虽然监督语义分割存在重大进展，但由于领域偏差，将分段模型部署到解除域来仍然具有挑战性。域适应可以通过将知识从标记的源域传输到未标记的目标域来帮助。以前的方法通常尝试执行对全局特征的适应，然而，通常忽略要计入特征空间中的每个像素的本地语义附属机构，导致较少的可辨性。为解决这个问题，我们提出了一种用于细粒度阶级对齐的新型语义原型对比学习框架。具体地，语义原型提供了用于每个像素鉴别的表示学习的监控信号，并且需要在特征空间中的源极和目标域的每个像素来反映相应的语义原型的内容。通过这种方式，我们的框架能够明确地制作较近的类别的像素表示，并且进一步越来越多地分开，以改善分割模型的鲁棒性以及减轻域移位问题。与最先进的方法相比，我们的方法易于实施并达到优异的结果，如众多实验所展示的那样。代码在[此HTTPS URL]（https://github.com/binhuixie/spcl）上公开可用。

最近，无监督的域适应是一种有效的范例，用于概括深度神经网络到新的目标域。但是，仍有巨大的潜力才能达到完全监督的性能。在本文中，我们提出了一种新颖的主动学习策略，以帮助目标域中的知识转移，有效域适应。我们从观察开始，即当训练（源）和测试（目标）数据来自不同的分布时，基于能量的模型表现出自由能量偏差。灵感来自这种固有的机制，我们经验揭示了一种简单而有效的能源 - 基于能量的采样策略揭示了比需要特定架构或距离计算的现有方法的最有价值的目标样本。我们的算法，基于能量的活动域适应（EADA），查询逻辑数据组，它将域特征和实例不确定性结合到每个选择回合中。同时，通过通过正则化术语对准源域周围的目标数据紧凑的自由能，可以隐含地减少域间隙。通过广泛的实验，我们表明EADA在众所周知的具有挑战性的基准上超越了最先进的方法，具有实质性的改进，使其成为开放世界中的一个有用的选择。代码可在https://github.com/bit-da/eada获得。

自我训练具有极大的促进域自适应语义分割，它迭代地在目标域上生成伪标签并删除网络。然而，由于现实分割数据集是高度不平衡的，因此目标伪标签通常偏置到多数类并且基本上嘈杂，导致出错和次优模型。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了一个基于区域的主动学习方法，用于在域移位下进行语义分割，旨在自动查询要标记的图像区域的小分区，同时最大化分割性能。我们的算法，通过区域杂质和预测不确定性（AL-RIPU）的主动学习，介绍了一种新的采集策略，其特征在于图像区域的空间邻接以及预测置信度。我们表明，所提出的基于地区的选择策略比基于图像或基于点的对应物更有效地使用有限预算。同时，我们在源图像上强制在像素和其最近邻居之间的局部预测一致性。此外，我们制定了负面学习损失，以提高目标领域的鉴别表现。广泛的实验表明，我们的方法只需要极少的注释几乎达到监督性能，并且大大优于最先进的方法。

Deep learning models can achieve high accuracy when trained on large amounts of labeled data. However, real-world scenarios often involve several challenges: Training data may become available in installments, may originate from multiple different domains, and may not contain labels for training. Certain settings, for instance medical applications, often involve further restrictions that prohibit retention of previously seen data due to privacy regulations. In this work, to address such challenges, we study unsupervised segmentation in continual learning scenarios that involve domain shift. To that end, we introduce GarDA (Generative Appearance Replay for continual Domain Adaptation), a generative-replay based approach that can adapt a segmentation model sequentially to new domains with unlabeled data. In contrast to single-step unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA), continual adaptation to a sequence of domains enables leveraging and consolidation of information from multiple domains. Unlike previous approaches in incremental UDA, our method does not require access to previously seen data, making it applicable in many practical scenarios. We evaluate GarDA on two datasets with different organs and modalities, where it substantially outperforms existing techniques.

The development of social media user stance detection and bot detection methods rely heavily on large-scale and high-quality benchmarks. However, in addition to low annotation quality, existing benchmarks generally have incomplete user relationships, suppressing graph-based account detection research. To address these issues, we propose a Multi-Relational Graph-Based Twitter Account Detection Benchmark (MGTAB), the first standardized graph-based benchmark for account detection. To our knowledge, MGTAB was built based on the largest original data in the field, with over 1.55 million users and 130 million tweets. MGTAB contains 10,199 expert-annotated users and 7 types of relationships, ensuring high-quality annotation and diversified relations. In MGTAB, we extracted the 20 user property features with the greatest information gain and user tweet features as the user features. In addition, we performed a thorough evaluation of MGTAB and other public datasets. Our experiments found that graph-based approaches are generally more effective than feature-based approaches and perform better when introducing multiple relations. By analyzing experiment results, we identify effective approaches for account detection and provide potential future research directions in this field. Our benchmark and standardized evaluation procedures are freely available at: https://github.com/GraphDetec/MGTAB.

