level correlation of 0.88 with human judgments on the MS COCO dataset, versus 0.43 for CIDEr and 0.53 for METEOR). Furthermore, SPICE can answer questions such as which caption-generator best understands colors? and can caption-generators count?

Automatically describing an image with a sentence is a long-standing challenge in computer vision and natural language processing. Due to recent progress in object detection, attribute classification, action recognition, etc., there is renewed interest in this area. However, evaluating the quality of descriptions has proven to be challenging. We propose a novel paradigm for evaluating image descriptions that uses human consensus. This paradigm consists of three main parts: a new triplet-based method of collecting human annotations to measure consensus, a new automated metric (CIDEr) that captures consensus, and two new datasets: PASCAL-50S and ABSTRACT-50S that contain 50 sentences describing each image. Our simple metric captures human judgment of consensus better than existing metrics across sentences generated by various sources. We also evaluate five state-of-the-art image description approaches using this new protocol and provide a benchmark for future comparisons. A version of CIDEr named CIDEr-D is available as a part of MS COCO evaluation server to enable systematic evaluation and benchmarking.

我们介绍了一种零拍的视频字幕方法，该方法采用了两个冷冻网络：GPT-2语言模型和剪辑图像文本匹配模型。匹配分数用于引导语言模型生成一个句子，该句子的平均匹配分数高于视频帧的一个子集。与零拍图像字幕方法不同，我们的工作立即考虑整个句子。这是通过在生成过程中优化从头开始的一部分，通过在提示中修改所有其他令牌的表示，并通过迭代重复该过程，逐渐提高生成句子的特殊性和全面性来实现。我们的实验表明，生成的字幕是连贯的，并显示了广泛的现实知识。我们的代码可在以下网址找到：https：//github.com/yoadtew/zero-shot-video-to-text

为了为视频产生适当的标题，推理需要确定相关的概念并注意它们之间的空间关系以及剪辑中的时间发展。我们的端到端编码器视频字幕框架结合了两个基于变压器的体系结构，这是一种用于单个关节时空视频分析的改编变压器，以及用于高级文本生成的基于自我注意力的解码器。此外，我们引入了一种自适应框架选择方案，以减少所需的传入帧数，同时在训练两个变压器时保持相关内容。此外，我们通过汇总每个样本的所有基础真理标题来估计与视频字幕相关的语义概念。我们的方法在MSVD以及大规模的MSR-VTT和VATEX基准数据集上实现了最新的结果，并考虑了多个自然语言产生（NLG）指标。对多样性得分的其他评估突出了我们生成的标题结构的表现力和多样性。

由于在开放式文本生成中取得了重大进展，衡量机器生成的文本是如何对人类语言的关键问题。我们介绍紫红色，一个开放式文本生成的比较措施，它直接将文本生成模型的学习分布与使用发散边界的分发进行了分布到人写的文本。淡紫色通过计算量化嵌入空间中的信息分流来缩放到现代文本生成模型。通过对三个开放式发电任务的广泛实证研究，我们发现紫红色标识了所生成文本的已知属性，天然存在模型大小，并与人类判断相关，而不是现有的分布评估度量的限制较少。

Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, machine translation, and visual-language generation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.

State-of-the-art computer vision systems are trained to predict a fixed set of predetermined object categories. This restricted form of supervision limits their generality and usability since additional labeled data is needed to specify any other visual concept. Learning directly from raw text about images is a promising alternative which leverages a much broader source of supervision. We demonstrate that the simple pre-training task of predicting which caption goes with which image is an efficient and scalable way to learn SOTA image representations from scratch on a dataset of 400 million (image, text) pairs collected from the internet. After pre-training, natural language is used to reference learned visual concepts (or describe new ones) enabling zero-shot transfer of the model to downstream tasks. We study the performance of this approach by benchmarking on over 30 different existing computer vision datasets, spanning tasks such as OCR, action recognition in videos, geo-localization, and many types of fine-grained object classification. The model transfers non-trivially to most tasks and is often competitive with a fully supervised baseline without the need for any dataset specific training. For instance, we match the accuracy of the original ResNet-50 on ImageNet zero-shot without needing to use any of the 1.28 million training examples it was trained on. We release our code and pre-trained model weights at https://github.com/OpenAI/CLIP.

