Deep neural networks (DNN) are prone to miscalibrated predictions, often exhibiting a mismatch between the predicted output and the associated confidence scores. Contemporary model calibration techniques mitigate the problem of overconfident predictions by pushing down the confidence of the winning class while increasing the confidence of the remaining classes across all test samples. However, from a deployment perspective, an ideal model is desired to (i) generate well-calibrated predictions for high-confidence samples with predicted probability say >0.95, and (ii) generate a higher proportion of legitimate high-confidence samples. To this end, we propose a novel regularization technique that can be used with classification losses, leading to state-of-the-art calibrated predictions at test time; From a deployment standpoint in safety-critical applications, only high-confidence samples from a well-calibrated model are of interest, as the remaining samples have to undergo manual inspection. Predictive confidence reduction of these potentially ``high-confidence samples'' is a downside of existing calibration approaches. We mitigate this by proposing a dynamic train-time data pruning strategy that prunes low-confidence samples every few epochs, providing an increase in "confident yet calibrated samples". We demonstrate state-of-the-art calibration performance across image classification benchmarks, reducing training time without much compromise in accuracy. We provide insights into why our dynamic pruning strategy that prunes low-confidence training samples leads to an increase in high-confidence samples at test time.

类比推理问题挑战了连接主义者和符号AI系统，因为这些系统需要将背景知识，推理和模式识别的结合。符号系统摄入显式域知识并执行演绎推理，但它们对噪声敏感，并且需要输入以预设符号特征。另一方面，Connectionist系统可以直接摄入丰富的输入空间，例如图像，文本或语音，即使使用嘈杂的输入也可以识别模式。但是，Connectionist模型努力将明确的领域知识用于演绎推理。在本文中，我们提出了一个框架，将神经网络的模式识别能力与象征性推理和背景知识结合在一起，以解决一类类似推理问题，其中一组属性和可能的​​关系是已知的。我们从“神经算法推理”方法[DeepMind 2020]中汲取灵感，并通过（i）基于问题的象征模型学习分布式表示（ii）培训神经网络转化反映了关系的分布式表示形式。参与问题，最后（iii）培训神经网络编码器，从图像到（i）中的分布式表示。这三个要素使我们能够使用神经网络作为操纵分布式表示的基本功能执行基于搜索的推理。我们在乌鸦渐进式矩阵中的视觉类比问题上进行了测试，并在人类绩效中实现准确性竞争，在某些情况下，优于初始端到端神经网络方法的方法。尽管最近接受大规模训练的神经模型产生了SOTA，但我们的新型神经符号推理方法是该问题的有希望的方向，可以说是更笼统的，尤其是对于可用的域知识的问题。

机器学习已成为包括运动在内的多个领域的工程设计和决策的组成部分。深度神经网络（DNNS）一直是预测职业体育赛事结果的最新方法。但是，除了对这些体育活动成果进行高度准确的预测外，还必须回答诸如“为什么模型预测A团队会赢得与B队的比赛？”之类的问题？ DNN本质上是本质上的黑框。因此，需要为模型在运动中的预测提供高质量的可解释的解释性解释。本文探讨了两步可解释的人工智能（XAI）方法，以预测巴西排球联盟（Superliga）中比赛的结果。在第一阶段，我们直接使用可解释的基于规则的ML模型，这些模型可以根据布尔规则列的生成（BRCG；提取简单和 - 或分类规则）和逻辑回归（logReg;允许估算）对模型的行为进行全局理解。功能重要性得分）。在第二阶段，我们构建了非线性模型，例如支持向量机（SVM）和深神经网络（DNN），以在排球比赛的结果上获得预测性能。我们使用ProtoDash为每个数据实例构建了“事后”解释，该方法在训练数据集中找到原型，与测试实例最相似，而Shap是一种估计每个功能在模型预测中的贡献的方法。我们使用忠诚度量标准评估了摇摆的解释。我们的结果证明了对模型预测的解释的有效性。

我们考虑一类视觉模拟推理问题，涉及发现输入/输出图像对相关的转换序列，以类似地改变未来输入。该程序综合任务可以通过符号搜索轻松解决。使用（Velickovic和Blundell 2021）的“神经模拟推理”方法的变化，Edw，例如，搜索一系列基本神经网络变换，其操纵从符号空间导出的分布式表示，输入图像直接编码。我们评估了我们的“神经原理”方法对具有看不见形状和位置的图像的程度。

