由于使用较大的模型，最先进的深度学习导致深度学习一直在改善。然而，广泛的使用受到设备硬件限制的约束，导致最先进的模型与可以在小型设备上有效部署的模型之间的实质性差距。虽然知识蒸馏（KD）理论上使小型学生模型能够模拟更大的教师模型，在实践中选择良好的学生架构需要相当大的人类专业知识。神经结构搜索（NAS）出现在这个问题的自然解决方案中，但大多数方法可以效率低下，因为大多数计算都花费了比较了从相同分布采样的架构，性能差异可忽略不计。在本文中，我们建议寻找一系列学生架构，分享从给定老师擅长学习的财产。我们的方法Autokd由贝叶斯优化支持，探讨了一个灵活的基于图形的搜索空间，使我们能够自动学习最佳学生架构分布和KD参数，而与现有的最先进相比，效率更高。我们在3个数据集中评估我们的方法;在大型图像上专门地，我们在使用3倍的内存时达到教师性能和10倍的参数。最后，虽然Autokd使用传统的KD丢失，但它使用手工设计的学生更优先地表达更先进的KD变体。

知识蒸馏（KD）最近成为压缩神经网络的一种流行方法。在最近的研究中，已经提出了同时找到学生模型的参数和体系结构的广义蒸馏方法。尽管如此，这种搜索方法仍需要大量的计算来搜索体系结构，并且缺点是仅考虑其搜索空间中的卷积块。本文介绍了一种新的算法，认为是信任区域意识架构搜索以有效提炼知识（贸易），该算法迅速找到了使用信任区域贝叶斯优化方法从几种最先进的架构中找到有效的学生体系结构。实验结果表明，我们提出的贸易算法始终优于KD培训下的常规NAS方法和预定义的架构。

深度学习技术在各种任务中都表现出了出色的有效性，并且深度学习具有推进多种应用程序（包括在边缘计算中）的潜力，其中将深层模型部署在边缘设备上，以实现即时的数据处理和响应。一个关键的挑战是，虽然深层模型的应用通常会产生大量的内存和计算成本，但Edge设备通常只提供非常有限的存储和计算功能，这些功能可能会在各个设备之间差异很大。这些特征使得难以构建深度学习解决方案，以释放边缘设备的潜力，同时遵守其约束。应对这一挑战的一种有希望的方法是自动化有效的深度学习模型的设计，这些模型轻巧，仅需少量存储，并且仅产生低计算开销。该调查提供了针对边缘计算的深度学习模型设计自动化技术的全面覆盖。它提供了关键指标的概述和比较，这些指标通常用于量化模型在有效性，轻度和计算成本方面的水平。然后，该调查涵盖了深层设计自动化技术的三类最新技术：自动化神经体系结构搜索，自动化模型压缩以及联合自动化设计和压缩。最后，调查涵盖了未来研究的开放问题和方向。

Figure 1. An illustration of standard knowledge distillation. Despite widespread use, an understanding of when the student can learn from the teacher is missing.

Knowledge distillation (KD) has gained a lot of attention in the field of model compression for edge devices thanks to its effectiveness in compressing large powerful networks into smaller lower-capacity models. Online distillation, in which both the teacher and the student are learning collaboratively, has also gained much interest due to its ability to improve on the performance of the networks involved. The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence ensures the proper knowledge transfer between the teacher and student. However, most online KD techniques present some bottlenecks under the network capacity gap. By cooperatively and simultaneously training, the models the KL distance becomes incapable of properly minimizing the teacher's and student's distributions. Alongside accuracy, critical edge device applications are in need of well-calibrated compact networks. Confidence calibration provides a sensible way of getting trustworthy predictions. We propose BD-KD: Balancing of Divergences for online Knowledge Distillation. We show that adaptively balancing between the reverse and forward divergences shifts the focus of the training strategy to the compact student network without limiting the teacher network's learning process. We demonstrate that, by performing this balancing design at the level of the student distillation loss, we improve upon both performance accuracy and calibration of the compact student network. We conducted extensive experiments using a variety of network architectures and show improvements on multiple datasets including CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, Tiny-ImageNet, and ImageNet. We illustrate the effectiveness of our approach through comprehensive comparisons and ablations with current state-of-the-art online and offline KD techniques.

