本文提出了一种新方法，将多个标准排序或排名方法与项目组合选择程序结合在一起。多准则方法允许根据一组定性和定量标准对其优先级进行比较。然后，根据多个标准方法定义的优先级选择一组可行的项目，即投资组合。此外，投资组合必须满足一组资源约束，例如可用的预算以及一些逻辑约束，例如与要一起选择的项目或相互排斥的项目有关。提出的投资组合选择方法可以在不同的情况下应用。我们在城市规划领域提出了一个申请，我们的方法允许根据其优先级，预算约束和城市政策要求选择一组城市项目。鉴于历史城市重复其文化遗产的兴趣越来越大，我们在这种情况下应用和测试了我们的方法。特别是，我们展示了该方法如何支持在历史悠久的那不勒斯市中心（意大利）的建筑物干预措施的优先级，并考虑到几种观点。

人工智能（AI）提供不同应用领域的实际优势。这是改变决策者的理由对复杂系统。实际上，更广泛的信息更广泛（RE）来源，例如，大数据（BD）现在可供智能代理商使用。另一方面，这种决策并不总是基于可重用，多功能和可解释的知识。因此，有必要定义新模型来描述和管理这个新的（重新）的不确定性来源。这一贡献旨在介绍正式框架，以处理AI-BD上下文中的价值概念，并在其可见性中拥有价值维度的多种程度和不确定性，作为动态，关系表示价值的基础。框架设计基于抽象和高度可扩展的定义来代表价值，甚至考虑到不同代理的相互作用，通过比较，组合和更新知识状态。在这种模型中，大数据和不同类型的智能都被视为资源。如果可以转换为知识，则从数据中提取的信息成为可再生资源，该资源是可重复使用超出特定场景的可重复使用，并且动态地随时间。人工智能之间的关系的关注是利用人工和人工智能的关系，其特征在于与数据可观察性有关的“非古典”的不确定性形式。最后，我们确定未来调查的应用领域，以解决价值维度的动态行为对战略和决策的影响，提高适应性，从而随着时间的推移。

在进行研究，设计和系统开发时，HCI研究人员一直在将注意力从个人用户转移到社区。但是，我们的领域尚未建立对社区合并研究方法的挑战，利益和承诺的凝聚力，系统的理解。我们对47个计算研究论文进行了系统的综述和主题分析，讨论了与社区的参与性研究，以开发过去二十年来，以开发技术文物和系统。从这篇评论中，我们确定了与项目演变相关的七个主题：从建立社区伙伴关系到维持结果。我们的发现表明，这些项目的特征是几个紧张关系，其中许多与研究人员的力量和位置以及计算研究环境有关，相对于社区伙伴。我们讨论了我们的发现的含义，并提供方法论建议，以指导HCI，并更广泛地计算研究中心社区的实践。

社交媒体有可能提供有关紧急情况和突然事件的及时信息。但是，在每天发布的数百万帖子中找到相关信息可能很困难，并且开发数据分析项目通常需要时间和技术技能。这项研究提出了一种为分析社交媒体的灵活支持的方法，尤其是在紧急情况下。引入了可以采用社交媒体分析的不同用例，并讨论了从大量帖子中检索信息的挑战。重点是分析社交媒体帖子中包含的图像和文本，以及一组自动数据处理工具，用于过滤，分类和使用人类的方法来支持数据分析师的内容。这种支持包括配置自动化工具的反馈和建议，以及众包收集公民的投入。通过讨论Crowd4SDG H2020欧洲项目中开发的三个案例研究来验证结果。