我们提出了一种调查，其中在构建具有神经网络的模型时包括现有科学知识的方式。纳入领域知识不仅仅是构建科学助理，而且还有许多其他领域，涉及使用人机协作了解数据的其他领域。在许多这样的情况下，基于机器的模型结构可以显着地利用具有以足够精确的形式编码的域的人人类知识。本文审查了通过更改的域名知识：输入，丢失功能和深网络的架构。分类是为了便于阐述：在实践中，我们预计将采用这种变化的组合。在每个类别中，我们描述了所显示的技术，以产生深度神经网络性能的显着变化。

This study concerns the formulation and application of Bayesian optimal experimental design to symbolic discovery, which is the inference from observational data of predictive models taking general functional forms. We apply constrained first-order methods to optimize an appropriate selection criterion, using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to sample from the prior. A step for computing the predictive distribution, involving convolution, is computed via either numerical integration, or via fast transform methods.

Real-world tasks are largely composed of multiple models, each performing a sub-task in a larger chain of tasks, i.e., using the output from a model as input for another model in a multi-model pipeline. A model like MATRa performs the task of Crosslingual Transliteration in two stages, using English as an intermediate transliteration target when transliterating between two indic languages. We propose a novel distillation technique, EPIK, that condenses two-stage pipelines for hierarchical tasks into a single end-to-end model without compromising performance. This method can create end-to-end models for tasks without needing a dedicated end-to-end dataset, solving the data scarcity problem. The EPIK model has been distilled from the MATra model using this technique of knowledge distillation. The MATra model can perform crosslingual transliteration between 5 languages - English, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada and Bengali. The EPIK model executes the task of transliteration without any intermediate English output while retaining the performance and accuracy of the MATra model. The EPIK model can perform transliteration with an average CER score of 0.015 and average phonetic accuracy of 92.1%. In addition, the average time for execution has reduced by 54.3% as compared to the teacher model and has a similarity score of 97.5% with the teacher encoder. In a few cases, the EPIK model (student model) can outperform the MATra model (teacher model) even though it has been distilled from the MATra model.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

A machine learning model, under the influence of observed or unobserved confounders in the training data, can learn spurious correlations and fail to generalize when deployed. For image classifiers, augmenting a training dataset using counterfactual examples has been empirically shown to break spurious correlations. However, the counterfactual generation task itself becomes more difficult as the level of confounding increases. Existing methods for counterfactual generation under confounding consider a fixed set of interventions (e.g., texture, rotation) and are not flexible enough to capture diverse data-generating processes. Given a causal generative process, we formally characterize the adverse effects of confounding on any downstream tasks and show that the correlation between generative factors (attributes) can be used to quantitatively measure confounding between generative factors. To minimize such correlation, we propose a counterfactual generation method that learns to modify the value of any attribute in an image and generate new images given a set of observed attributes, even when the dataset is highly confounded. These counterfactual images are then used to regularize the downstream classifier such that the learned representations are the same across various generative factors conditioned on the class label. Our method is computationally efficient, simple to implement, and works well for any number of generative factors and confounding variables. Our experimental results on both synthetic (MNIST variants) and real-world (CelebA) datasets show the usefulness of our approach.

图像分类模型通常会学会根据输入功能与培训数据中输出类之间的无关共发生进行预测类。我们称不需要的相关性为“数据偏见”，视觉特征导致数据偏见为“偏见因素”。在没有人类干预的情况下自动识别和减轻偏见是一个挑战。因此，我们进行了一项设计研究，以找到人类的循环解决方案。首先，我们确定了用三个专家捕获图像分类模型的偏差缓解过程的用户任务。然后，为了支持任务，我们开发了一个名为DASH的视觉分析系统，该系统允许用户在视觉上识别偏见因素，使用最先进的图像到图像到图像转换模型迭代生成合成图像，并监督改善分类精度的模型培训过程。我们对十名参与者的定量评估和定性研究证明了破折号的实用性，并为将来的工作提供了教训。