Often we wish to transfer representational knowledge from one neural network to another. Examples include distilling a large network into a smaller one, transferring knowledge from one sensory modality to a second, or ensembling a collection of models into a single estimator. Knowledge distillation, the standard approach to these problems, minimizes the KL divergence between the probabilistic outputs of a teacher and student network. We demonstrate that this objective ignores important structural knowledge of the teacher network. This motivates an alternative objective by which we train a student to capture significantly more information in the teacher's representation of the data. We formulate this objective as contrastive learning. Experiments demonstrate that our resulting new objective outperforms knowledge distillation and other cutting-edge distillers on a variety of knowledge transfer tasks, including single model compression, ensemble distillation, and cross-modal transfer. Our method sets a new state-of-the-art in many transfer tasks, and sometimes even outperforms the teacher network when combined with knowledge distillation.

Despite the fact that deep neural networks are powerful models and achieve appealing results on many tasks, they are too large to be deployed on edge devices like smartphones or embedded sensor nodes. There have been efforts to compress these networks, and a popular method is knowledge distillation, where a large (teacher) pre-trained network is used to train a smaller (student) network. However, in this paper, we show that the student network performance degrades when the gap between student and teacher is large. Given a fixed student network, one cannot employ an arbitrarily large teacher, or in other words, a teacher can effectively transfer its knowledge to students up to a certain size, not smaller. To alleviate this shortcoming, we introduce multi-step knowledge distillation, which employs an intermediate-sized network (teacher assistant) to bridge the gap between the student and the teacher. Moreover, we study the effect of teacher assistant size and extend the framework to multi-step distillation. Theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on CIFAR-10,100 and ImageNet datasets and on CNN and ResNet architectures substantiate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.

Most existing distillation methods ignore the flexible role of the temperature in the loss function and fix it as a hyper-parameter that can be decided by an inefficient grid search. In general, the temperature controls the discrepancy between two distributions and can faithfully determine the difficulty level of the distillation task. Keeping a constant temperature, i.e., a fixed level of task difficulty, is usually sub-optimal for a growing student during its progressive learning stages. In this paper, we propose a simple curriculum-based technique, termed Curriculum Temperature for Knowledge Distillation (CTKD), which controls the task difficulty level during the student's learning career through a dynamic and learnable temperature. Specifically, following an easy-to-hard curriculum, we gradually increase the distillation loss w.r.t. the temperature, leading to increased distillation difficulty in an adversarial manner. As an easy-to-use plug-in technique, CTKD can be seamlessly integrated into existing knowledge distillation frameworks and brings general improvements at a negligible additional computation cost. Extensive experiments on CIFAR-100, ImageNet-2012, and MS-COCO demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our code is available at https://github.com/zhengli97/CTKD.

知识蒸馏将知识从繁琐的老师转移到小学生。最近的结果表明，对学生友好的老师更适合提炼，因为它提供了更可转移的知识。在这项工作中，我们提出了新颖的框架“修剪，然后蒸馏”，该框架首先修剪模型，以使其更具转让，然后将其提炼为学生。我们提供了几个探索性示例，这些探索性示例与原始未经修复的网络相比，教师教的更好。从理论上讲，我们进一步表明，修剪的老师在蒸馏中扮演正规剂的角色，从而减少了概括误差。基于此结果，我们提出了一种新型的神经网络压缩方案，该方案根据修剪教师形成学生网络，然后采用“修剪，然后蒸馏”策略。该代码可在https://github.com/ososos8888/prune-then-distill上找到

In recent years, Siamese network based trackers have significantly advanced the state-of-the-art in real-time tracking. Despite their success, Siamese trackers tend to suffer from high memory costs, which restrict their applicability to mobile devices with tight memory budgets. To address this issue, we propose a distilled Siamese tracking framework to learn small, fast and accurate trackers (students), which capture critical knowledge from large Siamese trackers (teachers) by a teacher-students knowledge distillation model. This model is intuitively inspired by the one teacher vs. multiple students learning method typically employed in schools. In particular, our model contains a single teacher-student distillation module and a student-student knowledge sharing mechanism. The former is designed using a tracking-specific distillation strategy to transfer knowledge from a teacher to students. The latter is utilized for mutual learning between students to enable in-depth knowledge understanding. Extensive empirical evaluations on several popular Siamese trackers demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of our framework. Moreover, the results on five tracking benchmarks show that the proposed distilled trackers achieve compression rates of up to 18$\times$ and frame-rates of $265$ FPS, while obtaining comparable tracking accuracy compared to base models.