确定公民的多样化和经常竞争的价值，并解决随之而来的公共价值冲突，对于包容性和综合城市发展至关重要。学者们强调，具有关系的，具有价值的城市空间引起了许多不同的冲突，它们在空间和时间上都不同。尽管理论上已经构思了公共价值冲突的概念，但很少有实证研究确定这种价值观及其在城市空间中的冲突。本文以公共价值理论为基础，并使用案例研究的混合方法方法，提出了一种新的方法来研究城市空间中的公共价值冲突。使用汉堡，德国公共参与地理信息系统的4,528个公民贡献的非结构化参与数据，使用自然语言处理和空间聚类技术来识别潜在价值冲突的领域。四个专家研讨会评估和解释这些定量发现。整合定量和定性结果，19个普通公众价值观和9个原型冲突。根据这些结果，本文提出了一种新的公共价值领域概念工具，该工具扩展了公共价值冲突的理论概念，并有助于进一步说明城市空间的价值。

Ongoing risks from climate change have impacted the livelihood of global nomadic communities, and are likely to lead to increased migratory movements in coming years. As a result, mobility considerations are becoming increasingly important in energy systems planning, particularly to achieve energy access in developing countries. Advanced Plug and Play control strategies have been recently developed with such a decentralized framework in mind, more easily allowing for the interconnection of nomadic communities, both to each other and to the main grid. In light of the above, the design and planning strategy of a mobile multi-energy supply system for a nomadic community is investigated in this work. Motivated by the scale and dimensionality of the associated uncertainties, impacting all major design and decision variables over the 30-year planning horizon, Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is implemented for the design and planning problem tackled. DRL based solutions are benchmarked against several rigid baseline design options to compare expected performance under uncertainty. The results on a case study for ger communities in Mongolia suggest that mobile nomadic energy systems can be both technically and economically feasible, particularly when considering flexibility, although the degree of spatial dispersion among households is an important limiting factor. Key economic, sustainability and resilience indicators such as Cost, Equivalent Emissions and Total Unmet Load are measured, suggesting potential improvements compared to available baselines of up to 25%, 67% and 76%, respectively. Finally, the decomposition of values of flexibility and plug and play operation is presented using a variation of real options theory, with important implications for both nomadic communities and policymakers focused on enabling their energy access.

Artificial intelligence (AI) in its various forms finds more and more its way into complex distributed systems. For instance, it is used locally, as part of a sensor system, on the edge for low-latency high-performance inference, or in the cloud, e.g. for data mining. Modern complex systems, such as connected vehicles, are often part of an Internet of Things (IoT). To manage complexity, architectures are described with architecture frameworks, which are composed of a number of architectural views connected through correspondence rules. Despite some attempts, the definition of a mathematical foundation for architecture frameworks that are suitable for the development of distributed AI systems still requires investigation and study. In this paper, we propose to extend the state of the art on architecture framework by providing a mathematical model for system architectures, which is scalable and supports co-evolution of different aspects for example of an AI system. Based on Design Science Research, this study starts by identifying the challenges with architectural frameworks. Then, we derive from the identified challenges four rules and we formulate them by exploiting concepts from category theory. We show how compositional thinking can provide rules for the creation and management of architectural frameworks for complex systems, for example distributed systems with AI. The aim of the paper is not to provide viewpoints or architecture models specific to AI systems, but instead to provide guidelines based on a mathematical formulation on how a consistent framework can be built up with existing, or newly created, viewpoints. To put in practice and test the approach, the identified and formulated rules are applied to derive an architectural framework for the EU Horizon 2020 project ``Very efficient deep learning in the IoT" (VEDLIoT) in the form of a case study.

保证案件旨在为其最高主张的真理提供合理的信心，这通常涉及安全或保障。那么一个自然的问题是，案件提供了“多少”信心？我们认为，置信度不能简化为单个属性或测量。取而代之的是，我们建议它应该基于以三种不同观点的属性为基础：正面，消极和残留疑问。积极的观点考虑了该案件的证据和总体论点结合起来的程度，以表明其主张的信念是正当的。我们为理由设置了一个高标准，要求它是不可行的。对此的主要积极度量是健全性，它将论点解释为逻辑证明。对证据的信心可以概率地表达，我们使用确认措施来确保证据的“权重”跨越了一定的阈值。此外，可以通过使用概率逻辑的参数步骤从证据中汇总概率，以产生我们所谓的索赔概率估值。负面观点记录了对案件的怀疑和挑战，通常表示为叛逆者及其探索和解决。保证开发商必须防止确认偏见，并应在制定案件时大力探索潜在的叛逆者，并应记录下来及其解决方案，以避免返工并帮助审阅者。残留疑问：世界不确定，因此并非所有潜在的叛逆者都可以解决。我们探索风险，可能认为它们是可以接受或不可避免的。但是，至关重要的是，这些判断是有意识的判断，并且在保证案例中记录下来。本报告详细介绍了这些观点，并指示了我们的保证2.0的原型工具集如何协助他们的评估。