As one of the prevalent methods to achieve automation systems, Imitation Learning (IL) presents a promising performance in a wide range of domains. However, despite the considerable improvement in policy performance, the corresponding research on the explainability of IL models is still limited. Inspired by the recent approaches in explainable artificial intelligence methods, we proposed a model-agnostic explaining framework for IL models called R2RISE. R2RISE aims to explain the overall policy performance with respect to the frames in demonstrations. It iteratively retrains the black-box IL model from the randomized masked demonstrations and uses the conventional evaluation outcome environment returns as the coefficient to build an importance map. We also conducted experiments to investigate three major questions concerning frames' importance equality, the effectiveness of the importance map, and connections between importance maps from different IL models. The result shows that R2RISE successfully distinguishes important frames from the demonstrations.

Compressed videos often exhibit visually annoying artifacts, known as Perceivable Encoding Artifacts (PEAs), which dramatically degrade video visual quality. Subjective and objective measures capable of identifying and quantifying various types of PEAs are critical in improving visual quality. In this paper, we investigate the influence of four spatial PEAs (i.e. blurring, blocking, bleeding, and ringing) and two temporal PEAs (i.e. flickering and floating) on video quality. For spatial artifacts, we propose a visual saliency model with a low computational cost and higher consistency with human visual perception. In terms of temporal artifacts, self-attention based TimeSFormer is improved to detect temporal artifacts. Based on the six types of PEAs, a quality metric called Saliency-Aware Spatio-Temporal Artifacts Measurement (SSTAM) is proposed. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art metrics. We believe that SSTAM will be beneficial for optimizing video coding techniques.

We propose a distributionally robust return-risk model for Markov decision processes (MDPs) under risk and reward ambiguity. The proposed model optimizes the weighted average of mean and percentile performances, and it covers the distributionally robust MDPs and the distributionally robust chance-constrained MDPs (both under reward ambiguity) as special cases. By considering that the unknown reward distribution lies in a Wasserstein ambiguity set, we derive the tractable reformulation for our model. In particular, we show that that the return-risk model can also account for risk from uncertain transition kernel when one only seeks deterministic policies, and that a distributionally robust MDP under the percentile criterion can be reformulated as its nominal counterpart at an adjusted risk level. A scalable first-order algorithm is designed to solve large-scale problems, and we demonstrate the advantages of our proposed model and algorithm through numerical experiments.

Witnessing the impressive achievements of pre-training techniques on large-scale data in the field of computer vision and natural language processing, we wonder whether this idea could be adapted in a grab-and-go spirit, and mitigate the sample inefficiency problem for visuomotor driving. Given the highly dynamic and variant nature of the input, the visuomotor driving task inherently lacks view and translation invariance, and the visual input contains massive irrelevant information for decision making, resulting in predominant pre-training approaches from general vision less suitable for the autonomous driving task. To this end, we propose PPGeo (Policy Pre-training via Geometric modeling), an intuitive and straightforward fully self-supervised framework curated for the policy pretraining in visuomotor driving. We aim at learning policy representations as a powerful abstraction by modeling 3D geometric scenes on large-scale unlabeled and uncalibrated YouTube driving videos. The proposed PPGeo is performed in two stages to support effective self-supervised training. In the first stage, the geometric modeling framework generates pose and depth predictions simultaneously, with two consecutive frames as input. In the second stage, the visual encoder learns driving policy representation by predicting the future ego-motion and optimizing with the photometric error based on current visual observation only. As such, the pre-trained visual encoder is equipped with rich driving policy related representations and thereby competent for multiple visuomotor driving tasks. Extensive experiments covering a wide span of challenging scenarios have demonstrated the superiority of our proposed approach, where improvements range from 2% to even over 100% with very limited data. Code and models will be available at https://github.com/OpenDriveLab/PPGeo.

As one of the most important psychic stress reactions, micro-expressions (MEs), are spontaneous and transient facial expressions that can reveal the genuine emotions of human beings. Thus, recognizing MEs (MER) automatically is becoming increasingly crucial in the field of affective computing, and provides essential technical support in lie detection, psychological analysis and other areas. However, the lack of abundant ME data seriously restricts the development of cutting-edge data-driven MER models. Despite the recent efforts of several spontaneous ME datasets to alleviate this problem, it is still a tiny amount of work. To solve the problem of ME data hunger, we construct a dynamic spontaneous ME dataset with the largest current ME data scale, called DFME (Dynamic Facial Micro-expressions), which includes 7,526 well-labeled ME videos induced by 671 participants and annotated by more than 20 annotators throughout three years. Afterwards, we adopt four classical spatiotemporal feature learning models on DFME to perform MER experiments to objectively verify the validity of DFME dataset. In addition, we explore different solutions to the class imbalance and key-frame sequence sampling problems in dynamic MER respectively on DFME, so as to provide a valuable reference for future research. The comprehensive experimental results show that our DFME dataset can facilitate the research of automatic MER, and provide a new benchmark for MER. DFME will be published via https://mea-lab-421.github.io.