知识蒸馏在模型压缩方面取得了显着的成就。但是，大多数现有方法需要原始的培训数据，而实践中的实际数据通常是不可用的，因为隐私，安全性和传输限制。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一种有条件的生成数据无数据知识蒸馏（CGDD）框架，用于培训有效的便携式网络，而无需任何实际数据。在此框架中，除了使用教师模型中提取的知识外，我们将预设标签作为额外的辅助信息介绍以培训发电机。然后，训练有素的发生器可以根据需要产生指定类别的有意义的培训样本。为了促进蒸馏过程，除了使用常规蒸馏损失，我们将预设标签视为地面真理标签，以便学生网络直接由合成训练样本类别监督。此外，我们强制学生网络模仿教师模型的注意图，进一步提高了其性能。为了验证我们方法的优越性，我们设计一个新的评估度量称为相对准确性，可以直接比较不同蒸馏方法的有效性。培训的便携式网络通过提出的数据无数据蒸馏方法获得了99.63％，99.07％和99.84％的CIFAR10，CIFAR100和CALTECH101的相对准确性。实验结果表明了所提出的方法的优越性。

知识蒸馏是通过知识转移模型压缩的有效稳定的方法。传统知识蒸馏（KD）是将来自大型和训练有素的教师网络的知识转移到小型学生网络，这是一种单向过程。最近，已经提出了深度相互学习（DML）来帮助学生网络协同和同时学习。然而，据我们所知，KD和DML从未在统一的框架中共同探索，以解决知识蒸馏问题。在本文中，我们调查教师模型在KD中支持更值得信赖的监督信号，而学生则在DML中捕获教师的类似行为。基于这些观察，我们首先建议将KD与DML联合在统一的框架中。此外，我们提出了一个半球知识蒸馏（SOKD）方法，有效提高了学生和教师的表现。在这种方法中，我们在DML中介绍了同伴教学培训时尚，以缓解学生的模仿困难，并利用KD训练有素的教师提供的监督信号。此外，我们还显示我们的框架可以轻松扩展到基于功能的蒸馏方法。在CiFAR-100和Imagenet数据集上的广泛实验证明了所提出的方法实现了最先进的性能。

Knowledge Distillation (KD) has been extensively used for natural language understanding (NLU) tasks to improve a small model's (a student) generalization by transferring the knowledge from a larger model (a teacher). Although KD methods achieve state-of-the-art performance in numerous settings, they suffer from several problems limiting their performance. It is shown in the literature that the capacity gap between the teacher and the student networks can make KD ineffective. Additionally, existing KD techniques do not mitigate the noise in the teacher's output: modeling the noisy behaviour of the teacher can distract the student from learning more useful features. We propose a new KD method that addresses these problems and facilitates the training compared to previous techniques. Inspired by continuation optimization, we design a training procedure that optimizes the highly non-convex KD objective by starting with the smoothed version of this objective and making it more complex as the training proceeds. Our method (Continuation-KD) achieves state-of-the-art performance across various compact architectures on NLU (GLUE benchmark) and computer vision tasks (CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100).

One of the most efficient methods for model compression is hint distillation, where the student model is injected with information (hints) from several different layers of the teacher model. Although the selection of hint points can drastically alter the compression performance, conventional distillation approaches overlook this fact and use the same hint points as in the early studies. Therefore, we propose a clustering based hint selection methodology, where the layers of teacher model are clustered with respect to several metrics and the cluster centers are used as the hint points. Our method is applicable for any student network, once it is applied on a chosen teacher network. The proposed approach is validated in CIFAR-100 and ImageNet datasets, using various teacher-student pairs and numerous hint distillation methods. Our results show that hint points selected by our algorithm results in superior compression performance compared to state-of-the-art knowledge distillation algorithms on the same student models and datasets.