人类服务系统做出关键决策，影响社会中的个人。美国儿童福利系统做出了这样的决定，从筛查热线报告的报告报告，涉嫌虐待或忽视儿童保护性调查，使儿童接受寄养，再到将儿童返回永久家庭环境。这些对儿童生活的复杂而有影响力的决定取决于儿童福利决策者的判断。儿童福利机构一直在探索使用包括机器学习（ML）的经验，数据信息的方法来支持这些决策的方法。本文描述了ML支持儿童福利决策的概念框架。 ML框架指导儿童福利机构如何概念化ML可以解决的目标问题；兽医可用的管理数据用于构建ML；制定和开发ML规格，以反映机构正在进行的相关人群和干预措施；随着时间的流逝，部署，评估和监视ML作为儿童福利环境，政策和实践变化。道德考虑，利益相关者的参与以及避免框架的影响和成功的共同陷阱。从摘要到具体，我们描述了该框架的一种应用，以支持儿童福利决策。该ML框架虽然以儿童福利为中心，但可以推广用于解决其他公共政策问题。

Algorithms that involve both forecasting and optimization are at the core of solutions to many difficult real-world problems, such as in supply chains (inventory optimization), traffic, and in the transition towards carbon-free energy generation in battery/load/production scheduling in sustainable energy systems. Typically, in these scenarios we want to solve an optimization problem that depends on unknown future values, which therefore need to be forecast. As both forecasting and optimization are difficult problems in their own right, relatively few research has been done in this area. This paper presents the findings of the ``IEEE-CIS Technical Challenge on Predict+Optimize for Renewable Energy Scheduling," held in 2021. We present a comparison and evaluation of the seven highest-ranked solutions in the competition, to provide researchers with a benchmark problem and to establish the state of the art for this benchmark, with the aim to foster and facilitate research in this area. The competition used data from the Monash Microgrid, as well as weather data and energy market data. It then focused on two main challenges: forecasting renewable energy production and demand, and obtaining an optimal schedule for the activities (lectures) and on-site batteries that lead to the lowest cost of energy. The most accurate forecasts were obtained by gradient-boosted tree and random forest models, and optimization was mostly performed using mixed integer linear and quadratic programming. The winning method predicted different scenarios and optimized over all scenarios jointly using a sample average approximation method.

Recommender systems can strongly influence which information we see online, e.g., on social media, and thus impact our beliefs, decisions, and actions. At the same time, these systems can create substantial business value for different stakeholders. Given the growing potential impact of such AI-based systems on individuals, organizations, and society, questions of fairness have gained increased attention in recent years. However, research on fairness in recommender systems is still a developing area. In this survey, we first review the fundamental concepts and notions of fairness that were put forward in the area in the recent past. Afterward, through a review of more than 150 scholarly publications, we present an overview of how research in this field is currently operationalized, e.g., in terms of general research methodology, fairness measures, and algorithmic approaches. Overall, our analysis of recent works points to specific research gaps. In particular, we find that in many research works in computer science, very abstract problem operationalizations are prevalent, and questions of the underlying normative claims and what represents a fair recommendation in the context of a given application are often not discussed in depth. These observations call for more interdisciplinary research to address fairness in recommendation in a more comprehensive and impactful manner.

