尽管有无数的同伴审查的论文，证明了新颖的人工智能（AI）基于大流行期间的Covid-19挑战的解决方案，但很少有临床影响。人工智能在Covid-19大流行期间的影响因缺乏模型透明度而受到极大的限制。这种系统审查考察了在大流行期间使用可解释的人工智能（Xai）以及如何使用它可以克服现实世界成功的障碍。我们发现，Xai的成功使用可以提高模型性能，灌输信任在最终用户，并提供影响用户决策所需的值。我们将读者介绍给常见的XAI技术，其实用程序以及其应用程序的具体例子。 XAI结果的评估还讨论了最大化AI的临床决策支持系统的价值的重要步骤。我们说明了Xai的古典，现代和潜在的未来趋势，以阐明新颖的XAI技术的演变。最后，我们在最近出版物支持的实验设计过程中提供了建议的清单。潜在解决方案的具体示例也解决了AI解决方案期间的共同挑战。我们希望本次审查可以作为提高未来基于AI的解决方案的临床影响的指导。

Applying Machine learning to domains like Earth Sciences is impeded by the lack of labeled data, despite a large corpus of raw data available in such domains. For instance, training a wildfire classifier on satellite imagery requires curating a massive and diverse dataset, which is an expensive and time-consuming process that can span from weeks to months. Searching for relevant examples in over 40 petabytes of unlabelled data requires researchers to manually hunt for such images, much like finding a needle in a haystack. We present a no-code end-to-end pipeline, Curator, which dramatically minimizes the time taken to curate an exhaustive labeled dataset. Curator is able to search massive amounts of unlabelled data by combining self-supervision, scalable nearest neighbor search, and active learning to learn and differentiate image representations. The pipeline can also be readily applied to solve problems across different domains. Overall, the pipeline makes it practical for researchers to go from just one reference image to a comprehensive dataset in a diminutive span of time.

We propose an end-to-end inverse rendering pipeline called SupeRVol that allows us to recover 3D shape and material parameters from a set of color images in a super-resolution manner. To this end, we represent both the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and the signed distance function (SDF) by multi-layer perceptrons. In order to obtain both the surface shape and its reflectance properties, we revert to a differentiable volume renderer with a physically based illumination model that allows us to decouple reflectance and lighting. This physical model takes into account the effect of the camera's point spread function thereby enabling a reconstruction of shape and material in a super-resolution quality. Experimental validation confirms that SupeRVol achieves state of the art performance in terms of inverse rendering quality. It generates reconstructions that are sharper than the individual input images, making this method ideally suited for 3D modeling from low-resolution imagery.

For many years, Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) have been applied to improve Neural Networks (NNs) architectures. They have been used for solving different problems, such as training the networks (adjusting the weights), designing network topology, optimizing global parameters, and selecting features. Here, we provide a systematic brief survey about applications of the EAs on the specific domain of the recurrent NNs named Reservoir Computing (RC). At the beginning of the 2000s, the RC paradigm appeared as a good option for employing recurrent NNs without dealing with the inconveniences of the training algorithms. RC models use a nonlinear dynamic system, with fixed recurrent neural network named the \textit{reservoir}, and learning process is restricted to adjusting a linear parametric function. %so the performance of learning is fast and precise. However, an RC model has several hyper-parameters, therefore EAs are helpful tools to figure out optimal RC architectures. We provide an overview of the results on the area, discuss novel advances, and we present our vision regarding the new trends and still open questions.

Effectively exploring the environment is a key challenge in reinforcement learning (RL). We address this challenge by defining a novel intrinsic reward based on a foundation model, such as contrastive language image pretraining (CLIP), which can encode a wealth of domain-independent semantic visual-language knowledge about the world. Specifically, our intrinsic reward is defined based on pre-trained CLIP embeddings without any fine-tuning or learning on the target RL task. We demonstrate that CLIP-based intrinsic rewards can drive exploration towards semantically meaningful states and outperform state-of-the-art methods in challenging sparse-reward procedurally-generated environments.