知识蒸馏（KD）是压缩边缘设备深层分类模型的有效工具。但是，KD的表现受教师和学生网络之间较大容量差距的影响。最近的方法已诉诸KD的多个教师助手（TA）设置，该设置依次降低了教师模型的大小，以相对弥合这些模型之间的尺寸差距。本文提出了一种称为“知识蒸馏”课程专家选择的新技术，以有效地增强在容量差距问题下对紧凑型学生的学习。该技术建立在以下假设的基础上：学生网络应逐渐使用分层的教学课程来逐步指导，因为它可以从较低（较高的）容量教师网络中更好地学习（硬）数据样本。具体而言，我们的方法是一种基于TA的逐渐的KD技术，它每个输入图像选择单个教师，该课程是基于通过对图像进行分类的难度驱动的课程的。在这项工作中，我们凭经验验证了我们的假设，并对CIFAR-10，CIFAR-100，CINIC-10和Imagenet数据集进行了严格的实验，并在类似VGG的模型，Resnets和WideresNets架构上显示出提高的准确性。

深度神经网络已迅速成为人脸识别（FR）的主流方法。但是，这限制了这些模型的部署，该模型包含了嵌入式和低端设备的极大量参数。在这项工作中，我们展示了一个非常轻巧和准确的FR解决方案，即小组装。我们利用神经结构搜索开发一个新的轻量级脸部架构。我们还提出了一种基于知识蒸馏（KD）的新型培训范式，该培训范式是多步KD，其中知识从教师模型蒸馏到学生模型的培训成熟日的不同阶段。我们进行了详细的消融研究，证明了使用NAS为FR的特定任务而不是一般对象分类的理智，以及我们提出的多步KD的益处。我们对九种不同基准的最先进（SOTA）紧凑型FR模型提供了广泛的实验评估和比较，包括IJB-B，IJB-C和Megaface等大规模评估基准。在考虑相同水平的模型紧凑性时，Pocketnets在九个主流基准上始终如一地推进了SOTA FR性能。使用0.92M参数，我们最小的网络PocketNets-128对最近的SOTA压缩型号实现了非常竞争力的结果，该模型包含多达4M参数。

在多种方式知识蒸馏研究的背景下，现有方法主要集中在唯一的学习教师最终产出问题。因此，教师网络与学生网络之间存在深处。有必要强制学生网络来学习教师网络的模态关系信息。为了有效利用从教师转移到学生的知识，采用了一种新的模型关系蒸馏范式，通过建模不同的模态之间的关系信息，即学习教师模级克矩阵。

Neural architectures can be naturally viewed as computational graphs. Motivated by this perspective, we, in this paper, study neural architecture search (NAS) through the lens of learning random graph models. In contrast to existing NAS methods which largely focus on searching for a single best architecture, i.e, point estimation, we propose GraphPNAS a deep graph generative model that learns a distribution of well-performing architectures. Relying on graph neural networks (GNNs), our GraphPNAS can better capture topologies of good neural architectures and relations between operators therein. Moreover, our graph generator leads to a learnable probabilistic search method that is more flexible and efficient than the commonly used RNN generator and random search methods. Finally, we learn our generator via an efficient reinforcement learning formulation for NAS. To assess the effectiveness of our GraphPNAS, we conduct extensive experiments on three search spaces, including the challenging RandWire on TinyImageNet, ENAS on CIFAR10, and NAS-Bench-101/201. The complexity of RandWire is significantly larger than other search spaces in the literature. We show that our proposed graph generator consistently outperforms RNN-based one and achieves better or comparable performances than state-of-the-art NAS methods.

机器学习中的知识蒸馏是将知识从名为教师的大型模型转移到一个名为“学生”的较小模型的过程。知识蒸馏是将大型网络（教师）压缩到较小网络（学生）的技术之一，该网络可以部署在手机等小型设备中。当教师和学生之间的网络规模差距增加时，学生网络的表现就会下降。为了解决这个问题，在教师模型和名为助教模型的学生模型之间采用了中间模型，这反过来弥补了教师与学生之间的差距。在这项研究中，我们已经表明，使用多个助教模型，可以进一步改进学生模型（较小的模型）。我们使用加权集合学习将这些多个助教模型组合在一起，我们使用了差异评估优化算法来生成权重值。

我们提出了三种新型的修剪技术，以提高推理意识到的可区分神经结构搜索（DNAS）的成本和结果。首先，我们介绍了DNA的随机双路构建块，它可以通过内存和计算复杂性在内部隐藏尺寸上进行搜索。其次，我们在搜索过程中提出了一种在超级网的随机层中修剪块的算法。第三，我们描述了一种在搜索过程中修剪不必要的随机层的新技术。由搜索产生的优化模型称为Prunet，并在Imagenet Top-1图像分类精度的推理潜伏期中为NVIDIA V100建立了新的最先进的Pareto边界。将Prunet作为骨架还优于COCO对象检测任务的GPUNET和EFIDENENET，相对于平均平均精度（MAP）。