本文确定了数据驱动系统中的数据最小化和目的限制的两个核心数据保护原理。虽然当代数据处理实践似乎与这些原则的赔率达到差异，但我们证明系统可以在技术上使用的数据远远少于目前的数据。此观察是我们详细的技术法律分析的起点，揭示了妨碍了妨碍了实现的障碍，并举例说明了在实践中应用数据保护法的意外权衡。我们的分析旨在向辩论提供关于数据保护对欧盟人工智能发展的影响，为数据控制员，监管机构和研究人员提供实际行动点。

Artificial intelligence is not only increasingly used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the EU spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests, however, that the most far-reaching and effective EU rules for AI applications in the digital economy will not be contained in the proposed AI Act - but have just been enacted in the Digital Markets Act. We analyze the impact of the DMA and related EU acts on AI models and their underlying data across four key areas: disclosure requirements; the regulation of AI training data; access rules; and the regime for fair rankings. The paper demonstrates that fairness, in the sense of the DMA, goes beyond traditionally protected categories of non-discrimination law on which scholarship at the intersection of AI and law has so far largely focused on. Rather, we draw on competition law and the FRAND criteria known from intellectual property law to interpret and refine the DMA provisions on fair rankings. Moreover, we show how, based on CJEU jurisprudence, a coherent interpretation of the concept of non-discrimination in both traditional non-discrimination and competition law may be found. The final part sketches specific proposals for a comprehensive framework of transparency, access, and fairness under the DMA and beyond.

Advocates of algorithmic techniques like data mining argue that these techniques eliminate human biases from the decision-making process. But an algorithm is only as good as the data it works with. Data is frequently imperfect in ways that allow these algorithms to inherit the prejudices of prior decision makers. In other cases, data may simply reflect the widespread biases that persist in society at large. In still others, data mining can discover surprisingly useful regularities that are really just preexisting patterns of exclusion and inequality. Unthinking reliance on data mining can deny historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups full participation in society. Worse still, because the resulting discrimination is almost always an unintentional emergent property of the algorithm's use rather than a conscious choice by its programmers, it can be unusually hard to identify the source of the problem or to explain it to a court. This Essay examines these concerns through the lens of American antidiscrimination law-more particularly, through Title

在公共危机时期，寻求信息对于人们的自我保健和福祉至关重要。广泛的研究调查了经验理解和技术解决方案，以促进受影响地区的家庭公民寻求信息。但是，建立有限的知识是为了支持需要在其东道国发生危机的国际移民。当前的论文对居住在日本和美国（n = 14）的两名中国移民（n = 14）进行了访谈研究。参与者反思了他们在共同大流行期间寻求经验的信息。反思补充了两周的自我追踪，参与者保持了相关信息寻求实践的记录。我们的数据表明，参与者经常绕开语言绕道，或访问普通话资源以获取有关其东道国疫情爆发的信息。他们还进行了战略性利用普通话信息，以进行选择性阅读，交叉检查以及对日语或英语的共同信息的上下文化解释。尽管这种做法增强了参与者对共同相关信息收集和感官的有效性，但他们有时会通过有时认识的方式使人们处于不利地位。此外，参与者缺乏对审查以移民为导向的信息的认识或偏爱，尽管该信息可用，这些信息是由东道国公共当局发布的。在这些发现的基础上，我们讨论了改善国际移民在非本地语言和文化环境中寻求共同相关信息的解决方案。我们主张包容性危机基础设施，这些基础设施将吸引以当地语言流利程度，信息素养和利用公共服务的经验的不同水平的人们。

近年来，在各种应用程序中，在减轻决策中的不公平或歧视方面，公平感知机器学习的迅速发展。但是，对公平意识的多目标优化的关注要少得多，这确实是在现实生活中通常看到的，例如公平资源分配问题和数据驱动的多目标优化问题。本文旨在从公平的角度阐明和扩大我们对多目标优化的理解。为此，我们首先讨论多目标优化中的用户偏好，然后探索其与机器学习和多目标优化的公平关系。在上述讨论之后，提出了公平意识的多目标优化的代表性案例，进一步阐述了在传统的多目标优化，数据驱动的优化和联合优化中公平性的重要性。最后，解决了公平意识的多目标优化方面的挑战和机遇。我们希望本文在优化的背景下朝着理解公平迈出一步，并促进对公平意识的多目标优化的研究兴趣。

