Decentralized bilevel optimization has received increasing attention recently due to its foundational role in many emerging multi-agent learning paradigms (e.g., multi-agent meta-learning and multi-agent reinforcement learning) over peer-to-peer edge networks. However, to work with the limited computation and communication capabilities of edge networks, a major challenge in developing decentralized bilevel optimization techniques is to lower sample and communication complexities. This motivates us to develop a new decentralized bilevel optimization called DIAMOND (decentralized single-timescale stochastic approximation with momentum and gradient-tracking). The contributions of this paper are as follows: i) our DIAMOND algorithm adopts a single-loop structure rather than following the natural double-loop structure of bilevel optimization, which offers low computation and implementation complexity; ii) compared to existing approaches, the DIAMOND algorithm does not require any full gradient evaluations, which further reduces both sample and computational complexities; iii) through a careful integration of momentum information and gradient tracking techniques, we show that the DIAMOND algorithm enjoys $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^{-3/2})$ in sample and communication complexities for achieving an $\epsilon$-stationary solution, both of which are independent of the dataset sizes and significantly outperform existing works. Extensive experiments also verify our theoretical findings.

In the field of antibody engineering, an essential task is to design a novel antibody whose paratopes bind to a specific antigen with correct epitopes. Understanding antibody structure and its paratope can facilitate a mechanistic understanding of its function. Therefore, antibody structure prediction from its sequence alone has always been a highly valuable problem for de novo antibody design. AlphaFold2, a breakthrough in the field of structural biology, provides a solution to predict protein structure based on protein sequences and computationally expensive coevolutionary multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). However, the computational efficiency and undesirable prediction accuracy of antibodies, especially on the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of antibodies limit their applications in the industrially high-throughput drug design. To learn an informative representation of antibodies, we employed a deep antibody language model (ALM) on curated sequences from the observed antibody space database via a transformer model. We also developed a novel model named xTrimoABFold to predict antibody structure from antibody sequence based on the pretrained ALM as well as efficient evoformers and structural modules. The model was trained end-to-end on the antibody structures in PDB by minimizing the ensemble loss of domain-specific focal loss on CDR and the frame-aligned point loss. xTrimoABFold outperforms AlphaFold2 and other protein language model based SOTAs, e.g., OmegaFold, HelixFold-Single, and IgFold with a large significant margin (30+\% improvement on RMSD) while performing 151 times faster than AlphaFold2. To the best of our knowledge, xTrimoABFold achieved state-of-the-art antibody structure prediction. Its improvement in both accuracy and efficiency makes it a valuable tool for de novo antibody design and could make further improvements in immuno-theory.

移动对象（DATMO）的检测和跟踪是自动驾驶环境感知的重要组成部分。虽然使用环绕视图摄像机的3D检测器只是蓬勃发展，但越来越多的趋势是使用不同的基于变压器的方法从透视图的2D特征图中学习3D空间中的查询。本文提出了稀疏的R-CNN 3D（SRCN3D），这是一种新颖的两阶段全横向卷积映射管道，用于环绕视图摄像机检测和跟踪。 SRCN3D采用了级联结构，具有固定数量的提案盒和提案潜在功能的双轨更新。预计提案框可以透视视图，以汇总感兴趣的区域（ROI）本地特征。基于此，提案功能通过动态实例交互式头部进行完善，然后生成分类，并应用于原始边界框。与先前的艺术相比，我们的稀疏功能采样模块仅利用本地2D功能来调整每个相应的3D提案盒，从而导致完整的稀疏范式。提案功能和外观特征均在数据关联过程中采用多刺激性3D多对象跟踪方法。 Nuscenes数据集的广泛实验证明了我们提出的SRCN3D检测器和跟踪器的有效性。代码可在https://github.com/synsin0/srcn3d上找到。

了解公众关于紧急使用未经证实的治疗剂的论述对于监视安全使用和打击错误信息至关重要。我们开发了一种基于自然语言处理（NLP）的管道，以了解公众对COVID-19与19与COVID相关药物的立场的看法。这项回顾性研究包括2020年1月29日，2020年至2021年11月30日之间的609,189个基于美国的推文，涉及四种药物，这些药物在19日期期间在流行期间引起了广泛关注：1）羟基氯喹和伊维菌素，毒品疗法，具有轶事证据； 2）Molnupiravir和Remdesivir，适合合格患者的FDA批准的治疗选择。时间趋势分析用于了解受欢迎程度和相关事件。进行了内容和人口统计分析，以探讨人们对每种药物的立场的潜在理由。时间趋势分析表明，羟氯喹和伊维菌素的讨论比Molnupiravir和Remdesivir更多，尤其是在Covid-19-19潮中期。羟氯喹和伊维菌素高度政治化，与阴谋论，传闻，名人效应等有关。美国两个主要政党之间立场的分布大不相同（p <0.001）；共和党人比民主党人更有可能支持羟氯喹（+55％）和伊维菌素（+30％）。具有医疗保健背景的人倾向于比普通人群多反对羟氯喹（+7％）。相比之下，普通人群更有可能支持伊维菌素（+14％）。我们在https://github.com/ningkko/covid-drug上提供所有数据，代码和模型。