Through their transfer learning abilities, highly-parameterized large pre-trained language models have dominated the NLP landscape for a multitude of downstream language tasks. Though linguistically proficient, the inability of these models to incorporate the learning of non-linguistic entities (numerals and arithmetic reasoning) limits their usage for tasks that require numeric comprehension or strict mathematical reasoning. However, as we illustrate in this paper, building a general purpose language model that also happens to be proficient in mathematical reasoning is not as straight-forward as training it on a numeric dataset. In this work, we develop a novel framework that enables language models to be mathematically proficient while retaining their linguistic prowess. Specifically, we offer information-theoretic interventions to overcome the catastrophic forgetting of linguistic skills that occurs while injecting non-linguistic skills into language models.

文献中有许多不同的方法来解释机器学习结果。但是，这些方法的方法有所不同，通常没有提供相同的解释。在本文中，我们考虑了两种最新方法：集成梯度（Sundararajan，Taly和Yan，2017年）和基线Shapley（Sundararajan和Najmi，2020年）。原始作者已经研究了两种方法的公理属性，并提供了一些比较。我们的工作为表格数据提供了一些有关其比较行为的其他见解。我们讨论两者提供相同解释及其不同的常见情况。我们还使用仿真研究来检查具有Relu激活函数的神经网络拟合模型时的差异。

空间优化问题（SOP）的特征是管理决策变量，目标和/或约束功能的空间关系。在本文中，我们关注一种称为空间分区的特定类型的SOP，这是一个组合问题，这是由于存在离散空间单元。精确的优化方法不会随着问题的大小而扩展，尤其是在可行的时间限制内。这促使我们开发基于人群的元启发式学来解决此类SOP。但是，这些基于人群的方法采用的搜索操作员主要是为实参与者连续优化问题而设计的。为了使这些方法适应SOP，我们将域知识应用于设计空间感知的搜索操作员，以在保留空间约束的同时有效地通过离散搜索空间进行有效搜索。为此，我们提出了一种简单而有效的算法，称为基于群的空间模因算法（空间），并在学校（RE）区域问题上进行测试。对现实世界数据集进行了详细的实验研究，以评估空间的性能。此外，进行消融研究以了解空间各个组成部分的作用。此外，我们讨论空间〜如何在现实生活计划过程及其对不同方案的适用性并激发未来的研究方向有帮助。

跨数据集的语义细分的域适应性，由相同类别组成，已经获得了一些最近的成功。但是，更一般的情况是源和目标数据集对应于非重叠标签空间时。例如，分割数据集中的类别根据环境或应用程序的类型发生了很大变化，但共享许多有价值的语义关系。基于特征对齐或差异最小化的现有方法不会考虑此类类别的转移。在这项工作中，我们提出了群集到适应（C2A），这是一种基于计算有效的聚类方法，用于跨分割数据集的域适应性，这些方法完全不同但可能相关类别。我们表明，在变换的特征空间中强制执行的这种聚类目标可以自动选择跨源和目标域的类别，这些类别可以对齐以改善目标性能，同时防止对无关类别的负转移。我们通过实验对室外的挑战性问题进行了实验，以少量拍摄和零拍设置来证明室内适应性的挑战性问题，在所有情况下，性能对现有方法和基准的绩效持续改善。

用木材制成的木材和森林产品，例如家具，是宝贵的商品，就像许多高估的自然资源的全球贸易一样，面临腐败，欺诈和非法收获的挑战。木材和森林产品部门的这些灰色和黑色市场活动不仅限于收获木材的国家，而是在整个全球供应链中扩展，并与非法金融流有关，例如基于贸易的洗钱，记录欺诈，种类标签和其他非法活动。在没有地面真理的情况下，使用贸易数据找到此类欺诈活动的任务可以作为无监督的异常检测问题进行建模。但是，现有的方法在其对大规模贸易数据的适用性方面存在某些缺点。贸易数据是异质的，具有表格格式的分类和数值属性。总体挑战在于数据的复杂性，数量和速度，具有大量实体和缺乏地面真相标签。为了减轻这些方法，我们提出了一种新型的无监督异常检测 - 基于对比度学习的异质异常检测（CHAD），通常适用于大规模的异质表格数据。我们证明，我们的模型CHAD对公共基准数据集的多个可比较基线表现出色，并且在贸易数据的情况下优于它们。更重要的是，我们证明我们的方法减少了假设和努力所需的高参数调整，这在无监督的培训范式中是一个关键的挑战。具体而言，我们的总体目标涉及使用提单贸易记录数据账单来检测可疑的木材运输和模式。在运输记录中检测异常交易可以使政府机构和供应链成分进一步调查。