A major goal of multimodal research is to improve machine understanding of images and text. Tasks include image captioning, text-to-image generation, and vision-language representation learning. So far, research has focused on the relationships between images and text. For example, captioning models attempt to understand the semantics of images which are then transformed into text. An important question is: which annotation reflects best a deep understanding of image content? Similarly, given a text, what is the best image that can present the semantics of the text? In this work, we argue that the best text or caption for a given image is the text which would generate the image which is the most similar to that image. Likewise, the best image for a given text is the image that results in the caption which is best aligned with the original text. To this end, we propose a unified framework that includes both a text-to-image generative model and an image-to-text generative model. Extensive experiments validate our approach.

视觉标题的开放性质使其成为评估的具有挑战性的区域。大多数拟议模型依赖于专业培训来改善人类关联，导致采用有限，普遍性和索引。我们介绍了“典型性”，一种新的评价制定，根植于信息理论，这是唯一适合缺乏明确的实践的问题。典型程度是我们开发新颖语义比较，SPARC的框架，以及引用的流畅评估度量。在我们的分析过程中，流利的两个单独的流利程度自然出现：风格，由公制刺激和语法捕获，以语法异常罚款的形式捕获。通过对基准数据集进行广泛的实验和消融研究，我们展示了这些语义和流畅程度的这些分解维度如何为标题差异提供更大的系统级洞察。与其他基于规则的评估指标相比，我们拟议的指标与他们的组合，SMURF，达到了人为判断的最先进的相关性。

Generative AI has matured to a point where large-scale models can generate text that seems indistinguishable from human-written text and remarkably photorealistic images. Automatically measuring how close the distribution of generated data is to the target real data distribution is a key step in diagnosing existing models and developing better models. We present MAUVE, a family of comparison measures between pairs of distributions such as those encountered in the generative modeling of text or images. These scores are statistical summaries of divergence frontiers capturing two types of errors in generative modeling. We explore four approaches to statistically estimate these scores: vector quantization, non-parametric estimation, classifier-based estimation, and parametric Gaussian approximations. We provide statistical bounds for the vector quantization approach. Empirically, we find that the proposed scores paired with a range of $f$-divergences and statistical estimation methods can quantify the gaps between the distributions of human-written text and those of modern neural language models by correlating with human judgments and identifying known properties of the generated texts. We conclude the paper by demonstrating its applications to other AI domains and discussing practical recommendations.

在本文中，我们构建了两个自动评估度量，用于评估机器生成的标题和地面真理体型中的关联：overtyle和风格德。

We propose BERTSCORE, an automatic evaluation metric for text generation. Analogously to common metrics, BERTSCORE computes a similarity score for each token in the candidate sentence with each token in the reference sentence. However, instead of exact matches, we compute token similarity using contextual embeddings. We evaluate using the outputs of 363 machine translation and image captioning systems. BERTSCORE correlates better with human judgments and provides stronger model selection performance than existing metrics. Finally, we use an adversarial paraphrase detection task to show that BERTSCORE is more robust to challenging examples when compared to existing metrics.

自动音频字幕是一项跨模式翻译任务，旨在为给定的音频剪辑生成自然语言描述。近年来，随着免费可用数据集的发布，该任务受到了越来越多的关注。该问题主要通过深度学习技术解决。已经提出了许多方法，例如研究不同的神经网络架构，利用辅助信息，例如关键字或句子信息来指导字幕生成，并采用了不同的培训策略，这些策略极大地促进了该领域的发展。在本文中，我们对自动音频字幕的已发表贡献进行了全面综述，从各种现有方法到评估指标和数据集。我们还讨论了公开挑战，并设想可能的未来研究方向。

本文对过去二十年来对自然语言生成（NLG）的研究提供了全面的审查，特别是与数据到文本生成和文本到文本生成深度学习方法有关，以及NLG的新应用技术。该调查旨在（a）给出关于NLG核心任务的最新综合，以及该领域采用的建筑;（b）详细介绍各种NLG任务和数据集，并提请注意NLG评估中的挑战，专注于不同的评估方法及其关系;（c）强调一些未来的强调和相对近期的研究问题，因为NLG和其他人工智能领域的协同作用而增加，例如计算机视觉，文本和计算创造力。

图像字幕模型通常是根据人体注释的地面真实字幕训练的，该字幕可能会产生准确但通用的字幕。为了提高字幕模型的独特性，我们首先提出了一系列使用大规模视觉语言预训练模型剪辑来评估标题的独特性。然后，我们提出了一种简单有效的训练策略，该策略通过在相似图像组中进行比较来训练模型。我们对各种现有模型进行了广泛的实验，以证明我们的策略的广泛适用性以及基于公制的结果与人类评估的一致性。通过将最佳模型的性能与现有的最新模型进行比较，我们声称我们的模型实现了针对独特性目标的新最先进的。