我们提出了一种有效的神经邻域搜索（N2S），以解决取货和交付问题（PDPS）。具体而言，我们设计了强大的综合注意力，可以使香草自我注意力综合有关路线解决方案的各种特征。我们还利用了两个自定义的解码器，它们会自动学习执行拾取节点对的删除和重新插入以应对优先限制。此外，利用多样性增强方案以进一步改善性能。我们的N2是通用的，并且对两个规范PDP变体进行了广泛的实验表明，它可以在现有神经方法之间产生最新的结果。此外，它甚至超过了众所周知的LKH3求解器在更受限的PDP变体上。我们针对N2S的实施可在线获得。

人类视觉感知的关键方面是能够将视觉场景分解为单个对象并进一步进入对象部分，形成部分整个层次结构。这种复合结构可以诱导丰富的语义概念和关系，从而在视觉信号的解释和组织中发挥着重要作用，以及视觉感知和推理的概括。但是，现有的视觉推理基准主要专注于物体而不是零件。基于完整的部分整个层次结构的视觉推理比以前粒度概念，更丰富的几何关系和更复杂的物理学所致的对象的推理更具挑战性。因此，为了更好地为基于部分的概念，关系和物理推理服务，我们介绍了一个名为PTR的新型大规模诊断视觉推理数据集。 PTR包含大约70k RGBD合成图像，具有地面真理对象和有关语义实例分段，颜色属性，空间和几何关系的部分级别注释，以及诸如稳定性的某些物理性质。这些图像与700K机生成的问题配对，涵盖各种类型的推理类型，使其成为视觉推理模型的良好测试平台。我们在这个数据集上检查了几种最先进的视觉推理模型，并观察到他们在人类可以容易地推断正确答案的情况下仍然存在许多令人惊讶的错误。我们认为，此数据集将开辟基于零件推理的新机会。

最近，变压器已成为解决车辆路由问题（VRP）的盛行深度建筑。但是，它在学习VRP的学习改进模型方面的有效性较小，因为其位置编码（PE）方法不适合表示VRP解决方案。本文介绍了一种新颖的双重协作变压器（DACT），以分别学习节点和位置特征的嵌入，而不是像现有的那样将它们融合在一起，以避免潜在的噪音和不相容的相关性。此外，位置特征通过新型的循环位置编码（CPE）方法嵌入，以使变压器有效捕获VRP溶液（即环状序列）的圆形性和对称性。我们使用近端政策优化训练DACT，并设计一种课程学习策略，以提高样本效率。我们应用DACT来解决旅行推销员问题（TSP）和电容的车辆路由问题（CVRP）。结果表明，我们的DACT优于现有的基于变压器的改进模型，并且在合成和基准实例上分别在不同问题大小上表现出更好的概括性能。

受到人类掌握算术和普遍不见问题的非凡能力的启发，我们提出了一个新的数据集，提示，以研究机器在三个层面上学习可推广概念的能力：感知，语法和语义。学习代理人是从图像（即感知）等原始信号中观察到的概念，如何在结构上组合多个概念来形成有效的表达（即语法），以及如何实现概念以提供各种推理任务（即语义学），都是以弱监督的方式。以系统的概括为重点，我们仔细设计了一个五倍的测试集，以评估插值和推断学概念W.R.T.这三个级别。我们进一步设计了一些学习的分割，以测试模型是否可以快速学习新概念并将其推广到更复杂的场景。为了了解现有模型的局限性，我们通过包括RNN，Transformers和GPT-3在内的各种顺序到序列模型（以及思想提示链）进行了广泛的实验。结果表明，当前的模型仍在推断出远程句法依赖性和语义方面仍在努力。当在几次设置中使用新概念测试时，模型显示出对人级概括的显着差距。此外，我们发现通过简单地扩大数据集和模型大小来解决提示是不可行的。该策略几乎没有帮助推断语法和语义。最后，在零拍的GPT-3实验中，思想链提示链显示出令人印象深刻的结果，并显着提高了测试准确性。我们认为，拟议的数据集以及实验发现在系统概括方面引起了极大的兴趣。

In this paper, a semantic communication framework for image transmission is developed. In the investigated framework, a set of servers cooperatively transmit images to a set of users utilizing semantic communication techniques. To evaluate the performance of studied semantic communication system, a multimodal metric is proposed to measure the correlation between the extracted semantic information and the original image. To meet the ISS requirement of each user, each server must jointly determine the semantic information to be transmitted and the resource blocks (RBs) used for semantic information transmission. We formulate this problem as an optimization problem aiming to minimize each server's transmission latency while reaching the ISS requirement. To solve this problem, a value decomposition based entropy-maximized multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) is proposed, which enables servers to coordinate for training and execute RB allocation in a distributed manner to approach to a globally optimal performance with less training iterations. Compared to traditional multi-agent RL, the proposed RL improves the valuable action exploration of servers and the probability of finding a globally optimal RB allocation policy based on local observation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the transmission delay by up to 16.1% compared to traditional multi-agent RL.

While large pre-trained models have transformed the field of natural language processing (NLP), the high training cost and low cross-lingual availability of such models prevent the new advances from being equally shared by users across all languages, especially the less spoken ones. To promote equal opportunities for all language speakers in NLP research and to reduce energy consumption for sustainability, this study proposes an effective and energy-efficient framework GreenPLM that uses bilingual lexicons to directly translate language models of one language into other languages at (almost) no additional cost. We validate this approach in 18 languages and show that this framework is comparable to, if not better than, other heuristics trained with high cost. In addition, when given a low computational cost (2.5\%), the framework outperforms the original monolingual language models in six out of seven tested languages. We release language models in 50 languages translated from English and the source code here.