There has been a recent resurgence in the area of explainable artificial intelligence as researchers and practitioners seek to make their algorithms more understandable. Much of this research is focused on explicitly explaining decisions or actions to a human observer, and it should not be controversial to say that looking at how humans explain to each other can serve as a useful starting point for explanation in artificial intelligence. However, it is fair to say that most work in explainable artificial intelligence uses only the researchers' intuition of what constitutes a 'good' explanation. There exists vast and valuable bodies of research in philosophy, psychology, and cognitive science of how people define, generate, select, evaluate, and present explanations, which argues that people employ certain cognitive biases and social expectations towards the explanation process. This paper argues that the field of explainable artificial intelligence should build on this existing research, and reviews relevant papers from philosophy, cognitive psychology/science, and social psychology, which study these topics. It draws out some important findings, and discusses ways that these can be infused with work on explainable artificial intelligence.

As various city agencies and mobility operators navigate toward innovative mobility solutions, there is a need for strategic flexibility in well-timed investment decisions in the design and timing of mobility service regions, i.e. cast as "real options" (RO). This problem becomes increasingly challenging with multiple interacting RO in such investments. We propose a scalable machine learning based RO framework for multi-period sequential service region design & timing problem for mobility-on-demand services, framed as a Markov decision process with non-stationary stochastic variables. A value function approximation policy from literature uses multi-option least squares Monte Carlo simulation to get a policy value for a set of interdependent investment decisions as deferral options (CR policy). The goal is to determine the optimal selection and timing of a set of zones to include in a service region. However, prior work required explicit enumeration of all possible sequences of investments. To address the combinatorial complexity of such enumeration, we propose a new variant "deep" RO policy using an efficient recurrent neural network (RNN) based ML method (CR-RNN policy) to sample sequences to forego the need for enumeration, making network design & timing policy tractable for large scale implementation. Experiments on multiple service region scenarios in New York City (NYC) shows the proposed policy substantially reduces the overall computational cost (time reduction for RO evaluation of > 90% of total investment sequences is achieved), with zero to near-zero gap compared to the benchmark. A case study of sequential service region design for expansion of MoD services in Brooklyn, NYC show that using the CR-RNN policy to determine optimal RO investment strategy yields a similar performance (0.5% within CR policy value) with significantly reduced computation time (about 5.4 times faster).

支持用户日常生活的代理商不仅需要考虑用户的特征，还要考虑用户的社交状况。现有在包括社交环境的工作使用某种类型的情况提示作为信息处理技术的输入，以评估用户的预期行为。但是，研究表明，确定情况的含义非常重要，这是我们称之为社会状况理解的步骤。我们建议使用情境的心理特征，这些情况在社会科学中提出了将含义归因于情境，作为社会状况理解的基础。使用来自用户研究的数据，我们从两个角度评估了该建议。首先，从技术角度来看，我们表明，情况的心理特征可以用作预测社会情况优先级的投入，并且可以从社会状况的特征中预测情况的心理特征。其次，我们研究了理解步骤在人机含义制造中的作用。我们表明，心理特征可以成功地用作向用户解释议程管理个人助理代理商的决定的基础。

This volume contains revised versions of the papers selected for the third volume of the Online Handbook of Argumentation for AI (OHAAI). Previously, formal theories of argument and argument interaction have been proposed and studied, and this has led to the more recent study of computational models of argument. Argumentation, as a field within artificial intelligence (AI), is highly relevant for researchers interested in symbolic representations of knowledge and defeasible reasoning. The purpose of this handbook is to provide an open access and curated anthology for the argumentation research community. OHAAI is designed to serve as a research hub to keep track of the latest and upcoming PhD-driven research on the theory and application of argumentation in all areas related to AI.